Abstract
We have adapted a miniature head mounted operating microscope for AR by integrating two very small computer displays. To calibrate the projection parameters of this so called Varioscope AR we have used Tsai’s Algorithm for camera calibration. Connection to a surgical navigation system was performed by defining an open interface to the control unit of the Varioscope AR. The control unit consists of a standard PC with an dual head graphics adapter. We connected this control unit to an computer aided surgery (CAS) system by the TCP/IP interface. In this paper we present the control unit for the HMD and its software design. We tested two different optical tracking systems, the Flashpoint (Image Guided Technologies, Boulder, CO), which provided about 10 frames per second, and the Polaris (Northern Digital, Ontario, Can) which provided at least 30 frames per second, both with a time delay of one frame.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
M. Blackwell, C. Nikou, A. M. DiGioia 3rd, T. Kanade: ”An image overlay system for medical data visualization”, Med Image Anal 4(1), 67–72, (2000).
S. Nakajima, K. Nakamura, K. Masamune, I. Sakuma, T. Dohi: ”Three-dimensional medical imaging display with computer-generated integral photography”, Comput Med Imaging Graph 25(3), 235–241, (2001).
D. W. Roberts, J. W. Strohbehn, J. F. Hatch, W. Murray, H. Kettenberger: “A frameless stereotaxic integration of computerized tomographic imaging and the operating microscope”, J Neurosurg 65(4), 545–549, (1986).
D. W. Roberts, T. Nakajima, B. Brodwater, J. Pavlidis, E. Friets, E. Fagan, A. Hartov, J. Strohbehn: ”Further development and clinical application of the stereotactic operating microscope”, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 58(1–4), 114–117, (1992).
R. Shahidi, R. Mezrich, D. Silver: ”Proposed simulation of volumetric image navigation using a surgical microscope” J Image Guid Surg 1(5), 249–265, (1995).
P. J. Edwards, A. P. King, C. R. Maurer Jr, D. A. de Cunha, D. J. Hawkes, D. L. Hill, R. P. Gaston, M. R. Fenlon, A. Jusczyzck, A. J. Strong, C. L. Chandler, M. J. Gleeson: ”Design and evaluation of a system for microscope-assisted guided interventions (MAGI)”, IEEE Trans Med Imaging 19(11), 1082–1093, (2000).
H. Fuchs, M. A. Livingston, R. Raskar, et al.: “Augmented Reality Visualization for Laparoscopic Surgery”, in W. M. Wells, A. Colchester, S. Delp (eds.): “Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention-MICCAI’98”, Springer LNCS 1496, 934 pp., (1998).
C. Maurer Jr, F. Sauer, B. Huc, B. Bascle, B. Geiger, F. Wenzel, F. Recchi, T. Rohlfing, C. Brown, R. Bakos, R. Maciunas, A. Bani-Hashemi: ”Augmented reality visualization of brain structures with stereo and kinetic depth cues: System descripion and initial evaluatoin with head phantom” in Medical Imaging 2001 Visualization, Display and Image-Guided Procedures, Soeng Ki Mun, Editor, Proceedings of the SPIE Vol 4319, 445–456 (2001)
M. Blackwell, F. Morgan, A. M. DiGioia 3rd: ”Augmented reality and its future in orthopaedics” Clin Orthop 354, 111–122, (1998).
R. Y. Tsai, ”A Versatile Camera Calibration Technique for High-Accuracy 3D Machine Vision Metrology Using Off-the-Shelf TV Cameras and Lenses”, IEEE Trans Robotic Autom RA-3(4), 323–344, (1987).
W. Birkfellner, M. Figl, K. Huber, J. Hummel, R. Hanel, P. Homolka, F. Watzinger, F. Wanschitz, R. Ewers, H. Bergmann: ”Calibration of projection parameters in the Varioscope AR, a head-mounted display for augmented reality visualization in image-guided therapy”, in Medical Imaging 2000:, Display, and Image-Guided Prozedures, Seong Ki Mun, Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4319, 471–480(2001).
W. Birkfellner, K. Huber, A. Larson, D. Hanson, M. Diemling, P. Homolka, H. Bergmann: ”A modular software system for computer-aided surgery and it’s first application in oral implantology”, IEEE Trans Med Imaging 19(6), 616–620, (2000).
W. Birkfellner, P. Solar, A. Gahleitner, K. Huber, F. Kainberger, J. Kettenbach, P. Homolka, M. Diemling, G. Watzek, H. Bergmann: ”In-vitro assessment of a registration protocol for image guided implant dentistry”, Clin Oral Implants Res 12(1), 69–78, (2001).
OpenGL Architecture Review Board, “OpenGL Reference Manual-Second Edition”, Editors: R. Kempf, C. Frazier, Addison-Wesley, (1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Figl, M. et al. (2002). PC-Based Control Unit for a Head Mounted Operating Microscope for Augmented Reality Visualization in Surgical Navigation. In: Dohi, T., Kikinis, R. (eds) Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention — MICCAI 2002. MICCAI 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2489. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45787-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45787-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-44225-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45787-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive