Abstract
Some pseudorandom sequences with good crytographic features can be obtained from the interleaving of other families of sequences with unsuitable properties. PN-sequences obtained from maximum-length Linear Feedback Shift Registers exhibit good statistical aspects, such as balancedness, large period, adequate distribution of 0s and 1s and excellent autocorrelation, although their linearity makes them vulnerable against cryptographic attacks. In this work, we present a preliminary analysis on the random features of the interleaving of shifted versions of a PN-sequence. The application of statistical and graphic tests and their corresponding results complete the work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wu, H.: The stream cipher HC-128. In: Robshaw, M., Billet, O. (eds.) New Stream Cipher Designs. LNCS, vol. 4986, pp. 39–47. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68351-3_4
Barnsley, M.: Fractals Everywhere. Academic Press, Cambridge (1988)
Bassham, L., et al.: A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications (16 September 2010). https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=906762
Biryukov, A., Perrin, L.: State of the art in lightweight symmetric cryptography. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2017, 511 (2017)
Bishoi, S.K., Senapati, K., Shankar, B.: Shrinking generators based on \(\sigma \)-LFSRs. Discret. Appl. Math. 285, 493–500 (2020). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X20303346
Bluestein, L.I.: Interleaving of pseudorandom sequences for synchronization. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES 4(4), 551–556 (1968)
Caballero-Gil, P., Fúster-Sabater, A., Pazo-Robles, M.E.: New attack strategy for the shrinking generator. J. Res. Pract. Inf. Technol. 41(2), 171–180 (2009)
Cardell, S.D., Aranha, D.F., Fúster-Sabater, A.: Recovering decimation-based cryptographic sequences by means of linear CAs. Logic J. IGPL 28(4), 430–448 (2020)
Cardell, S.D., Fúster-Sabater, A.: Cryptanalysing the shrinking generator. Procedia Comput. Sci. 51, 2893–2897 (2015)
Cardell, S.D., Fúster-Sabater, A.: Performance of the cryptanalysis over the shrinking generator. In: Herrero, Á., Baruque, B., Sedano, J., Quintián, H., Corchado, E. (eds.) International Joint Conference. CISIS 2015. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 369. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19713-5_10
Cardell, S.D., Fúster-Sabater, A., Ranea, A.: Linearity in decimation-based generators: an improved cryptanalysis on the shrinking generator. Open Math. 16(1), 646–655 (2018)
Cardell, S.D., Fúster-Sabater, A., Requena, V.: Interleaving shifted versions of a PN-sequence. Mathematics 9(687), 1–23 (2021)
Cardell, S.D., Fúster-Sabater, A.: Linear models for high-complexity sequences. In: Gervasi, O., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2017, Part I. LNCS, vol. 10404, pp. 314–324. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62392-4_23
Díaz Cardell, S., Fúster-Sabater, A.: Cryptography with Shrinking Generators. SM, Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12850-0
Coppersmith, D., Herzberg, A., Krawczyk, H.M., Kutten, S., Mansour, Y.: A shrinking generator for cryptosystems (1987). https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0619659A2/en
Coppersmith, D., Krawczyk, H., Mansour, Y.: The shrinking generator. In: Stinson, D.R. (ed.) CRYPTO 1993. LNCS, vol. 773, pp. 22–39. Springer, Heidelberg (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48329-2_3
Crilly, T.: Interleaving integer sequences. Math. Gaz. 91(520), 27–33 (2007)
Doğanaksoy, A., Göloğlu, F.: On Lempel-Ziv complexity of sequences. In: Gong, G., Helleseth, T., Song, H.-Y., Yang, K. (eds.) SETA 2006. LNCS, vol. 4086, pp. 180–189. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11863854_15
Edemskiy, V.: On the linear complexity of interleaved binary sequences of period 4p obtained from hall sequences or Legendre and hall sequences. Electron. Lett. 50(8), 604–605 (2014)
Eisenbarth, T., Kumar, S., Paar, C., Poschmann, A., Uhsadel, L.: A survey of lightweight-cryptography implementations. IEEE Des. Test Comput. 24(6), 522–533 (2007)
Fluhrer, S.R., McGrew, D.A.: Statistical analysis of the alleged RC4 keystream generator. In: Goos, G., Hartmanis, J., van Leeuwen, J., Schneier, B. (eds.) FSE 2000. LNCS, vol. 1978, pp. 19–30. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44706-7_2
Fúster-Sabater, A.: Generation of cryptographic sequences by means of difference equations. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, 475–484 (2014)
Gennaro, R.: Randomness in cryptography. IEEE Secur. Priv. 4(02), 64–67 (2006)
Golomb, S.W.: Shift Register-Sequences. Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hill (1982)
Gong, G.: Theory and applications of \(q\)-ary interleaved sequences. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 41(2), 400–411 (1995)
Jiang, S., Dai, Z., Gong, G.: On interleaved sequences over finite fields. Discret. Math. 252, 161–178 (2002)
Li, N., Tang, X.: On the linear complexity of binary sequences of period \(4n\) with optimal autocorrelation value/magnitude. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 57(11), 7597–7604 (2011)
Martyn, T.: The chaos game revisited: yet another, but a trivial proof of the algorithm’s correctness. Appl. Math. Lett. 25(2), 206–208 (2012). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0893965911003922
Massey, J.: Shift-register synthesis and BCH decoding. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 15(1), 122–127 (1969)
Mata-Toledo, R.A., Willis, M.A.: Visualization of random sequences using the chaos game algorithm. J. Syst. Softw. 39(1), 3–6 (1997). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121296001586
Maurer, U.M.: A universal statistical test for random bit generators. J. Cryptol. 5(2), 89–105 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193563
Orúe, A.B., Fúster-Sabater, A., Fernández, V., Montoya, F., Hernández, L., Martín, A.: Herramientas gráficas de la criptografía caótica para el análisis de la calidad de secuencias pseudoaleatorias, p. 180–185. Actas de la XIV Reunión Española sobre Criptología y Seguridad de la Información, RECSI XIV, Menorca, Illes Balears, Spain (October 2016)
Orúe, A.B., Hernández, L., Martín, A., Montoya, F.: A lightweight pseudorandom number generator for securing the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 5, 27800–27806 (2017)
Peitgen, H.O., Jurgens, H., Saupe, D.: Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/b97624
Pérez, G., Cerdeira, H.A.: Extracting messages masked by chaos. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1970–1973 (1995). https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1970
Tang, X., Ding, C.: New classes of balanced quaternary and almost balanced binary sequences with optimal autocorrelation value. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 56(12), 6398–6405 (2010)
U.S. Department of Commerce: FIPS 186, Digital signature standard. Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186, N.I.S.T., National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia (1994)
Xiong, H., Qu, L., Li, C., Fu, S.: Linear complexity of binary sequences with interleaved structure. IET Commun. 7(15), 1688–1696 (2013)
Acknowledgements
This work was in part supported by Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) under project CYNAMON (P2018/TCS-4566), co-funded by FSE and European Union FEDER funds. The third author is partially supported by Spanish grant VIGROB-287 of the Universitat d’Alacant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cardell, S.D., Fúster-Sabater, A., Requena, V. (2021). Preliminary Analysis of Interleaving PN-Sequences. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021. ICCSA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12949. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86653-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86653-2_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86652-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86653-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)