Abstract
The automatic translation of rules or legal text from natural language into formal language has gained interest in the natural language processing domain, especially in the field of law and AI. Our research goal is to be able to automatically extract, from rules in natural language, the necessary elements that define these rules, such as the action in question, its modality (duty, right, privilege, ...), the first person the rule addresses, the second person affected by the rule, and the condition (if the rule was a conditional rule). As a first step toward identifying these elements, we start by identifying the semantic subjects, verbs, and objects in sentences of online normative texts. This paper presents the SVO+ model that achieves this, and our evaluation illustrates the model’s high precision when tested with the terms of use from websites like Facebook and Twitter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Power-based Hohfeldian constructs are a bit different. For example, the second person is not present for these constructs in the A-Hohfeld language.
References
Allen, L.E.: Some examples of using the legal relations language in the legal domain: applied deontic logic. Notre Dame L. Rev. 73, 535 (1997)
Allen, L.E., Saxon, C.S.: Better language, better thought, better communication: the A-Hohfeld language for legal analysis. In: Proceedings of ICAIL 1995. ACM (1995)
Athan, T., Boley, H., Governatori, G., Palmirani, M., Paschke, A., Wyner, A.: OASIS LegalRuleML. In: Proceedings of ICAIL 2013, pp. 3–12. ACM (2013)
Azzopardi, S., Gatt, A., Pace, G.J.: Integrating natural language and formal analysis for legal documents. In: 10th Conference on Language Technologies and Digital Humanities (2016)
Coulthard, M., Johnson, A.: The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics. Routledge, Abingdon (2010)
Curtotti, M., Mccreath, E.: Corpus based classification of text in Australian contracts. In: Proceedings of Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop (2010)
Gamallo, P., Garcia, M.: Multilingual open information extraction. In: Pereira, F., Machado, P., Costa, E., Cardoso, A. (eds.) EPIA 2015. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 9273, pp. 711–722. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23485-4_72
Gamallo Otero, P.: The meaning of syntactic dependencies. Linguist. Online 35(3), 33–53 (2008)
Gao, X., Singh, M.P.: Extracting normative relationships from business contracts. In: Proceedings of AAMAS 2014, pp. 101–108. IFAAMAS (2014)
Gibbons, J.: Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken (2003)
Hobbs, P.: Not semantics but just results: the use of linguistic analysis in constitutional interpretation. J. Pragmat. 44(6–7), 815–828 (2012)
de Maat, E., Winkels, R.: Automated classification of norms in sources of law. In: Francesconi, E., Montemagni, S., Peters, W., Tiscornia, D. (eds.) Semantic Processing of Legal Texts. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6036, pp. 170–191. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12837-0_10
McDonald, R., et al.: Universal dependency annotation for multilingual parsing. In: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 2, pp. 92–97 (2013)
Palmirani, M., Governatori, G., Rotolo, A., Tabet, S., Boley, H., Paschke, A.: LegalRuleML: XML-based rules and norms. In: Olken, F., Palmirani, M., Sottara, D. (eds.) RuleML 2011. LNCS, vol. 7018, pp. 298–312. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24908-2_30
Shiffman, R.N., Michel, G., Krauthammer, M., Fuchs, N.E., Kaljurand, K., Kuhn, T.: Writing clinical practice guidelines in controlled natural language. In: Fuchs, N.E. (ed.) CNL 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5972, pp. 265–280. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14418-9_16
Tiersma, P.M.: Legal Language. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1999)
Trosborg, A.: Rhetorical Strategies in Legal Language: Discourse Analysis of Statutes and Contracts, vol. 424. Gunter Narr Verlag, T übingen (1997)
Wyner, A., van Engers, T., Bahreini, K.: From policy-making statements to first-order logic. In: Andersen, K.N., Francesconi, E., Grönlund, Å., van Engers, T.M. (eds.) EGOVIS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6267, pp. 47–61. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15172-9_5
Wyner, A., Governatori, G.: A study on translating regulatory rules from natural language to defeasible logic. In: RuleML 2013, pp. 16.1–16.8, July 2013
Wyner, A., Peters, W.: On rule extraction from regulations. In: Proceedings of JURIX 2011, vol. 235, pp. 113–122. IOS Press (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Beltran, A., Osman, N., Aguilar, L., Sierra, C. (2018). On the Automatic Analysis of Rules Governing Online Communities. In: Simari, G.R., Fermé, E., Gutiérrez Segura, F., Rodríguez Melquiades, J.A. (eds) Advances in Artificial Intelligence – IBERAMIA 2018. IBERAMIA 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11238. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03928-8_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03928-8_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03927-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03928-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)