Abstract
Deepfakes are synthetically generated media that pose as actual video recordings, and are a potential source of fake news or disinformation. Consequently, the ability to detect them is imperative. Although research has been done in creating algorithms for automatic detection, there is little work conducted on how users identify deepfakes. Hence, the present paper fills this gap with a user study. Through semi-structured interviews, participants were asked to identify real and deepfake videos, and explain how they arrived at their conclusions. Seven verification strategies emerged, with the most popular being the use of subtle indictors in the videos suggesting the presence of imperfections. The use of one’s social circle to verify a video was the least used. Surprisingly, only half our participants could correctly identify all the videos they watched. Deepfake videos that seemed to portray believable content or were of high quality made participants think they were real.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajder, H., Patrini, G., Cavalli, F., Cullen, L.: The State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact. Deeptrace, Amsterdam (2019)
Ajukhadar, M., Senecal, S., Ouellette, D.: Can the media richness of a privacy disclosure enhance outcome? A multifaceted view of trust in rich media environments. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 14(4), 103–126 (2010)
Anderson, K.E.: Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: combating fake news on social media. Libr. Hi Tech News 35(3), 1–6 (2018)
Chawla, R.: Deepfakes: how a pervert shook the world. Int. J. Adv. Res. Dev. 4(6) (2019). Article 2
Chesney, R., Citron., D.: Deepfakes and the new disinformation war. Foreign Aff. 98(1), 147–155 (2019)
Gieseke, A.P.: “The new weapon of choice”: Law’s current inability to properly address deepfake pornography. Vanderbilt Law Rev. 73(5), 1479–1515 (2020)
Hennink, M., Hutter, I., Bailey, A.: Qualitative Research Methods, 2nd edn. Sage, New York (2020)
Hwang, Y., Ryu, J.Y., Jeong, S.H.L.: Effects of disinformation using deepfake: the protective effect of media literacy education. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Network. 24(3), 188–193 (2021)
Kietzmann, J., Lee, L.W., McCarthy, I.P., Kietzmann. T.C.: Deepfakes: trick or treat? Bus. Horiz. 65(2), 135–146 (2020)
Lavrakas. P.J.: Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage, New York, NY (2008)
Li, Y., Lyu, S.: Exposing deepfake videos by detecting face warping artifacts. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, pp. 46–52. IEEE Press, Piscataway (2018)
Lyu. S.: Deepfake detection: current challenges and next steps. In: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops, pp. 1–6. IEEE Press, Piscataway (2020)
Matern, F., Riess, C., Stamminger, M.: Exploiting visual artifacts to expose deepfakes and face manipulations. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, pp. 83–92. IEEE Press, Piscataway (2019)
Metzger, M.J., Fanagin, A.J., Zwarun, L.: College student web use, perceptions of information credibility, and verification behavior. Comput. Educ. 41, 271–290 (2003)
Mittal, T., Bhattacharya, U., Chandra, R., Bera, A., Manocha, D.: Emotions don’t lie: an audio-visual deepfake detection method using affective cues. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 2823–2832. ACM Press, New York (2020)
Osatuyi. B.: Information sharing on social media sites. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29(6), 2622–2631 (2013)
Shang, S.S.C., Wu, Y.L., Li, E.Y.: Field effects of social media platforms on information-sharing continuance: do reach and richness matter? Inf. Manag. 54, 241–255 (2017)
Shapiro, I., Brin, C., Bédard-Brûlé, I., Mychajlowycz, K.: Verification as a strategic ritual. J. Pract. 7(6), 657–673 (2013)
Sohrawardi, S.J., et al.: DeFaking deepfakes: understanding journalists’ needs for deepfake detection. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (2020). https://www.usenix.org/system/files/soups2020_poster_sohrawardi.pdf
Thaw, N.N., July, T., Wai, A.N., Goh, D.H., Chua, A.Y.K.: Is it real? A study on detecting deepfake videos. Proc. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 57(1), e366 (2020)
Tolosana, R., Vera-Rodriguez, R., Fierrez, J., Morales, A., Ortega-Garcia, J.: Deepfakes and beyond: a survey of face manipulation and fake detection. Inf. Fusion 64, 131–148 (2020)
Wagner, T.L., Blewer. A.: “The word real is no longer real”: deepfakes, gender, and the challenges of AI-altered video. Open Inf. Sci. 3, 32–46 (2019)
Westerlund, M.: The emergence of deepfake technology: a review. Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev. 9(11) (2019). https://timreview.ca/article/1282
Wilding, D., Fray, P., Molitorisz, S., McKewon, E.: The Impact of Digital Platforms on News and Journalistic Content. University of Technology Sydney, NSW (2018)
Yang, X., Li, Y., Lyu. S.: Exposing deep fakes using inconsistent had poses. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 8261–8265. IEEE Press, Piscataway (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Goh, D.HL., Lee, C.S., Chen, Z., Kuah, X.W., Pang, Y.L. (2022). Understanding Users’ Deepfake Video Verification Strategies. In: Stephanidis, C., Antona, M., Ntoa, S., Salvendy, G. (eds) HCI International 2022 – Late Breaking Posters. HCII 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1655. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19682-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19682-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-19681-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-19682-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)