Abstract
In this work, we reason how focusing on Information Retrieval (IR) for children and involving them in participatory studies would benefit the IR community. The Child Computer Interaction (CCI) community has embraced the child as a protagonist as their main philosophy, regarding children as informants, co-designers, and evaluators, not just users. Leveraging prior literature, we posit that putting children in the centre of the IR world and giving them an active role could enable the IR community to break free from the preexisting bias derived from interpretations inferred from past use by adult users and the still dominant system-oriented approach. This shift would allow researchers to revisit complex foundational concepts that greatly influence the use of IR tools as part of socio-technical systems in different domains. In doing so, IR practitioners could provide more inclusive, and supportive information access experiences to children and other understudied user groups alike in different contexts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aliannejadi, M., Huibers, T., Landoni, M., Murgia, E., Pera, M.S.: The effect of prolonged exposure to online education on a classroom search companion. In: International Conference of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum for European Languages, pp. 62–78. Springer (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13643-6_5
Aliannejadi, M., Landoni, M., Huibers, T., Murgia, E., Pera, M.S.: Children’s perspective on how emojis help them to recognise relevant results: Do actions speak louder than words? In: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, pp. 301–305 (2021)
Allan, J., Croft, B., Moffat, A., Sanderson, M.: Frontiers, challenges, and opportunities for information retrieval: report from swirl 2012 the second strategic workshop on information retrieval in lorne. ACM SIGIR Forum 46(1), 2–32 (2012)
Allen, G., Yang, J., Pera, M.S., Gadiraju, U.: Using conversational artificial intelligence to support children’s search in the classroom. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.00076 (2021)
Amershi, Set al.: Guidelines for human-ai interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Chi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13 (2019)
Assembly, U.G.: Convention on the rights of the child. United Nations, Treaty Series 1577(3), 1–23 (1989)
Azzopardi, L., Glassey, R., Lalmas, M., Polajnar, T., Ruthven, I.: Puppyir: Designing an open source framework for interactive information services for children. In: Proceedings of the Annual Workshop on Human-computer Interaction and Information Retrieval, vol. 44, Citeseer (2009)
Badillo-Urquiola, K., Shea, Z., Agha, Z., Lediaeva, I., Wisniewski, P.: Conducting risky research with teens: co-designing for the ethical treatment and protection of adolescents. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4(CSCW3), 1–46 (2021)
Belkin, N.J.: 4 ineffable concepts in information retrieval. Jones, p. 44–58 (1981)
Bilal, D.: Children’s use of the yahooligans! web search engine: I. cognitive, physical, and affective behaviors on fact-based search tasks. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. 51(7), 646–665 (2000)
Bilal, D.: The mediated information needs of children on the autism spectrum disorder (asd). In: Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGIR Workshop on Accessible Search Systems, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 42–49. ACM Geneva (2010)
Blair, D.C.: Language and representation in information retrieval. Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. (1990)
Borgman, C.L.: The user’s mental model of an information retrieval system. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 268–273 (1985)
Borlund, P.: The concept of relevance in ir. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 54(10), 913–925 (2003)
Buchanan, G., McKay, D., Clarke, C.L., Azzopardi, L., Trippas, J.: Made to measure: A workshop on human-centred metrics for information seeking. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, pp. 484–487 (2020)
Carroll, N.: In search we trust: exploring how search engines are shaping society. Inter. J. Knowl. Soc. Res. (IJKSR) 5(1), 12–27 (2014)
Charisi, V., et al.: Artificial intelligence and the rights of the child: towards an integrated agenda for research and policy. Tech. rep., Joint Research Centre (Seville site) (2022)
Clarke, L.W.: Walk a day in my shoes: cultivating cross-cultural understanding through digital literacy. Read. Teach. 73(5), 662–665 (2020)
Collins-Thompson, K., Bennett, P.N., White, R.W., De La Chica, S., Sontag, D.: Personalizing web search results by reading level. In: Proc. of the 20th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 403–412 (2011)
Dragovic, N., Madrazo Azpiazu, I., Pera, M.S.: " is sven seven?" a search intent module for children. In: Proceedings of the 39th International ACM SIGIR conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 885–888 (2016)
Draws, T., et al.: Viewpoint diversity in search results. In: European Conference on Information Retrieval, pp. 279–297, Springer (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28244-7_18
Druin, A., Foss, E., Hutchinson, H., Golub, E., Hatley, L.: Children’s roles using keyword search interfaces at home. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 413–422 (2010)
Ekstrand, M.D., Das, A., Burke, R., Diaz, F., et al.: Fairness in information access systems. Foundat. Trends® Inform. Retrieval 16(1–2), 1–177 (2022)
Ekstrand, M.D., Pera, M.S., Wright, K.L.: Seeking information with a more knowledgeable other. Interactions 30(1), 70–73 (2023)
Elliot, D., Glassey, R., Polajnar, T., Azzopardi, L.: Finding and filtering information for children. In: Proceedings of the 33rd international ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 702–702 (2010)
Faggioli, G., et al.: Perspectives on large language models for relevance judgment. In: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval, pp. 39–50 (2023)
Fails, J.A., Pera, M.S., Anuyah, O., Kennington, C., Wright, K.L., Bigirimana, W.: Query formulation assistance for kids: what is available, when to help & what kids want. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, pp. 109–120 (2019)
Feng, F., Luo, C., He, X., Liu, Y., Chua, T.S.: Finir 2020: the first workshop on information retrieval in finance. In: Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2451–2454 (2020)
Foss, E., et al.: Children’s search roles at home: implications for designers, researchers, educators, and parents. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 63(3), 558–573 (2012)
Foss, E., Druin, A., Yip, J., Ford, W., Golub, E., Hutchinson, H.: Adolescent search roles. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 64(1), 173–189 (2013)
Gossen, T., Kotzyba, M., Nürnberger, A.: Search engine for children: user-centered design. Datenbank-Spektrum 17, 61–67 (2017)
Gould, J.D., Conti, J., Hovanyecz, T.: Composing letters with a simulated listening typewriter. Commun. ACM 26(4), 295–308 (1983)
Gwizdka, J., Bilal, D.: Analysis of children’s queries and click behavior on ranked results and their thought processes in google search. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, pp. 377–380 (2017)
Hansen, P., Rieh, S.Y.: Recent advances on searching as learning: an introduction to the special issue. J. Inf. Sci. 42(1), 3–6 (2016)
Hargittai, E., Fullerton, L., Menchen-Trevino, E., Thomas, K.Y.: Trust online: young adults’ evaluation of web content. Int. J. Commun. 4, 27 (2010)
Holloway, D., Green, L., Livingstone, S.: Zero to eight: young children and their internet use (2013). http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/52630/1/Zero_to_eight.pdf.
Howard, P.N., Neudert, L.M., Prakash, N., Vosloo, S.: Digital misinformation/disinformation and children. UNICEF. Retrieved on February 20, 2021 (2021)
Iversen, O.S., Smith, R.C., Dindler, C.: Child as protagonist: expanding the role of children in participatory design. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Interaction Design and Children, pp. 27–37 (2017)
Jagerman, R., Qin, Z., Wang, X., Bendersky, M., Najork, M.: On optimizing top-k metrics for neural ranking models. In: Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2303–2307 (2022)
Jansen, M., Bos, W., Van Der Vet, P., Huibers, T., Hiemstra, D.: Teddir: tangible information retrieval for children. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, pp. 282–285 (2010)
Kazai, G., Thomas, P., Craswell, N.: The emotion profile of web search. In: Proceedings of the 42nd international ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 1097–1100 (2019)
Keshavarz, H.: Human information behaviour and design, development and evaluation of information retrieval systems. Program 42(4), 391–401 (2008)
Kim, J., McNally, B., Norooz, L., Druin, A.: Internet search roles of adults in their homes. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 4948–4959 (2017)
Landoni, M., Huibers, T., Aliannejadi, M., Murgia, E., Pera, M.S.: Getting to know you: search logs and expert grading to define children’s search roles in the classroom. In: 2nd International Conference on Design of Experimental Search and Information Retrieval Systems, DESIRES 2021, pp. 44–52 (2021)
Landoni, M., Huibers, T., Murgia, E., Aliannejadi, M., Pera, M.S.: Somewhere over the rainbow: exploring the sense for relevance in children. In: Proceedings of the 32nd European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, pp. 1–5 (2021)
Landoni, M., Huibers, T., Murgia, E., Pera, M.S.: Ethical implications for children’s use of search tools in an educational setting. Inter. J. Child-comput. Interact. 32, 100386 (2022)
Landoni, M., Matteri, D., Murgia, E., Huibers, T., Pera, M.S.: Sonny, cerca! evaluating the impact of using a vocal assistant to search at school. In: Crestani, F., et al. (eds.) CLEF 2019. LNCS, vol. 11696, pp. 101–113. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28577-7_6
Landoni, M., Murgia, E., Huibers, T., Pera, M.S.: You’ve got a friend in me: children and search agents. In: Adjunct Publication of the 28th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 89–94 (2020)
Landoni, M., Murgia, E., Huibers, T., Pera, M.S.: Report on the 1st ir for children 2000–2020: where are we now?(ir4c) workshop at sigir 2021: the need to spotlight research on children information retrieval. ACM SIGIR Forum 55(2), 1–7 (2022)
Landoni, M., Murgia, E., Huibers, T., Pera, M.S.: How does information pollution challenge children’s right to information access. In: 3rd Workshop on Reducing Online Misinformation through Credible Information Retrieval co-located with ECIR’23. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3359, pp. 250–253 (2023)
Landoni, M., Pera, M.S., Murgia, E., Huibers, T.: Inside out: Exploring the emotional side of search engines in the classroom. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 136–144 (2020)
Liao, L., Yang, G.H., Shah, C.: Proactive conversational agents in the post-chatgpt world. In: Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 3452–3455 (2023)
Lin, J., et al.: Simple yet effective neural ranking and reranking baselines for cross-lingual information retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.01019 (2023)
Lingnau, A., Ruthven, I., Landoni, M., van der Sluis, F.: Interactive search interfaces for young children-the puppyir approach. In: 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, pp. 389–390, IEEE (2010)
Loos, E., Ivan, L., Leu, D.: save the pacific northwest tree octopus: a hoax revisited. or: How vulnerable are school children to fake news?. Inform. Learn. Sci. 119(9/10), 514–528 (2018)
Marchionini, G.: Information seeking in electronic environments, vol. 9, Cambridge University Press (1997)
Milton, A., Allen, G., Pera, M.S.: To infinity and beyond! accessibility is the future for kids’ search engines. In: IR for Children 2000–2020: Where Are We Now? (https://www.fab4.science/ir4c/) - Workshop co-located with the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.07813 (2021)
Milton, A., Green, M., Pera, M.S.: An empirical analysis of search engines’ response to web search queries associated with the classroom setting. Aslib J. Inf. Manag. 72(1), 88–111 (2020)
N.A: Yahoo! Kids - Wikipedia — en.wikipedia.org (1996). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Kids (Accessed 17 Oct 2023]
N.A.: A digital decade for children and youth: the new european strategy for a better internet for kids (bik+). In: European Commission - Policy and Legislation (2022). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-decade-children-and-youth-new-european-strategy-better-internet-kids-bik, European Commission - Policy and Legislation
N.A.: Digital participation, empowerment and protection finely balanced in the new european strategy for a better internet for kids (bik+). In: European strategy for a better internet for kids (BIK+) | Shaping Europe’s digital future (2022). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/strategy-better-internet-kids, European Commission
Paramita, M.L., Kasinidou, M., Kleanthous, S., Rosso, P., Kuflik, T., Hopfgartner, F.: Towards improving user awareness of search engine biases: a participatory design approach. J. Association Inform. Sci. Technol. (2023)
Pera, M.S., Cena, F., Huibers, T., Landoni, M., Mauro, N., Murgia, E.: 1\(^{st}\) workshop on information retrieval for understudied users. In: European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR). Springer (2024) (to appear)
Pera, M.S., Murgia, E., Landoni, M., Huibers, T.: With a little help from my friends: use of recommendations at school. In: 2019 ACM Conference on Recommender Systems Late-breaking Results, ACM RecSys LBR 2019, pp. 61–65, CEUR (2019)
Pera, M.S., Wright, K.L., Kennington, C., Fails, J.A.: Children and information access: Fostering a sense of belonging. In: Smith-Renner, A., Taele, P. (eds.). Joint Proceedings of the IUI 2023 Workshops: HAI-GEN, ITAH, MILC, SHAI, SketchRec, SOCIALIZE.CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3359, pp. 254–257. CEUR, Sydney, Australia (2023)
Rieh, S.Y., Collins-Thompson, K., Hansen, P., Lee, H.J.: Towards searching as a learning process: a review of current perspectives and future directions. J. Inf. Sci. 42(1), 19–34 (2016)
Roy, N., Moraes, F., Hauff, C.: Exploring users’ learning gains within search sessions. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, pp. 432–436 (2020)
Sansone, C., Sperlí, G.: Legal information retrieval systems: State-of-the-art and open issues. Inf. Syst. 106, 101967 (2022)
Schedl, M., Gómez, E., Lex, E.: Retrieval and recommendation systems at the crossroads of artificial intelligence, ethics, and regulation. In: Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 3420–3424 (2022)
Shneiderman, B.: Human-centered ai. Issues Sci. Technol. 37(2), 56–61 (2021)
Smith, C.L., Rieh, S.Y.: Knowledge-context in search systems: Toward information-literate actions. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, pp. 55–62 (2019)
Tavares, D., Semedo, D., Rudnicky, A., Magalhaes, J.: Learning to ask questions for zero-shot dialogue state tracking. In: Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 2118–2122 (2023)
Tommasel, A., Rodriguez, J.M., Godoy, D.: I want to break free! recommending friends from outside the echo chamber. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, pp. 23–33 (2021)
Trielli, D., Diakopoulos, N.: Search as news curator: the role of google in shaping attention to news information. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–15 (2019)
Vanderschantz, N., Hinze, A.: Children’s query formulation and search result exploration. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 22(4), 385–410 (2021)
Vaughan, J.W., Wallach, H.: A human-centered agenda for intelligible machine learning. Getting Along with Artificial Intelligence, Machines We Trust (2020)
Werthner, H., Prem, E., Lee, E.A., Ghezzi, C.: Perspectives on digital humanism. Springer Nature (2022)
Wöbbekind, L., Lorberg, K., Mandl, T.: Emma stop that, it’s my turn now-comparing peer tutoring and thinking aloud for usability-testing with children in a school setting. In: Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2023, pp. 442–447 (2023)
Yarosh, S., et al.: Children asking questions: speech interface reformulations and personification preferences. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children, pp. 300–312 (2018)
Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Zhai, C.: Information retrieval evaluation as search simulation: a general formal framework for ir evaluation. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval, pp. 193–200 (2017)
Zou, J., Aliannejadi, M., Kanoulas, E., Pera, M.S., Liu, Y.: Users meet clarifying questions: toward a better understanding of user interactions for search clarification. ACM Trans. Inform. Syst. 41(1), 1–25 (2023)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Landoni, M., Huibers, T., Murgia, E., Pera, M.S. (2024). Good for Children, Good for All?. In: Goharian, N., et al. Advances in Information Retrieval. ECIR 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14611. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56066-8_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56066-8_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-56065-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-56066-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)