Abstract
In this paper we consider the problem of optimal task allocation and scheduling in embedded real-time systems. This problem is far from trivial due to the wide range of complex constraints that typically appear in this type of systems. We therefore address this problem using constraint programming due to its expressive, yet powerful features. Our work includes an evaluation of different search heuristics, such as variable-value orderings and symmetry exclusion, for this particular problem domain. It is shown that by using search configurations appropriate for the problem, the average search complexity can be reduced by as much as an order of magnitude.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. F. Abdelzaher and K. G. Shin. Period-based load partitioning and assignment for large real-time applications. IEEE Trans. on Computers, 49(1): 81–87, 2000.
I. Ahmad and Y.-K. Kwok. Optimal and near-optimal allocation of precedence-constrained tasks to parallel processors: Defying the high complexity using effective search techniques. In Proc. of the Int’l Conf. on Parallel Processing, pp. 424–431, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1998.
J. A. Bannister and K. S. Trivedi. Task allocation in fault-tolerant distributed systems. Acta Informatica, 20: 261–281, 1983.
P. Brucker, M. R. Garey, and D. S. Johnson. Scheduling equal-length tasks under treelike precedence constraints to minimize maximum lateness. Mathematics of Operations Research, 2(3): 275–284, August 1977.
M. Carlsson, G. Ottosson, and B. Carlson. An open-ended finite domain constraint solver. In H. Glaser et al.,editors, Proc. of the Int’l Symposium on Programming Languages: Implementations, Logics, and Programs, volume 1292 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 191–206, Southampton, UK, September 3-5, 1997.
C. Ekelin and J. Jonsson. A modeling framework for constraints in real-time systems. Tech. Rep. 00-9, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, May 2000.
C. Ekelin and J. Jonsson. Solving embedded system scheduling problems using constraint programming. Tech. Rep. 00-12, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, April 2000.
J. Jonsson and K. G. Shin. A parametrized branch-and-bound strategy for scheduling precedence-constrained tasks on a multiprocessor system. In Proc. of the Int’l Conf. on Parallel Processing, pp. 158–165, Bloomingdale, Illinois, 1997.
Intelligent Systems Laboratory. SICStus Prolog User’s Manual. Swedish Institute of Computer Science, 1995. http://www.sics.se/isl/sicstus/
C. L. Liu and J. W. Layland. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard-real-time environment. Journal of the ACM, 20(1): 46–61, January 1973.
K. Ramamritham. Allocation and scheduling of precedence-related periodic tasks. IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 6(4): 412–420, April 1995.
K. Schild and J. Würtz. Scheduling of time-triggered real-time systems.Constraints, 5(4): 335–357, October 2000.
J. Slaney and S. Thiébaux. On the hardness of decision and optimisation problems. In Proc. of ECAI, pp. 244–248, Brighton, UK, 1998.
B. M. Smith and I. P. Gent. Symmetry breaking during search in constraint programming. In Proc. of ECAI, pp. 599–603, Berlin, Germany, 2000.
R. Szymanek, F. Gruian, and K. Kuchcinski. Digital systems design using constraint logic programming. In Proc. of the Practical Application of Constraint Technology and Logic Programming, Manchester, England, April 10-12, 2000.
K. W. Tindell, A. Burns, and A. J. Wellings. Allocating hard real-time tasks: An NP-hard problem made easy. Real-Time Systems, 4(2): 145–165, June 1992.
E. Tsang. Foundations of Constraint Satisfaction. Academic Press, 1993.
J. Xu. Multiprocessor scheduling of processes with release times, deadlines, precedence, and exclusion relations. IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, 19(2): 139–154, February 1993.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ekelin, C., Jonsson, J. (2001). Evaluation of Search Heuristics for Embedded System Scheduling Problems. In: Walsh, T. (eds) Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming — CP 2001. CP 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2239. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45578-7_53
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45578-7_53
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42863-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45578-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive