Abstract
Cellular base stations consume a lot of energy since it requires a 24-h continuous power supply which results in an increased operational expenditure (OPEX) and environmental pollution. This OPEX and harmful effects should be decreased to achieve sustainable and profitable businesses for mobile operators. In this case, a hybrid renewable energy solution like solar energy and wind power is proposed which will be used to power these cellular base stations. Solar energy can power daytime and wind power can power both day and nighttime. Thus, together they can supply power efficiently. When a particular base station fails, or its workload is high then its workload can be transferred to another base station for a certain amount of period. Sometimes a base station’s workload can be transferred to another idle base station. Base stations can be switched to sleep mode when data traffic is low. This can help to save a lot of electric energy. The final result will be a sustainable cellular base station. Most of the goals can be achieved by our proposed method like less energy consumption, carbon-free service, and less radio frequency (RF). This paper proposes a new solution like hybrid renewable energy along with sleep mode. Mobile operators can be benefitted from this paper to make their business sustainable and more cost-effective.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Taverner, D.: Community power: using mobile to extend the grid, pp. 1–80 (2010). http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/community-power-using-mobile-to-extend-the-grid
Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Ejaz, W., Iqbal, M., Anpalagan, A., Kim, H.S.: Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation. Energies 11(1), 1–19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010099
Hasan, Z., Member, S., Boostanimehr, H., Member, S.: Green cellular networks a survey some research. . IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 13(4), 524–540 (2012)
Suarez, L., Nuaymi, L., Bonnin, J.-M.: An overview and classification of research approaches in green wireless networks. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2012(1), 1–18 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-142
GSMA, Extending the grid: Bangladesh market analysis, pp. 1–14 (2013).http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/GPM-Market-Analysis-Bangladesh.pdf
GSMA, Green power for mobile - the global telecom tower ESCO market. Glob. Syst. Mob. Commun. Assoc. 52 (2014). https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/140617-GSMA-report-draft-vF-KR-v7.pdf
Meo, S.A., Almahmoud, M., Alsultan, Q., Alotaibi, N., Alnajashi, I., Hajjar, W.M.: Mobile phone base station tower settings adjacent to school buildings: impact on students’ cognitive health. Am. J. Mens. Health 13(1) (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318816914
Jung, K., Member, S., Park, K., Member, S.: Renewable energy-enabled cellular. Networks 14(8), 1–22 (2015)
Liu, C., Natarajan, B., Xia, H.: Small cell base station sleep strategies for energy efficiency. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(3), 1652–1661 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2413382
Holtkamp, H., Auer, G., Bazzi, S., Haas, H.: Minimizing base station power consumption. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 32(2), 297–306 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2014.141210
Hossain, M.S., Rahman, M.F.: Hybrid solar PV/Biomass powered energy efficient remote cellular base stations. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 10(1), 329–342 (2020)
Albiss, B.A., Alqudah, M.S., Odeh, T.S.: Environmental pollution of cell-phone towers : detection and analysis using geographic information system. Environ. Pollut. Cell-Phone Towers Detect. Anal. Using Geogr. Inf. Syst. 7(2), 77–85 (2015)
Pervaiz, H., Onireti, O., Mohamed, A. Ali Imran, M., Tafazolli, R., Ni, Q.: Energy-efficient and load-proportional eNodeB for 5G user-centric networks: a multilevel sleep strategy mechanism. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 13(4), 51–59 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2018.2871740
Jang, G., Kim, N., Ha, T., Lee, C., Cho, S.: Base station switching and sleep mode optimization with lstm-based user prediction. IEEE Access 8, 222711–222723 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3044242
Biswas, S.: Renewable energy-focused hybrid supply system for optimal powering the cellular base station. J. Technol. Sci. Eng. 1(2), 31–37 (2020)
Matyakubov, U., Davronbekov, D.: Acta of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent increasing energy efficiency of base stations in mobile communication system II electronics and information technology increasing energy efficiency of base stations in mobile communication systems. vol. 10, no. 1 (2020)
Alsharif, M.H., Kim, J., Kim, J.H.: Green and sustainable cellular base stations: an overview and future research directions. Energies 10(5), 587 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050587
Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Zukerman, M. Yung, E.K.: Energy-efficient base stations sleep mode techniques in green cellular networks : a survey. no. 9380044, pp. 1–25 (2015)
Sait, S.M., Ahmed, S.F., Rafiq, M.R.: Experimental study on broadband radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations near cellular base stations: a novel perspective of public health. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 143(3), 1935–1942 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09982-4
Marsan, M.A. Chiaraviglio, L., Ciullo, D., Meo, M.: Optimal energy savings in cellular access networks. In: Proceedings of-2009 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshops ICC 2009, pp. 1–5 (2009).https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCW.2009.5208045
Marsan, M.A., Chiaraviglio, L., Ciullo, D., Meo, M.: Multiple daily base station switch-offs in cellular networks. In: 2012 4th International Conference on Communication and Electronics ICCE 2012, pp. 245–250 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/CCE.2012.6315906
3GPP: TS 102 706, Environmental engineering, energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment, V1.1.1. Etsi, vol. 1, pp. 1–31 (2009)
Alsharif, M.H., Kim, J.: Hybrid off-grid SPV/WTG power system for remote cellular base stations towards green and sustainable cellular networks in South Korea. Energies 10(1), 9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/en10010009
“Wind Turbines | How They Work | Hydro-Québec.” http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/eolienne/. Accessed 10 Aug 2022
“The World’s Winds Are Speeding Up - Scientific American.” https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-worlds-winds-are-speeding-up/#:~:text=In less than a decade,increase in potential wind energy. Accessed 12 Aug 2022
“Cell Site Power Consumption – WirelessMoves.” https://blog.wirelessmoves.com/2019/08/cell-site-power-consumption.html. Accessed 17 Aug 2022
“Diesel Generator Fuel Consumption Chart - Hardy Diesel.” https://hardydiesel.com/resources/diesel-generator-fuel-consumption-chart/. Accessed 13 Aug 2022
Kozyrsky, V., et al.: Economic Aspects and Factors of Solar Energy Development in Ukraine. In: Vasant, P., Zelinka, I., Weber, G.-W. (eds.) ICO 2020. AISC, vol. 1324, pp. 111–117. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68154-8_12
Chamola, V., Sikdar, B.: Solar powered cellular base stations: current scenario, issues and proposed solutions. IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(5), 108–114 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2016.7470944
Chowdhury, S.A., Roy, V., Aziz, S.: Renewable energy usage in the telecommunication sector of Bangladesh: prospect and progress. In: Proceedings of 1st International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology ICDRET 2009, pp. 234–238 (2009).https://doi.org/10.1109/icdret.2009.5454192
Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Ejaz, W., Iqbal, M., Anpalagan, A.: Resource management in cellular base stations powered by renewable energy sources. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 112, 1–17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2018.03.021
Alsharif, M.H., Kim, J.: Optimal solar power system for remote telecommunication base stations: a case study based on the characteristics of south Korea’s solar radiation exposure. Sustain. 8(9), 1–21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090942
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rahman, M.A., Asif, S., Hossain, M.S., Alam, T., Reza, A.W., Arefin, M.S. (2023). A Sustainable Approach to Reduce Power Consumption and Harmful Effects of Cellular Base Stations. In: Vasant, P., Weber, GW., Marmolejo-Saucedo, J.A., Munapo, E., Thomas, J.J. (eds) Intelligent Computing & Optimization. ICO 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 569. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19958-5_66
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19958-5_66
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-19957-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-19958-5
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)