Examining Refuge Location Mechanisms in Intertidal Snails Using Artificial Life Simulation Techniques

• Chowhury, D., Nishinari, K., Schadschneider, A.: Self-organized patterns and traffic flow in colonies of organisms: From bacteria and social insects to vertebrates. Phase Transit 77, 601–624 (2004)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Helbing, D., Molnar, P.: Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys. Rev. E 51, 4282–4286 (1995)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nagatani, T.: The physics of traffic jams. Rep. Prog. Phys. 65, 1331–1386 (2001)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Krause, J., Ruxton, G.D.: Living in Groups. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002)

  Google Scholar 

• Sword, G.A., Lorch, P.D., Gwynne, D.T.: Migratory bands give crickets protection. Nature 433, 703 (2005)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dunbar, R.I.M.: Determinants of group size in primates: A general model. Proc. Brit. Acad. 88, 33–57 (1996)

  Google Scholar 

• Parrish, J.K., Edelstein-Keshet, L.: Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation. Science 284, 99–101 (1999)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• McFarland, D.: Animal Behaviour, 3rd edn. Longman, Harlow (1999)

  Google Scholar 

• McMahon, R.F.: Thermal tolerance, evaporative water loss, air water oxygen consumption and zonation of intertidal prosobranchs: a new synthesis. Hydrobiologia 193, 241–260 (1990)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Stafford, R., Davies, M.S.: Temperature and desiccation do not affect aggregation behaviour in high shore littorinids in north-east England. Journal of Negative Results: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 1, 16–20 (2004)

  Google Scholar 

• Fretter, B., Graham, A.: British prosobranch molluscs. Ray Society, London (1994)

  Google Scholar 

• Stafford, R., Davies, M.S.: Spatial patchiness of epilithic biofilm caused by refuge-inhabiting high shore gastropods. Hydrobiologia (in press)

  Google Scholar 

• Garrity, S.D.: Some adaptations of gastropods to physical stress on a tropical rocky shore. Ecology 65, 559–574 (1984)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Chapman, M.G., Underwood, A.J.: Influences of tidal conditions, temperature and desiccation on patterns of aggregation of the high-shore periwinkle Littorina unifasciata in New South Wales, Australia. J. Exp. Biol. Ecol. 196, 213–237 (1996)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Stafford, R.: The role of environmental stress and physical and biological interactions on the ecology of high shore littorinids in a temperate and a tropical region. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sunderland, Sunderland (2002)

  Google Scholar 

• Raffaelli, D.G., Hughes, R.N.: The effects of crevice size and availability on populations of Littorina rudis and Littorina neritoides. J. Anim. Ecol. 47, 71–83 (1978)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Britton, J.C., McMahon, R.F., Hart, J.W.: Relationships between topography, substratum composition and surface temperature, and the spatial distribution of intertidal fauna on rocky shores of south-western Australia. In: Wells, F.E., Walker, D.I., Kirkman, H., Letherbridge, R. (eds.) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Albany, Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Australia, pp. 521–540

  Google Scholar 

• Chapman, M.G.: Variability in trail-following and aggregation in Nodilittorina unifasciata Gray. J. Exp. Biol. Ecol. 224, 48–71 (1998)

  Google Scholar 

• Erlandsson, J., Kostylev, V.: Trail following, speed and fractal dimension of movement in a marine prosobranch, Littorina littorea during a mating and a non-mating season. Mar. Biol. 122, 87–94 (1995)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Underwood, A.J.: Experiments in ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997)

  Google Scholar 

• Focardi, S., Deneubourg, J.L., Chelazzi, G.: How shore morthology and orientation mechanisms can affect the spatial-organisation of intertidal molluscs. J. Theor. Biol. 112, 771–782 (1985)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Burrows, M.T., Hawkins, S.J.: Modelling patch dynamics on rocky shores using deterministic cellular automata. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 167, 1–13 (1998)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rushton, S.P., Lurz, P.W., South, A.B., Mitchell-Jones, A.: Modelling the distribution of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on the Isle of Wight. Anim. Conserv. 2, 111–120 (1999)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Taylor, C.E., Jefferson, D.: Artificial life as a tool for biological inquiry. Artificial Life 1, 1–13 (1994)

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Davies, M.S., Hawkins, S.J.: Mucus from marine molluscs. Adv. Mar. Bio. 34, 1–71 (1998)

  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references