Abstract
There are some fundamental generalizations that can be made about the biology and ecology of invertebrates associated with coral reefs. For example, it is widely accepted that coral reefs support the highest biodiversity of all marine ecosystems, and that invertebrates contribute dominantly to this condition. It is also acknowledged that numerous invertebrate taxa are involved in highly complex and coevolved relationships with metazoans, unicellular protists, and multicellular algae. Further, during the past few decades it has been demonstrated that certain invertebrate consumers can have strong and widespread effects on coral abundances, community structure, and the integrity of reef formations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe N (1938) Feeding behaviour and the nematocysts of Fungia and 15 other species of coral. Palau Trop Biol Stn Stud 1:469–521
Abelson A, Galil BS, Loya Y (1991) Skeletal modifications in stony corals caused by indwelling crabs: hydrodynamical advantages for crab feeding. Symbiosis 10:233–248
Abrams P, Menge BA, Mittelbach GG, Spiller D, Yodzis P (1996) The role of indirect effects in food webs. In: Polis GA, Winemiller KO (eds) Food webs: integration of pattern and dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 371–395
ABRS (2009) Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/onlineresources/fauna/afd/index.html
Achituv Y, Mizrahi L (1996) Recycling of ammonium within a hydrocoral (Millepora dichotoma)-zooxanthellae-cirripede (Savignium milleporum) symbiotic association. Bull Mar Sci 58:856–860
Achituv Y, Brickner I, Erez J (1997) Stable carbon isotope ratios in Red Sea barnacles (Cirripedia) as an indicator of their food source. Mar Biol 130:243–247
Aeby GS (1992) The potential effect the ability of a coral intermediate host to regenerate has had on the evolution of its association with a marine parasite. In: Proceedings of 7th international coral reef symposium, vol 2, Guam, 1992, pp 809–815
Aeby GS (1998) A digenean metacercaria from the reef coral, Porites compressa, experimentally identified as Podocotyloides stenometra. J Parasitol 84:1259–1261
Ahyong ST, Erdmann MV (2003) The stomatopod Crustacea of Guam. Micronesica 35–36:315–352
Alcock A (1902) A naturalist in Indian seas. John Murray, London, 328 pp
Alcolado PM, Claro-Madruga R, Menéndez-Macias G, García-Parrado P, Martínez-Daranas B, Sosa M (2003) The Cuban coral reefs. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 53–75
Alldredge AL, King JM (1977) Distribution, abundance, and substrate preferences of demersal reef zooplankton at Lizard Island Lagoon, Great Barrier Reef. Mar Biol 41:317–333
Alongi DM (1986) Population structure and trophic composition of the free-living nematodes inhabiting carbonate sands of Davis Reef, Great Barrier Reef Australia. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 37:609–619
Alongi DM (1989) The role of soft-bottom benthic communities in tropical mangrove and coral reef ecosystems. CRC Crit Rev Aquat Sci 1:243–280
Alvarado JJ, Cortés J (eds) (2005) Research on echinoderms in Latin America. Rev Biol Trop (Int J Trop Biol) 53(suppl 3):1–387
Alvarado JJ, Cortés J (eds) (2008) Research on echinoderms in Latin America II. Rev Biol Trop (Int J Trop Biol) 56:1–364
Ambariyanto A, Hoegh-Guldberg O (1999) Net uptake of dissolved free amino acids by the giant clam, Tridacna maxima: alternative sources of energy and nitrogen? Coral Reefs 18:91–96
Amin OM (1982) Acanthocephala. In: Parker SP (ed) Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, pp 467–474
Antonius A, Riegl B (1997) A possible link between coral diseases and a corallivorous snail (Drupella cornus) outbreak in the Red Sea. Atoll Res Bull 447:1–9
Arias-González JE, Delesalle B, Salvat B, Galzin R (1997) Trophic functioning of the Tiahura reef sector, Moorea Island, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs 16:231–246
Arnold KE, Findlay HS, Spicer JI, Daniels CL, Boothroyd D (2009) Effect of CO2-related acidification on aspects of the larval development of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). Biogeoscience 6:1747–1754
Ashworth JS, Ormond RFG, Sturrock HT (2004) Effects of reef-top gathering and fishing on invertebrate abundance across take and no-take zones. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 303:221–242
Bailey-Brock JH (1976) Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pac Sci 30:69–81
Bailey-Brock JH, Emig CC (2000) Hawaiian Phoronida (Lophophorata) and their distribution in the Pacific region. Pac Sci 54:119–126
Bailey-Brock JH, White JK, Ward LA (1980) Effects of algal turf and depressions as refuges on polychaete assemblages of a windward reef bench at Enewetak Atoll. Micronesica 16:43–58
Baird A (1999) A large aggregation of Drupella rugosa following the mass bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Reef Res 9:6–7
Bak RPM, Sybesma J, van Duyl FC (1981) The ecology of the tropical compound ascidian Trididemnum solidum. II. Abundance, growth and survival. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 6:43–52
Bak RPM, Lambrechts DYM, Joenje M, Nieuwland G, Van Veghel MLJ (1996) Long-term changes on coral reefs in booming populations of a competitive colonial ascidian. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 133:303–306
Bakus GJ (1966) Some relationships of fishes to benthic organisms on coral reefs. Nature 210:280–284
Bakus GJ (1973) The biology and ecology of tropical holothurians. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs 1, Biol 1. Academic, New York, pp 325–367
Bakus GJ (1981) Chemical defense mechanisms and fish feeding behavior on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Science 211:497–499
Bakus GJ, Targett NM, Schulte B (1986) Chemical ecology of marine organisms: an overview. J Chem Ecol 12:951–987
Barber I, Hoare D, Krause J (2000) Effects of parasites on fish behaviour: a review and evolutionary perspective. Rev Fish Biol Fish 10:131–165
Barneah O, Brickner I, Hooge M, Weis VM, LaJeunesse TC, Benayahu Y (2007) Three party symbiosis: acoelomorph worms, corals and unicellular algal symbionts in Eilat (Red Sea). Mar Biol 151:1215–1223
Barnes DJ (1973) Growth in colonial scleractinians. Bull Mar Sci 23:280–298
Basile LL, Cuffey RJ, Kosich DF (1984) Sclerosponges, pharetronids, and sphinctozoans (relict cryptic hard-bodied Porifera) in the modern reefs of Enewetak Atoll. J Paleontol 58:636–650
Baums IB, Miller MW, Szmant AM (2003) Ecology of a corallivorous gastropod, Coralliophila abbreviata, on two scleractinian hosts. II. Feeding, respiration and growth. Mar Biol 142:1093–1101
Bayer FM (1981) Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnoses of new taxa. Proc Biol Soc Wash 94:901–947
Becker JH, Grutter AS (2004) Cleaner shrimp do clean. Coral Reefs 23:515–520
Beets J, Lewand L (1986) Collection of common organisms within the Virgin Islands National Park/Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere Reserve Research Report 3, 45 p. Virgin Islands Resource Management Cooperative, Virgin Islands National Park
Ben-Tzvi O, Einbinder S, Brokovish E (2006) A beneficial association between a polychaete worm and a scleractinian coral? Coral Reefs 25:98
Benzoni F, Galli P, Pichon M (2009) Pink spots on Porites: not always a coral disease. Coral Reefs. doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0571-z
Birkeland C (1982) Terrestrial runoff as a cause of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Mar Biol 69:175–185
Birkeland C (1989a) The influence of echinoderms on coral-reef communities. In: Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds) Echinoderm studies 3. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 1–79
Birkeland C (1989b) The Faustian traits of the crown-of-thorns starfish. Am Sci 77:154–163
Birkeland C (1997) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman and Hall, New York
Birkeland C, Lucas JS (1990) Acanthaster planci: major management problem of coral reefs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 257
Boschma H (1948) The species problem in Millepora. Zool Verh Leiden 1:1–115
Boucher-Rodoni R, Boucaud-Camou E, Mangold K (1987) Feeding and digestion. In: Boyle PR (ed) Cephalopod life cycles 2. Comparative reviews. Academic, London, pp 85–108
Bouchet P (2006) The magnitude of marine biodiversity. In: Duarte CM (ed) The exploration of marine biodiversity: scientific and technological challenges. Fundación BBVA, Bilbao, pp 33–64
Bouchet P, Lozouet P, Maestrati P, Héros V (2002) Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biol J Linn Soc 75:421–436
Bouchet P, Rocroi J-P (2005) Classification and nomenclature of gastropod families. Malacologia 47:1–397
Brander KM, McLeod A, Humphreys WF (1971) Comparison of species diversity and ecology of reef-living invertebrates on Aldabra Atoll and at Watamu, Kenya. Symp Zool Soc Lond 28:397–431
Brodie J, Fabricius K, De’ath G, Okaji K (2005) Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish? An appraisal of the evidence. Mar Poll Bull 51:266–278
Brock RE, Brock JH (1977) A method for quantitatively assessing the infaunal community in coral rock. Limnol Oceanogr 22:948–951
Bruce AJ (1976) Shrimps and prawns of coral reefs, with special reference to commensalisms. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs 3, biol. 2. Academic, New York, pp 37–94
Bruce AJ (1998) New keys for the identification of Indo-West Pacific coral associated pantoniine shrimps, with observations on their ecology. Ophelia 49:29–46
Bruce AJ, Trautwein SE (2007) The coral gall shrimp, Paratypton siebenrocki Balss, 1914 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pontoniinae), occurrence in French Polynesia, with possible abbreviated larval development. Cah Biol Mar 48:225–228
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (2003) Invertebrates, 2nd edn. Sinauer Association, Inc, Sunderland
Bunkley-Williams L, Williams EH (1998) Ability of pederson cleaner shrimp to remove juveniles of the parasitic cymothoid isopod, Anilocra haemuli, from the host. Crustaceana 71:862–869
Burkepile DE, Hay ME (2007) Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals. Oecologia 154:167–173
Buss LW (1979) Bryozoan overgrowth interactions: the interdependence of competition for space and food. Nature 281:475–477
Buss LW (1986) Competition and community organization on hard surfaces in the sea. In: Diamond J, Case TJ (eds) Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York, pp 517–536
Buss LW, Jackson JBC (1979) Competitive networks: nontransitive competitive relationships in cryptic coral reef environments. Am Nat 113:223–234
Buss LW, Jackson JBC (1981) Planktonic food availability and suspension-feeder abundance: evidence of in situ depletion. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 49:151–161
Byrne M, Ho M, Selvakumaraswamy P (2009) Temperature, but not pH, compromises sea urchin fertilization and early development under near-future climate change scenarios. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276:1883–1888
Cairns SD (1983) A generic revision of the Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera. Bull Mar Sci 33: 427–508
Cairns SD (1991) A generic revision of the Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 3. Keys to the genera. Bull Mar Sci 49:538–545
Caldwell RL, Roderick GK, Shuster SM (1989) Studies of predation by Gonodactylus bredini. In: Ferrero EA (ed) Biology of stomatopods. Selected symposia and monographs U.Z.I., 3 Mucchi, Modena, pp 117–131
Canon LRG (1972) Biological associates of Acanthaster planci. Crown-of-Thorns Seminar. University of Queensland, Brisbane, pp 9–18
Carleton JH, Hamner WM (1989) Resident mysids: community structure, abundance and small-scale distributions in a coral reef lagoon. Mar Biol 102:461–472
Carpenter RC (1997) Invertebrate predators and grazers. In: Birkeland C (ed) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 198–229
Carpenter KE, Abrar M, Aeby G, Aronson RB, plus 35 other authors (2008) One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 321:560–563
Carter JW (1982) Natural history observations on the gastropod shell-using amphipod Photis conchicola Alderman, 1936. J Crust Biol 2: 328–341
Castellanos-Martinez S, Gómez-del Prado Rosas C, Hochberg FG (2007) Dicyemid parasites in the kidneys of Octopus hubbsorum Berry, 1953 in Bahia de La Paz, BCS, Mexico. WSM Annual Report 40, 39
Castro P (1971) Nutritional aspects of the symbiosis between Echinoecus pentagonus and its host in Hawaii, Echinothrix calamaris. In: Cheng TC (ed) Aspects of the biology of symbiosis. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 229–247
Castro P (1988) Animal symbioses in coral reef communities: a review. Symbiosis 5:161–184
Castro P (2000) Biogeography of trapezoid crabs (Brachyura, Trapeziidae) symbiotic with reef corals and other cnidarians. In: von Vaupel Klein JC, Schram FR (eds) The biodiversity crisis and crustacea. Proceedings 4th International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam, vol 2. Crustacean Issues 12:65–75
Castro P (2003) The trapezoid crabs (Brachyura) of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands, with the description of a new species Trapezia latreille, 1828. Micronesica 35–36:440–455
Catala R (1950) Contribution à l’étude écologique des îlots coralliens du Pacifique sud. Bull Biol France Belgique (Paris) 84:234–310
Chadwick NE, Ďuriš Z, Horká I (2008) Biodiversity and behavior of shrimps and fishes symbiotic with sea anemones in the Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea. In: Por FD (ed) Aqaba-Eilat, the improbable Gulf: environment, biodiversity and preservation. The Hebrew University Magnes Press, Jerusalem, pp 209–239
Chartock MA (1983) Habitat and feeding observations on species of Ophiocoma (Ophiocomidae) at Enewetak. Micronesica 19:131–149
Chavanich S, Ketdecha N, Viyakarn V, Bussarawit S (2007) Preliminary surveys of the commensal amphipod, Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard, 1789), in the colonial tunicate, Ecteinascidia thurstoni Herdman, 1891, in the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Pub Seto Mar Biol Lab Spec Pub Ser 8:97–101
Cheng TC (1967) Marine molluscs as hosts for symbioses, with a review of known parasites of commercially important species. Adv Mar Biol 5:1–424
Cheng TC (1986) General parasitology. Academic, New York
Chesher RH (1969) Destruction of Pacific coral reefs by the sea star Acanthaster planci. Science 165:280–283
Chevalier J-P (1987) Ordre des Scléractiniaires (Scleractinia Bourne, 1900; Madreporaria (Pars) Milne Edwards et Haime, 1857; Hexacorallia (Pars) Haeckel, 1866). In: Grassé PP (ed) Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie, III. Masson et Cie Éditeurs, Paris, pp 679–753
Clark AM (1976) Echinoderms of coral reefs. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, biol 2, vol 3. Academic, New York, pp 95–123
Coen LD (1988a) Herbivory by crabs and the control of algal epibionts on Caribbean host corals. Oecologia 75:198–203
Coen LD (1988b) Herbivory by Caribbean majid crabs: feeding ecology and plant susceptibility. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 122:257–276
Coffroth MA (1990) Mucous sheet formation on poritid corals: An evaluation of coral mucus as a nutrient source on reefs. Mar Biol 105:39–49
Coles SL, Eldredge LG (2002) Nonindigenous species introductions on coral reefs: a need for information. Pac Sci 56:191–209
Colgan MW (1985) Growth rate reduction and modification of a coral colony by a vermetid mollusk, Dendropoma maxima. In: Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 6, Tahiti, 1985, pp 205–210
Cook PA, Stewart BA, Achituv Y (1991) The symbiotic relationship between the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma and the barnacle Savignium milleporum. Hydrobiologia 216(217):285–290
Cooper W, Lirman D, Schmale M, Lipscomb D (2007) Consumption of coral spat by histophagic ciliates. Coral Reefs 26:249–250
Coppard SE, Campbell AC (2004) Organisms associated with diadematid echinoids in Fiji. In: Heinzeller T, Nebelsick JH (eds) Echinoderms: München. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 171–176
Costa FO, deWaard JR, Boutillier J, Ratnasingham S, Dooh RT, Hajibabaei M, Hebert PDN (2007) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes: the case of the Crustacea. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 64:272–295
Côté IM (2000) Evolution and ecology of cleaning symbioses in the sea. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 38:311–355
Coull BC (1990) Are members of the meiofauna food for higher trophic levels? Trans Am Microsc Soc 109:233–246
Cowles RP (1920) Habits of tropical crustacea: III Habits and reactions of hermit crabs associated with sea anemones. Philipp J Sci 15:81–90
Creed JC (2006) Two invasive alien azooxanthellate corals, Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis, dominate the native zooxanthellate Mussismilia hispida in Brazil. Coral Reefs 25:350
Cronin TW, Caldwell RL, Marshall J (2006) Learning in stomatopod crustaceans. Int J Comp Psychol 19:297–317
Cruz-Rivera E, Paul VJ (2006) Feeding by coral reef mesograzers: algae or cyanobacteria. Coral Reefs 25:617–627
Cuffey RJ (1972) The roles of bryozoans in modern coral reefs. Int J Earth Sci 61:542–550
Cummins KW (1974) Structure and function of stream ecosystems. BioScience 24:631–641
Cutler EB (1995) The Sipuncula: their systematics, biology, and evolution. Cornell University Press, New York, pp 453
De Paula AF, Creed JC (2004) Two species of the coral Tubastraea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) in Brazil: a case of accidental introduction. Bull Mar Sci 74:175–183
De Ridder C, Dubois P, Lahaye MC, Jangoux M (eds) (1990) Echinoderm research. In: Proceedings of 2nd European conference, echinoderms, Brussels, AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Devaney DM, Eldredge LG (1987) Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela). In: Devaney DM, Eldredge LG (eds) Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii Section 2: Platyhelminthes through Phoronida and Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Bishop Museum Special Publication 64 (2 and 3), Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, pp 59–69
De Vantier LM, Endean R (1988) The scallop Pedum spondyloideum mitigates the effects of Acanthaster planci on the host coral Porites: host defense facilitated by exaptation? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 47:293–301
De Vantier LM, Reichelt RE, Bradbury RH (1986) Does Spirobranchus giganteus protect host Porites from predation by Acanthaster planci: predation pressure as a mechanism of coevolution? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 32:307–310
Diaz MC, Rützler K (2001) Sponges: an essential component of Caribbean coral reefs. Bull Mar Sci 69:535–546
Dilly PN (1985) The habitat and behavior of Cephalodiscus gracilis (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata) from Bermuda. J Zool Lond (A) 207:223–239
Dilly PN, Ryland JS (1985) An intertidal Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia) from Fiji. J Zool Lond (A) 205:611–623
Done TJ (1983) Coral zonation: its nature and significance. In: Barnes DJ (ed) Perspectives on coral reefs. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, pp 107–147
Dorier A (1965) Classe des Gordiacés, V Siebold 1843 (= Nematomorpha Vejdovsky 1886). In: Grassé PP (ed) Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie, IV. Masson et Cie Éditeurs, Paris, pp 1201–1222
Dojiri M (1988) Isomolgus desmotes, new genus, new species (Lichomolgidae), a gallicolous poecilostome copepod from the scleractinian coral Seriatopora hystrix Dana in Indonesia, with a review of gall-inhabiting crustaceans of anthozoans. J Crust Biol 8:99–109
Dubinsky Z (ed) (1990) Ecosystems of the world 25: coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Duffy JE (1992) Host use patterns and demography in a guild of tropical sponge-dwelling shrimps. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 90:127–138
Dulvy NK, Freckleton RP, Polunin NVC (2004) Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation. Ecol Lett 7:410–416
Dulvy NK, Mitchell RE, Watson D, Sweeting CJ, Polunin NVC (2002) Scale-dependant control of motile epifaunal community structure along a coral reef fishing gradient. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 278:1–29
Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ, Pang K, Browne WE, Smith SA, Seaver E, Rouse GW, Obst M, Edgecombe GD, Sørensen MV, Haddock SHD, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Okusu A, Kristensen RM, Wheeler WC, Martindale MQ, Giribet G (2008) Broad phylo-genomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452:745–749
Dyer WG, Williams EH Jr, Williams LB (1985) Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of the western and southwestern coasts of Puerto Rico. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 52:85–94
Edmonds SJ (1987) Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. In: Devaney DM, Eldredge LM (eds) Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 2: Platyhelminthes through Phoronida and Section 3: Sipuncula through Annelida. Bishop Museum Special Publication 64 (2 and 3), Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, pp 185–212
Eldredge LG (1972) Associates of Acanthaster planci. In: Tsuda RT (ed) Proceedings of the University of Guam-Trust Territory Acanthaster planci (Crown of Thorns Starfish) Workshop. University Guam Marine Laboratory, Mangilao, Guam. Technical Report 3
Ellis RP, Bersey J, Rundle SD, Hall-Spencer JM, Spicer JI (2009) Subtle but significant effects of CO2 acidified seawater on embryos of the intertidal snail, Littorina obtusata. Aquat Biol 5:41–48
Emery AR (1968) Preliminary observations on coral reef plankton. Limnol Oceanogr 13:293–303
Endean R (1973) Population explosions of Acanthaster planci and associated destruction of hermatypic corals in the Indo-west Pacific region. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, 2, biology 1. Academic, New York, pp 389–438
Endean R, Cameron AM (1990) Acanthaster planci population outbreaks. In: Dubinsky Z (ed) Coral reefs, ecosystems of the world 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 469–492
Enochs IC, Hockensmith G (2009) The effects of coral mortality on the community composition of cryptic metazoans associated with Pocillopora damicornis. In: Proceedings of 11th international coral reef symposium, vol 26, Ft. Lauderdale, 2008, pp 7–11
Erpenbeck D, Wörheide G (2007) On the molecular phylogeny of sponges (Porifera). Zootaxa 1668:107–126
Fabricius K, Alderslade P (2001) Soft corals and sea fans. A comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Fabricius KE, Dale MB (1993) Multispecies associations of symbionts on shallow water crinoids of the central Great Barrier Reef. Coenoses 8:41–52
Fabricius KE, De’ath G (2001) Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa. In: Wolanski E (ed) Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, London, pp 127–144
Fabry VJ, Seibel BA, Feely RA, Orr JC (2008) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J Mar Sci 65:414–432
Fagerstrom JA (1987) The evolution of reef communities. Wiley, New York
Fauchald K, Jumars PA (1979) The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 17:193–284
Faulkner DJ (1992) Chemical defenses of marine mollusks. In: Paul VJ (ed) Ecological roles of marine natural products. Comstock Publication Association, Ithaca, pp 119–163
Fautin DG (1991) The anemonefish symbiosis: What is known and what is not. Symbiosis 10:23–46
Fautin DG, Lowenstein JM (1992) Phylogenetic relationships among scleractinians, actinians, and corallimorpharians (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). In: Proceedings of 7th international coral reef symposium, vol 2, Guam, 1992, pp 665–670
Fautin DG, Buddemeier RW (2006) Biogeoinformatics of the hexacorals. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hexacoral/
Feder HM (1966) Cleaning symbiosis in the marine environment. In: Henry SM (ed) Symbiosis, vol I. Academic, New York, pp 327–380
Fenchel TM (1978) The ecology of micro- and meiobenthos. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 9:99–121
Féral JP, David B (2003) Echinoderm research 2001: proceedings of the sixth European conference on echinoderm research. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Ferrier MD (1991) Net uptake of dissolved free amino acids by four scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs 10:183–187
Finley RJ, Forrester GE (2003) Impact of ectoparasites on the demography of a small reef fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 248:305–309
Fishelson L (1968) Gamete shedding behaviour of the feather-star Lamprometra klunzingeri in its natural habitat. Nature 219:1063
Fogelman RM, Grutter AS (2008) Mancae of the parasitic cymothoid isopod, Anilocra apogonae: early life history, host-specificity, and effect on growth and survival of preferred young cardinal fishes. Coral Reefs 27:685–693
Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT (1997) Foraging and associated behavior by Octopus cyanea Gray, 1849 on a coral atoll, French Polynesia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 209:15–31
Fricke HW (1970) Ein mimetisches Kollektiv-Beobachtungen an Fischschwarmen, die Seeigel nachahmen. Mar Biol 5:307–314
Fukami H, Chen CA, Budd AF, Collins A, Wallace C, Chuang YY, Chen C, Dai C-F, Iwao K, Sheppard C, Knowlton N (2008) Mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not (Order Scleractinia, Class Anthozoa, Phylum Cnidaria). PLoS ONE 3:1–9
Garrett P, Smith DL, Wilson AO, Patriquin D (1971) Physiography, ecology, and sediments of two Bermuda patch reefs. J Geol 79:647–668
Gattuso JP, Frankignoulle M, Bourge L, Romaine S, Buddemeier RW (1998) Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Glob Planet Change 18:37–46
Gerlach SA (1959) Űber das tropische Korallenriff als Lebensraum. Verh Dt Zool Ges 39S:356–363
Gilchrist SL (1985) Hermit crab corallivore activity. In: Proceedings of 5th international coral reef congress, vol 5, Tahiti, 1985, pp 211–214
Ginsburg RN (1983) Geological and biological roles of cavities in coral reefs. In: Barnes DJ (ed) Perspectives on coral reefs. Clouston, Australia, pp 148–153
Ginsburg RN, Schroeder JH (1973) Growth and submarine fossilization of algal cup reefs, Bermuda. Sedimentology 20:575–614
Giribet G, Dunn CW, Edgecombe GD, Rouse GW (2007) A modern look at the Animal Tree of Life. Zootaxa 1668:61–79
Glasby CJ, Hutchings PA, Fauchald K, Paxton H, Rouse GW, Russell CW, Wilson RS (2000) Class Polychaeta. In: Barnes PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ (eds) Polychaetes & allies: the southern synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp 1–296
Glynn PW (1973) Ecology of a Caribbean coral reef. The Porites reef-flat biotope: Part II. Plankton community with evidence for depletion. Mar Biol 22:1–21
Glynn PW (1976) Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the eastern Pacific. Ecol Monogr 46:431–456
Glynn PW (1977) Interactions between Acanthaster and Hymenocera in the field and laboratory. In: Proceedings of 3rd international coral reef symposium, vol 1, Miami, 1977, pp 209–215
Glynn PW (1982a) Acanthaster population regulation by a shrimp and a worm. In: Proceedings of 4th international coral reef symposium, vol 2, Manila, 1981, pp 607–612
Glynn PW (1982b) Coral communities and their modifications relative to past and prospective Central American seaways. Adv Mar Biol 19:91–132
Glynn PW (1983a) Increased survivorship in corals harbouring crustacean symbionts. Mar Biol Lett 4:105–111
Glynn PW (1983b) Crustacean symbionts and the defense of corals: coevolution on the reef? In: Nitecki MH (ed) Coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 111–178
Glynn PW (1984) An amphinomid worm predator of the crown-of-thorns sea star and general predation on asteroids in eastern and western Pacific coral reefs. Bull Mar Sci 35:54–71
Glynn PW (1985) El Niño-associated disturbance to coral reefs and post disturbance mortality by Acanthaster. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 26: 295–300
Glynn PW (1987) Some ecological consequences of coral-crustacean guard mutualisms in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Symbiosis 4:303–324
Glynn PW (1988a) El Niño warming, coral mortality and reef framework destruction by echinoid bioerosion in the eastern Pacific. Galaxea 7:129–160
Glynn PW (1988b) Predation on coral reefs: some key processes, concepts and research directions. In: Proceedings of 6th international coral reef symposium, vol 1, Townsville, 1988, pp 51–62
Glynn PW (1990) Feeding ecology of selected coral-reef macroconsumers: patterns and effects on coral community structure. In: Dubinsky Z (ed) Coral reefs, ecosystems of the world 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 365–391
Glynn PW (1994) State of coral reefs in the Galapagos Islands: natural vs. anthropogenic impacts. Mar Pollut Bull 29:131–140
Glynn PW (1997) Bioerosion and coral growth: a dynamic balance. In: Birkeland C (ed) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 68–94
Glynn PW (2004) High complexity food webs in low-diversity eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems 7:358–367
Glynn PW (2006) Fish utilization of simulated coral reef frameworks versus eroded rubble substrates off Panamá, eastern Pacific. In: Proceedings of 10th international coral reef symposium, Okinawa, 2004, pp 250–256
Glynn PW (2008) Food-web structure and dynamics of eastern tropical Pacific coral reefs: Panama and Galapagos Islands. In: McClanahan T, Branch GM (eds) Food webs and the dynamics of marine reefs. Oxford University Press, pp 185–209
Glynn PW (2011) In tandem reef coral and cryptic metazoan declines and extinctions. Bull Mar Sci 87
Glynn PW, Krupp DA (1986) Feeding biology of a Hawaiian sea star corallivore, Culcita novaeguineae Miller and Troschel. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 96:75–96
Glynn PW, Stewart RH, McCosker JE (1972) Pacific coral reefs of Panamá: structure, distribution, and predators. Geol Rundsch 62:483–519
Glynn PW, Wellington GM, Birkeland C (1979) Coral reef growth in the Galapagos: limitation by sea urchins. Science 203:47–49
Glynn PW, Enochs IC, McCosker JE, Graefe AN (2008) First record of a pearlfish, Carapus mourlani, inhabiting the aplysiid opisthobranch mollusc Dolabella auricularia. Pac Sci 62:593–601
Gochfeld DJ, Aeby GS (1997) Control of populations of the coral-feeding nudibranch Phestilla sibogae by fish and crustacean predators. Mar Biol 130:63–69
Godinot C, Chadwick NE (2009) Phosphate excretion by anemonefish and uptake by giant sea anemones: demand outstrips supply. Bull Mar Sci 85:1–9
Goh NKC, Ng PKL, Chou LM (1999) Notes on the shallow water gorgonian-associated fauna on coral reefs in Singapore. Bull Mar Sci 65:259–282
de Goeij JM, Moodley L, Houtekamer M, Carballeira NM, Van Duyl FC (2008a) Tracing C-13-enriched dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the bacteria-containing coral reef sponge Halisarca caerulea: evidence for DOM feeding. Limnol Oceanogr 53:1376–1386
de Goeij JM, van den Berg H, van Oostveen MM, Epping EHG, Van Duyl FC (2008b) Major bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal by encrusting coral reef cavity sponges. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 357:139–151
Gooding RU (1974) Animals associated with the sea urchin, Diadema antillarum. In: Bright TJ, Pequegnat LH (eds) Biota of the west flower bank. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, pp 333–336
Goreau TF, Hartman WD (1966) Sponge: effect on the form of reef corals. Science 151:343–344
Gotto RV (1979) The association of copepods with marine invertebrates. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds) Advances in marine biology, vol 16. Academic, London, pp 1–109
Gourbault N, Renauld-Mornant J (1990) Micro-meiofaunal community structure and nematode diversity in a lagoonal ecosystem (Fangataufa, Eastern Tuamotu Archipelago). PSZNI Mar Ecol 11:173–189
Grassle JF (1973) Variety in coral reef communities. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, biology 1, vol 2. Academic, New York, pp 247–270
Gravier C (1901) Contribution à l’étude des annelids polychètes de la Mer Rouge. Nouv Arch Mus Paris Ser 4:147–268
Greenwood PG (2009) Acquisition and use of nematocysts by cnidarian predators. Toxicon 54:1065–1070
Greenwood PG, Mariscal RN (1984) Immature nematocyst incorporation by the aeolid nudibranch Spurilla neapolitana. Mar Biol 80:35–38
Griffiths DJ, Thinh LV (1983) Transfer of photosynthetically fixed carbon between the prokaryotic green alga Prochloron and its ascidian host. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 34:431–440
Grigg R (1972) Orientation and growth form of sea fans. Limnol Oceanogr 17:185–192
Guest J (2008) How reefs respond to mass coral spawning. Science 320:621–623
Grutter AS (1994) Spatial and temporal variations of the ectoparasites of seven reef fish species from Lizard Island and Heron Island, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 115:21–30
Grutter AS (1995) Relationship between cleaning rates and ectoparasite loads in coral reef fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 118:51–58
Grutter AS (2002) Cleaning behaviour from the parasite’s perspective. Parasitol Suppl 124:565–581
Grutter AS, Poulin R (1998) Intraspecific and interspecific relationships between host size and the abundance of parasitic larval gnathiid isopods on coral reef fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 164:263–271
Grutter AS, Pickering JL, McCallum H, McCormick MI (2008) Impact of micropredatory gnathiid isopods on young coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 27:655–661
Grygier MJ (2000) Class Myzostomida. In: Beesley PL, Ross GJB, Glasby CJ (eds) Polychaetes & allies: the southern synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4A polychaeta, myzostomida, pogonophora, echiura, sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 297–329
Grygier MJ, Newman WA (1991) A new genus and two new species of Microlepadidae (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) found on western Pacific diadematid echinoids. Galaxea 10:1–22
Gutiérrez JL, Jones CG, Strayer DI, Iribarne OO (2003) Molluscs as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos 101:79–90
Guzmán HM (2003) Caribbean coral reefs of Panamá: present status and future perspectives. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 241–274
Hadfield MG (1976) Molluscs associated with living tropical corals. Micronesica 12:133–148
Haig J (1979) Expédition Rumphius II (1975) Crustacés parasites, commensaux, etc. (Th. Monod et R. Serène, eds) V. Porcellanidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura). Bull Mus Natn Hist Nat, Paris, 4e sér, 1:119–136
Haig J (1987) Porcellanid crabs from the Coral Sea. Beagle Rec NT Museum Arts Sci 4:11–14
Hanlon RT, Messenger JB (1996) Cephalopod behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Harii S, Kayanne H (2003) Larval dispersal, recruitment, and adult distribution of the brooding stony octocoral Heliopora coerulea on Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan. Coral Reefs 22:188–196
Hartman O (1954) Marine annelids from the northern Marshall Islands. Prof Pap US Geol Surv 260Q:615–644
Hartman WD (1977) Sponges as reef builders and shapers. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Stud Geol 4:127–134
Hartman WD, Goreau TF (1966) Ceratoporella, a living sponge with stromatoporoid affinities. Am Zool 6:563–564
Hartman WD, Goreau TF (1972) Ceratoporella (Porifera: Sclerospongiae) and the chaetetid “corals”. Trans Connecticut Acad Arts Sci 44:133–148
Hatcher BG (1997) Coral reef ecosystems: how much greater is the whole than the sum of the parts? Coral Reefs 16:S77–S91
Havenhand JN, Buttler FR, Thorndyke MC, Williamson JE (2008) Near-future levels of ocean acidification reduce fertilization success in a sea urchin. Curr Biol 18:651–652
Hay ME (1991) Fish-seaweed interactions on coral reefs: effects of herbivorous fishes and adaptations of their prey. In: Sale PF (ed) The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic, New York, pp 96–119
Hay ME (1992) The role of seaweed chemical defenses in the evolution of feeding specialization and in the mediation of complex interactions. In: Paul VJ (ed) Ecological roles of marine natural products. Comstock Pub. Assoc, Ithaca, pp 93–118
Hay ME, Fenical W (1988) Marine plant-herbivore interactions: the ecology of chemical defense. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:111–145
Hayes FE (2007) Decapod crustaceans associating with the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in the Virgin Islands. Nauplius 15:81–85
Hazlett BA (1981) The behavioral ecology of hermit crabs. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 12:1–22
Heinzeller T, Nebelsick JH (eds) (2004) Echinoderms: München. Balkema, Leiden
Hendler G (1984) The association of Ophiothrix lineata and Callyspongia vaginalis: a brittlestar-sponge cleaning symbiosis? PSZNI Mar Ecol 5:9–27
Hendler G, Miller JE, Pawson DL, Kier PM (1995) Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
Hendler G, Grygier MJ, Maldonado E, Denton J (1999) Babysitting brittle stars: heterospecific symbionts between ophiuroids (Echinodermata). Invert Biol 118:190–201
Hiatt RW, Strasburg DW (1960) Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the Marshall Islands. Ecol Monogr 30:65–127
Higgins RP (1983) The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, II: Kinorhyncha. Smith Contrib Mar Sci 18:1–131
Highsmith RC (1981) Coral bioerosion at Enewetak: agents and dynamics. Int Revue ges Hydrobiologia 66:335–375
Hirose E, Maruyama T, Cheng L, Lewin RA (1996) Intracellular symbionts of a photosynthetic prokaryote, Prochloron sp., in a colonial ascidian. Invert Biol 115:343–348
Hixon MA (1997) Effects of reef fishes on corals and algae. In: Birkeland C (ed) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 230–248
Hobson ES (1974) Feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in Kona, Hawaii. Fish Bull 72:915–1031
Hobson ES (1991) Trophic relationships of fishes specialized to feed on zooplankters above coral reefs. In: Sale PF (ed) The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic, San Diego, pp 69–95
Hochberg FG (1982) The “kidneys” of cephalopods: a unique habitat for parasites. Malacologia 23:121–134
Hochberg FG (1983) The parasites of cephalopods: a review. Mem Natl Mus Vic 44:109–145
Hochberg R (2008) Gastrotricha of Bocas del Toro, Panama: a preliminary report. Meiofauna Mar 16:101–107
Hoegh-Guldberg O (1994) Uptake of dissolved organic matter by larval stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Mar Biol 120:55–63
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hinde R (1986) Studies on a nudibranch that contains zooxanthellae I. Photosynthesis, respiration and the translocation of newly fixed carbon by zooxanthellae in Pteraeolidia ianthina. Proc R Soc Lond B 228:493–509
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hinde R, Muscatine L (1986) Studies on a nudibranch that contains zooxanthellae II. Contribution of zooxanthellae to animal respiration (CZAR) in Pteraeolidia ianthina with high and low densities of zooxanthellae. Proc R Soc Lond B 228:511–521
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, Sale PF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, Bradbury RH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME (2007) Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318:1737–1742
Hooper JNA, Lévi C (1994) Biogeography of Indo-west Pacific sponges: Microcionidae, Raspailiidae, Axinellidae. In: van Soest RWM, Kempenvan TMG, Brakeman JC (eds) Sponges in time and space: biology, chemistry, paleontology. Proceedings of 4th international porifera congress, Amsterdam, 1993, AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 191–212
Hooper JNA, Van Soest RWM (eds) (2002) Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges, vols 1 & 2. Kluwer/Plenum, New York
Houk P, Bograd S, Van Woesik R (2007) The transition zone chlorophyll front can trigger Acanthaster planci outbreaks in the Pacific Ocean: historical confirmation. J Oceanogr 63:149–154
Huang HD, Rittschof D, Jeng MS (2005) Multispecies associations of macrosymbionts on the comatulid crinoid Comanthina schlegeli (Carpenter) in southern Taiwan. Symbiosis 39:47–51
Hughes TP (1994) Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547–1551
Humes AG (1960) New copepods from madreporarian corals. Kiel Meeresfosch 16:229–235
Humes AG (1985a) Cnidarians and copepods: a success story. Trans Am Microsc Soc 104:313–320
Humes AG (1985b) A review of the Xarifiidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida), parasites of scleractinian corals in the Indo-Pacific. Bull Mar Sci 36:467–632
Humes AG (1994) How many copepods? Hydrobiologia 292(293):1–7
Hunte W, Côté I, Tomascik T (1986) On the dynamics of the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in Barbados. Coral Reefs 4:135–139
Hutchings PA (1983) Cryptofaunal communities of coral reefs. In: Barnes DJ (ed) Perspectives on coral reefs. Brian Clouston, Manuka, pp 200–208
Hutchings PA (1986) Biological destruction of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 4:239–252
Hutchings PA, Hilliard RW, Coles SL (2002) Species introductions and potential for marine pest invasions into tropical marine communities, with special reference to the Indo-Pacific. Pac Sci 56:223–233
Hyman LH (1955) The invertebrates: Echinodermata, the coelomate bilateria, vol 4. McGraw-Hill, New York
Jackson JBC (1983) Biological determinants of present and past sessile animal distributions. In: Tevesz MJS, McCall PL (eds) Biotic interactions in recent and fossil benthic communities. Plenum, New York, pp 39–120
Jackson JBC (1984) Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities: III Abundance and aggregation of encrusting organisms with particular reference to cheilostome Bryozoa. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 75:37–57
Jackson JBC, Buss LW (1975) Allelopathy and spatial competition among coral reef invertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72:5160–5163
Jackson JBC, Winston JE (1982) Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities: I Distribution and abundance of major groups of encrusting organisms. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 57:135–147
Jackson JBC, Goreau TF, Hartman WD (1971) Recent brachiopod-coralline sponge communities and their paleoecological significance. Science 173:623–625
Jangoux M (ed) (1980) Echinoderms: present and past. In: Proceedings of European colloquim on echinoderms, Brussels, AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Jangoux M (1990) Diseases of Echinodermata. In: Kinne O (ed) Diseases of marine animals III, introduction, Cephalopoda, Annelida, Crustacea, Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, Urochordata. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, pp 439–567
Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds) (1982) Echinoderm nutrition. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds) (1983) Echinoderm studies, vol 1. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds) (2001) Echinoderm studies, vol 6. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Jaubert J (1977) Light, metabolism and growth forms of the hermatypic scleractinian coral Synaraea convexa Verrill in the lagoon of Moorea (French Polynesia). In: Proceedings of 3rd international coral reef symposium, vol 1, Miami, 1977, pp 483–488
Jereb P, Roper CFE (eds) (2005) Cephalopods of the world, an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Vol 1: Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO species catalogue for fishery purposes, no 4, vol 1. FAO United Nations, Rome
Jokiel PL (1980) Solar ultraviolet radiation and coral reef epifauna. Science 207:1069–1071
Jokiel PL, Townsley SJ (1974) Biology of the polyclad Prosthiostomum (Prosthiostomum) sp, a new coral parasite from Hawaii. Pac Sci 28:361–373
Jones CM, Grutter AS (2008) Reef-based micropredators reduce the growth of post-settlement damselfish in captivity. Coral Reefs 27:677–684
Jones OA, Endean R (1973–1977) Biology and geology of coral reefs vols. I–IV, Biol. 1 & 2, Geol. 1 & 2. Academic, New York
Kaiser KL, Bryce C.W. (2001) The recent molluscan marine fauna of Isla de Malpelo, Colombia. The Festivus Occas Pap 1 33:1–149
Kappner I, Al-Moghrabi SM, Richter C (2000) Mucus-net feeding by the vermetid gastropod Dendropoma maxima in coral reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 204:309–313
Karlson RH (1999) Dynamics of coral communities. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Karplus I (1987) The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 25:507–562
Kicklighter CE, Kubanek J, Barsby T, Hay ME (2003) Palatability and defense of some tropical infaunal worms: alkylpyrrole sulfamates as deterrents to fish feeding. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 263:299–306
Kim IH, Yamashiro H (2007) Two species of poecilostomatoid cope-pods inhabiting galls on scleractinian corals in Okinawa, Japan. J Crust Biol 27:319–326
Kinne O (ed) (1980) Diseases of marine animals I: general aspects, Protozoa to Gastropoda. Wiley, Chichester
Kinne O (ed) (1983) Diseases of marine animals II: introduction, Bivalvia to Scaphopoda. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, pp 467–1038
Kinne O (ed) (1984) Diseases of marine animals IV, part 1, introduction, Pisces. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg
Kinne O (ed) (1985) Diseases of marine animals IV, part 2, introduction, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg
Kinne O (ed) (1990) Diseases of marine animals III, introduction, Cephalopoda, Annelida, Crustacea, Chaetognatha, Echinodermata, Urochordata. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg
Kirkendale L, Calder DR (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI). Micronesica 35–36:159–188
Kleypas JA, Langdon C (2006) Coral reefs and changing seawater carbonate chemistry. In: Phinney JT, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kleypas J, Skirving W, Strong A (eds) Coral reefs and climate change: science and management, Coastal and Estuarine Studies 61. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp 73–110
Klumpp DW, McKinnon AD, Mundy CN (1988) Motile cryptofauna of a coral reef: abundance, distribution and trophic potential. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 45:95–108
Knowlton N (1993) Sibling species in the sea. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:189–216
Knowlton N, Lang JC, Keller BD (1990) Case study of natural population collapse: post-hurricane predation on Jamaican staghorn corals. Smith Contrib Mar Sci 31:1–25
Kobluk DR (1988) Cryptic faunas in reefs: ecology and geologic importance. Palaios 3:379–390
Kobluk DR, Van Soest RWM (1989) Cavity-dwelling sponges in a southern Caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. Bull Mar Sci 44:1207–1235
Kohn AJ (1968) Microhabitats, abundance and food of Conus on atoll reefs in the Maldive and Chagos Islands. Ecology 49:1046–1062
Kohn AJ (1983) Feeding biology of gastropods. In: Saleuddin ASM, Wilbur KM (eds) The Mollusca, vol 5, physiology, part 2. Academic, New York, pp 1–63
Kohn AJ (1987) Intertidal ecology of Enewetak Atoll. In: Devaney DN, Reese ES, Burch BL, Helfrich P (eds) The natural history of Enewetak Atoll volume I, the ecosystem: environments, biotas, and processes. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, pp 139–157
Kohn AJ, Lloyd MC (1973) Polychaetes of truncated reef limestone substrates on eastern Indian Ocean coral reefs: diversity, abundance, and taxonomy. Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol 58:369–399
Kohn AJ, Nybakken JW (1975) Ecology of Conus on eastern Indian Ocean fringing reefs: diversity of species and resource utilization. Mar Biol 29:211–234
Kott P (1980) The ascidians of the reef flats of Fiji. Proc Linn Soc NSW 105:147–212
Kott P (1982) Didemnid-algal symbioses: host species in the western Pacific with notes on the symbiosis. Micronesica 18:95–127
Kott P, Parry DL, Cox GC (1984) Prokaryotic symbionts with a range of ascidian hosts. Bull Mar Sci 34:308–312
Kropp RK (1986) Feeding biology and mouthpart morphology of three species of coral gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae). J Crust Biol 6:377–384
Kropp RK (1990) Revision of the genera of gall crabs (Crustacea: Cryptochiridae) occurring in the Pacific Ocean. Pac Sci 44: 417–448
Kropp RK, Manning RB (1985) Cryptochiridae, the correct name for the family containing the gall crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Proc Biol Soc Wash 98:954–955
Kropp RK, Manning RB (1987) The Atlantic gall crabs, family Cryptochiridae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Smith Contrib Zool 462:1–21
Kurihara H, Shirayama Y (2004) Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on sea urchin early development. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274:161–169
Kurihara H, Kato S, Ishimatsu A (2007) Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Aquat Biol 1:91–98
Kuris AM, Lafferty KD (2000) Parasite-host modeling meets reality: adaptive peaks and their ecological attributes. In: Poulin R, Morand S, Skorping A (eds) Evolutionary biology of host-parasite relationships: theory meets reality. Elsevier, New York, pp 9–26
Laborel J (1960) Contribution à l’étude directe des peuplements benthiques sciaphiles sur substrat rocheux en Méditerranée. Rec Trav St Mar Endoume 33:117–173
Lang JC, Chornesky EA (1990) Competition between scleractinian reef corals: a review of mechanisms and effects. In: Dubinsky Z (ed) Coral reefs, ecosystems of the world 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 209–252
Lescinsky HL, Edinger E, Risk MJ (2002) Mollusc shell encrustation and bioerosion rates in a modern epeiric sea: taphonomy experiments in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Palaios 17:171–191
Lewin RA, Cheng L (1989) Collection and handling of Prochloron and its ascidian hosts. In: Lewin RA, Cheng L (eds) Prochloron, a microbial enigma. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 9–18
Lewis JB (1989) The ecology of Millepora. A review. Coral Reefs 8: 99–107
Lewis JB (1998) Reproduction, larval development and functional relationships of the burrowing, spionid polychaete Dipolydora armata with the calcareous hydrozoan Millepora complanata. Mar Biol 130:651–662
Lewis JB (2006) Biology and ecology of the hydrocoral Millepora on coral reefs. Adv Mar Biol 50:1–55
Lewis SM, Kensley B (1982) Notes on the ecology and behavior of Pseudamphithoides incurvaria (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Amphithoidae). J Nat Hist 16:267–274
Limbaugh C, Pederson H, Chace FA Jr (1961) Shrimps that clean fishes. Bull Mar Sci Gulf Caribb 11:237–257
Liu PJ, Hsieh HL (2000) Burrow architecture of the spionid polychaete Polydora villosa in the corals Montipora and Porites. Zool Stud 39:47–54
Lizama J, Blanquet RS (1975) Predation on sea anemones by the amphinomid polychaete, Hermodice carunculata. Bull Mar Sci 25:442–443
Logan A (1981) Sessile invertebrate coelobite communities from shallow reef tunnels, Grand Cayman, B.W.I. In: Proceedings of 4th international coral reef symposium, vol 2, Manila, 1981, pp 735–744
Logan A, Mathers SM, Thomas MLH (1984) Sessile invertebrate coelobite communities from reefs of Bermuda: species composition and distribution. Coral Reefs 2:205–213
López-Cánovas CI, Lalana R (2001) Benthic meiofauna distribution at three coral reefs from SW of Cuba. Rev Invest Mar 22:199–204
Losey GS (1977) The validity of animal models: a test for cleaning symbiosis. Biol Behav 2:223–238
Losey GS (1979) Fish cleaning symbiosis: proximate causes of host behavior. Anim Behav 27:669–685
Losey GS (1987) Cleaning symbiosis. Symbiosis 4:229–258
Losey GS (1993) Knowledge of proximate causes aids our understanding of function and evolutionary history. Mar Behav Physiol 23:175–186
Losey GS, Margules L (1974) Cleaning symbiosis provides a positive reinforcer for fish. Science 184:179–180
Luckhurst BE, Luckhurst K (1978) Diurnal space utilization in coral reef fish communities. Mar Biol 49:325–332
Magnino G, Lancioni T, Gaino E (1999) Endobionts of the coral reef sponge Theonella swinhoei (Porifera, Demospongiae). Invert Biol 118:213–220
Manuel M, Borchiellini C, Alivon E, Le Parco Y, Vacelet J, Boury-Esnault N (2003) Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges: monophyly of Calcinea and Calcaronea, high level of morphological homoplasy, and the primitive nature of axial symmetry. Syst Biol 52:311–333
Marsden JR (1962) A coral-eating polychaete. Nature 193:598
Marsden JR (1963) The digestive tract of Hermodice carunculata (Pallas), Polychaeta: Amphinomidae. Can J Zool 41:165–184
Mather JA (1982) Choice and competition: their effects on occupancy of shell homes by Octopus joubini. Mar Behav Physiol 8:285–293
May RM (1992) Bottoms up for the oceans. Nature 357:278–279
May RM (1994) Biological diversity: differences between land and sea. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 343:105–111
McClanahan TR (1995) A coral reef ecosystem-fisheries model: impacts of fishing intensity and catch selection on reef structure and processes. Ecol Model 80:1–19
McClanahan TR, Mutere JC (1994) Coral and sea urchin assemblage structure and interrelationships in Kenyan reef lagoons. Hydrobiologia 286:109–124
McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA (1988) Changes in Kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation. Hydrobiologia 166:267–276
McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA, Maina J, Kamukuru AT, Yahya SAS (2009) Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 19:758–771
McCloskey LR (1970) The dynamics of the community associated with a marine scleractinian coral. Hydrobiologia 55:13–81
McCormack G (2007) Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org
McLean R (1983) Gastropod shells: a dynamic resource that helps shape benthic community structure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 69:151–174
McSweeny ES (1982) A new Pagurapseudes (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) from southern Florida. Bull Mar Sci 32:455–466
Medina M, Collins AG, Takaoka TL, Kuehl JV, Boore JL (2006) Naked corals: skeleton loss in Scleractinia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9096–9100
Meesters E, Knijn R, Willemsen P, Pennartz R, Roebers G, Van Soest RWM (1991) Sub-rubble communities of Curaçao and Bonaire coral reefs. Coral Reefs 10:189–197
Menge BA (1995) Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecol Monogr 65:21–74
Meyer DL, Ausich WI (1983) Biotic interactions among Recent and among fossil crinoids. In: Tevesz MJS, McCall PL (eds) Biotic interactions in recent and fossil benthic communities. Plenum, New York, pp 377–427
Meyer DL, Lane NG (1976) The feeding behavior of some Paleozoic crinoids and recent basketstars. J Paleontol 50:472–480
Meyer DL, Messing CG, Macurda DB Jr (1978) Biological results of the University of Miami Deep-Sea Expeditions. 129. Zoogeography of tropical Western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Bull Mar Sci 28:412–441
Miller MW (2001) Corallivorous snail removal: evaluation of impact on Acropora palmata. Coral Reefs 19:293–295
Miller TE, Kerfoot WC (1987) Redefining indirect effects. In: Kerfoot WC, Sih A (eds) Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, pp 33–37
Mokady O, Loya Y, Lazar B (1998) Ammonium contribution from boring bivalves to their coral host – a mutualistic symbiosis? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 169:295–301
Modlin RF (1996) Contributions to the ecology of Paranebalia belizensis from the waters off central Belize, Central America. J Crust Biol 16:529–534
Monniot C, Monniot F, Laboute P (1991) Coral reef ascidians of New Caledonia. ORSTOM, Paris
Moran PJ (1986) The Acanthaster phenomenon. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 24:379–480
Morrison JPE (1954) Ecological notes on the mollusks and other animals of Raroia. Atoll Res Bull 34:1–18
Morton B (1983) Coral-associated bivalves of the Indo-Pacific. In: Russell-Hunter WD (ed) The Mollusca, vol 6 Ecology. Academic, Orlando, pp 139–224
Morton B, Mladenov P (1992) The associates of Tropiometra afra-macrodiscus (Echinodermata: Crinoida) in Hong Kong. In: Morton B (ed) The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp 431–438
Morton B, Blackmore G, Kwok CT (2002) Corallivory and prey choice by Drupella rugosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in Hong Kong. J Molluscan Stud 68:217–223
Moyer JT, Emerson WK, Ross M (1982) Massive destruction of scleractinian corals by the muricid gastropod, Drupella, in Japan and the Philippines. Nautilus 96:69–82
Netto SA, Waarwick RM, Attrill MJ (1999) Meiobenthic and macrobenthic community structure in carbonate sediments of Rocas Atoll (North-east, Brazil). East Coast Shelf Sci 48:39–50
Newman LJ, Paulay G, Ritson-Williams R (2003) Checklist of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes) from Micronesian coral reefs. Micronesica 35–36:189–199
Ng PKL, Guinot D, Davie PJF (2008) Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raff Bull Zool 17(Suppl):1–286
Norman MD, Hochberg FG (2005) The current state of octopus taxonomy. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Res Bull 66:127–154
Odum HT, Odum EP (1955) Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll. Ecol Monogr 25:291–320
Ogawa K, Matsuzaki K (1992) An essay on host specificity, systematic taxonomy, and evolution of the coral-barnacles. Bull Biogeogr Soc Jpn 47:1–16
Ogden JC (1977) Carbonate-sediment production by parrotfish and sea urchins on Caribbean reefs. In: Frost SH, Weiss MP, Saunders JB (eds) Reefs and related carbonates – ecology and sedimentology. Stud Geol 4. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, pp 281–288
Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Technical Report 43
Otter GW (1937) Rock-destroying organisms in relation to coral reefs. Br Museum (Nat Hist) Gr Barrier Reef Exped 1928–29 Sci Rep 1:323–352
Pardy RL, Lewin RA (1981) Colonial ascidians with prochlorophyte symbionts: evidence for translocation of metabolites from alga to host. Bull Mar Sci 31:817–823
Parker SP (1982) Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York
Patton WK (1967) Studies on Domecia acanthophora, a commensal crab from Puerto Rico, with particular reference to modifications of the coral host and feeding habits. Biol Bull 132:56–67
Patton WK (1972) Studies on the animal symbionts of the gorgonian coral, Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck). Bull Mar Sci 22:419–431
Patton WK (1976) Animal associates of living reef corals. In: Jones OA, Endean R (eds) Biology and geology of coral reefs, 3. Biology 2. Academic, New York, pp 1–36
Paul VJ (1992a) Seaweed chemical defenses on coral reefs. In: Paul VJ (ed) Ecological roles of marine natural products. Comstock Publication Association, Ithaca, pp 24–50
Paul VJ (1992b) Chemical defenses of benthic marine invertebrates. In: Paul VJ (ed) Ecological roles of marine natural products. Comstock Publication Association, Ithaca, pp 164–188
Paul VJ, Van Alstyne KL (1988) Use of ingested algal diterpenoids by Elysia halimedae Macnae (Opisthobranchia: Ascoglossa) as antipredator defenses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 119:15–29
Paulay G (1997) Diversity and distribution of reef organisms. In: Birkeland C (ed) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 298–353
Paulay G (ed) (2003) Marine biodiversity of Guam and the Marianas: overview. Micronesica 35–36:3–682
Paulay G, Kropp R, Ng PKL, Eldredge LG (2003) The crustaceans and pycnogonids of the Mariana islands. In: Paulay G (ed) Marine biodiversity of Guam and the Marianas. Micronesica 35–36:456–513
Pawson DL (1995) Echinoderms of the tropical island Pacific: status of their systematics and notes on their ecology and biogeography. In: Maragos JE, Peterson MNA, Eldredge LG, Bardach JE, Takeuchi HE (eds) Marine and coastal biodiversity in the tropical island Pacific region. Vol 1, species systematics and information management priorities. East-West Center, Honolulu, pp 171–192
Pearse AS (1934) Inhabitants of certain sponges at Dry Tortugas: Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst Wash 28:117–124
Pearse AS (1950) Notes on the inhabitants of certain sponges at Bimini. Ecology 31:149–151
Pearse JS (1969) Reproductive periodicities of Indo-Pacific invertebrates in the Gulf of Suez. I. The echinoids Prionocidaris baculosa and Lovenia elongata (Gray). Bull Mar Sci 19:323–350
Pearse JS (2009) Shallow-water asteroids, echinoids and holothuroids at 6 sites across the tropical west Pacific, 1988–1989. Galaxea, J. Coral Reef Stud 11:1–9
Pearse VB, Voigt O (2007) Field biology of placozoans (Trichoplax): distribution, diversity, biotic interactions. Integr Comp Biol 47:677–692
Pearse VB, Pearse JS, Hendler G, Byrne M (1998) An accessible population of Ophiocanops, off NE Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Mooi R, Telford M (eds) Echinoderms: San Francisco. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 413–418
Pechenik JA (2005) Biology of the invertebrates, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, Boston
Penfold R, Grutter AS, Kuris AM, McCormick MI, Jones CM (2008) Interactions between juvenile marine fish and gnathiid isopods: predation versus micropredation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 357:111–119
Pennings SC (1997) Indirect interactions on coral reefs. In: Birkeland C (ed) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 249–272
Perry CT, Hepburn LJ (2008) Syn-depositional alteration of coral reef framework through bioerosion, encrustation and cementation: Taphonomic signatures of reef accretion and reef depositional events. Earth Sci Rev 86:106–144
Peters EC (1997) Diseases of coral reef organisms. In: Birkeland C (ed) Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 114–139
Pettibone MH (1982) Annelida. In: Parker SP (ed) Synopsis and classification of living organisms, vol 2. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1–43
Peyrot-Clausade M (1977) Settlement of an artificial biota by a coral reef cryptofauna. In: Proceedings of 3rd international coral reef symposium, vol 1, Miami, 1977, pp 101–103
Philippe H, Derelle R, Lopez P, Pick K, Borchiellini C, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Renard E, Houliston E, Quéinnec E, Da Silva C, Wincker P, Le Guyader H, Leys S, Jackson DJ, Schreiber F, Erpenbeck D, Morgenstern B, Wörheide G, Manuel M (2009) Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships. Curr Biol 19:706–712
Pimm SL, Lawton JH, Cohen JE (1991) Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature 350:669–674
Plaisance L, Kritsky DC (2004) Dactylogyrids (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea) parasitizing butterfly fishes (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) from the coral reefs of Palau, Moorea, Wallis, New Caledonia, and Australia: species of Euryhaliotrematoides n. gen. and Aliatrema n. gen. J Parasitol 90:328–341
Polovina JJ (1984) Model of a coral reef ecosystem: the ECOPATH model and its application to French Frigate Shoals. Coral Reefs 3:1–11
Porat D, Chadwick-Furman NE (2004) Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: expansion behavior, growth, and survival. Hydrobiologia 530–531:513–520
Porter JW (1974) Zooplankton feeding by the Caribbean reef building coral Montastrea cavernosa. In: Proceedings of 2nd international coral reef symposium, vol 1, Brisbane, 1974, pp 111–125
Porter JW, Porter KG (1977) Quantitative sampling of demersal plankton migrating from different coral reef substrates. Limnol Oceanogr 22:553–556
Porter JW, Porter KG, Batac-Catalan Z (1977) Quantitative sampling of Indo-Pacific demersal reef plankton. In: Proceedings of 3rd international coral reef symposium, vol 1, Miami, 1977, pp 105–112
Potts F (1915) The fauna associated with the crinoids of a tropical coral reef: with especial reference to its colour variations. Mar Biol Carnegie Inst Wash 8:73–96
Poulin R (1993) A cleaner perspective on cleaning symbiosis. Rev Fish Biol Fish 3:75–79
Poulin R, Grutter AS (1996) Cleaning symbioses: proximate and adaptive explanations. BioScience 46:512–517
Poupin J (2003) Crustacean Decapoda and Stomatopoda of Easter Island and surrounding areas. A documented checklist with historical overview and biogeographic comments. Atoll Res Bull 500:1–50
Pratchett MS (2001) Influence of coral symbionts on feeding preferences of crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci in the western Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 214:111–119
Pratchett MS, Vytopil E, Parks P (2000) Coral crabs influence the feeding patterns of crown-of-thorns starfish. Coral Reefs 19:36
Puce S, Di Camillo CG, Bavestrello G (2008) Hydroids symbiotic with octocorals from the Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 88:1643–1654
Randall JE (1967) Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud Trop Oceanogr 5:665–847
Randall RH, Eldredge LG (1976) Skeletal modification by a polychaete annelid in some scleractinian corals. In: Mackie GO (ed) Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum, New York, pp 453–465
Rasser MW, Riegl B (2002) Holocene coral reef rubble and its binding agents. Coral Reefs 21:57–72
Rathbun MJ (1933) Brachyuran crabs of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands Sci Surv of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol 15, part 1. New York Academy of Sciences, New York
Rayand RC, Parrish FA (2005) A description of fish assemblages in the black coral beds off Lahaina, Maui, Hawai’i. Pac Sci 59:411–420
Razak TB, Hoeksema BW (2003) The hydrocoral genus Millepora (Hydrozoa: Capitata: Milleporidae) in Indonesia. Zool Verh Leiden 345:313–336
Reaka-Kudla ML (1987) Adult-juvenile interactions in benthic reef crustaceans. Bull Mar Sci 41:108–134
Reaka-Kudla ML (1997) The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. In: Reaka-Kudla ML, Wilson DE, Wilson EO (eds) Biodiversity II: understanding and protecting our biological resources. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC, pp 83–108
Rees HJ (1967) A brief survey of the symbiotic associations of Cnidaria with Mollusca. Proc Malacol Soc Lond 37:213–231
Renon JP, Lefevre M (1985) Zooplankton. In: Proceedings of 5th international coral reef congress, vol 1, Tahiti, 1985, pp 387–392
Rice ME (1976) Sipunculans associated with coral communities. Micronesica 12:119–132
Rice ME, Macintyre IG (1982) Distribution of Sipuncula in the coral reef community, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rützler K, Macintyre IG (eds) The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystems at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I Structure and communities. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 311–320
Richards VP, Thomas JD, Stanhope MJ, Shivji MS (2007) Genetic connectivity in the Florida reef system: comparative phylogeography of commensal invertebrates with contrasting reproductive strategies. Mol Ecol 16:139–157
Richter C, Wunsch M (1999) Cavity-dwelling suspension feeders in coral reefs – a new link in reef trophodynamics. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 188:105–116
Richter C, Wunsch M, Rasheed M, Kötter I, Badran MI (2001) Endoscopic exploration of Red Sea coral reefs reveals dense populations of cavity-dwelling sponges. Nature 413:726–730
Robertson DR (1982) Fish feces as fish food on a Pacific coral reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 7:253–265
Robertson R (1970) Review of the predators and parasites of stony corals, with special reference to symbiotic prosobranch gastropods. Pac Sci 24:43–54
Robichaux DM, Cohen AC, Reaka ML, Allen D (1981) Experiments with zooplankton on coral reefs, or, will the real demersal plankton please come up? PSZNI Mar Ecol 2:77–94
Roopin M, Chadwick NE (2009) Benefits to host sea anemones from ammonia contributions of resident anemonefish. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 370:27–34
Ross DM (1970) The commensal association of Calliactis polypus and the hermit crab Dardanus gemmatus in Hawaii. Can J Zool 48:351–357
Ross A, Newman WA (1973) Revision of the coral-inhabiting barnacles (Cirripedia: Balanidae). San Diego Soc Nat Hist Trans 17:137–174
Ross A, Newman WA (1995) A coral-eating barnacle, revisited (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatidae). Contrib Zool 65:129–175
Ross A, Newman WA (2000) A new coral-eating barnacle: the first record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mem Queensland Museum 45:585–591
Rotjan RD, Lewis SM (2008) Impact of coral predators on tropical reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 367:73–91
Rouse GW (2001) A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera. Zool J Linn Soc 132:55–80
Rouse GW, Fauchald K (1997) Cladistics and polychaetes. Zool Scripta 26:139–204
Rowden AA, Jones MB (1993) Critical evaluation of sediment turnover estimates for Callianassidae (Decapoda: Thalassinidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 173:265–272
Rudman WB (1981) Further studies on the anatomy and ecology of opisthobranch molluscs feeding on the scleractinian coral Porites. Zool J Linn Soc 71:373–412
Rudman WB (1982) The taxonomy and biology of further aeolidacean and arminacean nudibranch molluscs with symbiotic zooxanthellae. Zool J Linn Soc 74:147–196
Rudman WB (1999) Benthic ctenophores. In: Sea slug forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=ctenopho
Rützler K (2004) Sponges on coral reefs: a community shaped by competitive cooperation. Boll Mus Ist Biol Univ Genova 68:85–148
Salvini-Plawen LV, Benayahu Y (1991) Epimenia arabica spec. nov., a solenogaster (Mollusca) feeding on the alcyonacean Scleronephthya corymbosa (Cnidaria) from shallow waters of the Red Sea. PSZNI Mar Ecol 12:139–152
Sandford F, Brown C (1997) Gastropod shell substrates of the Florida hermit-crab sponge, Spongosorites suberitoides, from the Gulf of Mexico. Bull Mar Sci 61:215–223
Schulze A (2005) Sipuncula (peanut worms) from Bocas del Toro, Panama. Caribb J Sci 41:523–527
Scoffin TP, Stoddart DR (1978) The nature and significance of micro-atolls. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 284:99–122
Scoffin TP, Stearn CW, Boucher D, Frydl P, Hawkins CM, Hunter IG, MacGeachy JK (1980) Calcium carbonate budget of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados. Bull Mar Sci 30:475–508
Scheffers SR, Nieuwland G, Bak RPM, Van Duyl FC (2004) Removal of bacteria and nutrient dynamics within the coral reef framework of Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles). Coral Reefs 23:413–422
Schuhmacher H (1977) A hermit crab, sessile on corals, exclusively feeds by feathered antennae. Oecologia (Berl) 27:371–374
Schuhmacher H (1992) Impact of some corallivorous snails on stony corals in the Red Sea. Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Guam 2:840–846
Schuhmacher H (1997) Soft corals as reef builders. Proc 8th Int Coral Reef Symp Panama 2:499–502
Shimek R, Kohn AJ (1981) Functional morphology and evolution of the toxoglossan radula. Malacologia 20:423–438
Shirayama Y, Horikoshi M (1982) A new method of classifying the growth form of corals and its application to a field survey of coral-associated animals in Kabira Cove, Ishigaki Island. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 38:193–207
Shirayama Y, Thornton H (2005) Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on shallow water marine benthos. J Geophys Res 110:C09S08. doi:10.1029/2004JC002618
Schulze A (2005) Sipuncula (peanut worms) from Bocas del Toro, Panama. Caribb J Sci 41:523–527
Simberloff D, Dayan T (1991) The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 22:115–143
Simon-Blecher N, Chemedanov A, Eden N, Achituv Y (1999) Pit structure and trophic relationship of the coral pit crab Cryptochirus coralliodytes. Mar Biol 134:711–717
Sloan NA (1980) Aspects of the feeding biology of asteroids. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 18:57–124
Small AM, Adey WH, Spoon D (1998) Are current estimates of coral reef biodiversity too low? The view through the window of a microcosm. Atoll Res Bull 458:1–20
Smalley TL (1984) Possible effects of intraspecific competition on the population structure of a solitary vermetid mollusk. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 14:139–144
SMEBD (2009) World register of marine species. http://www.marinespecies.org
Sonnenholzner JI, Ladah LB, Lafferty KD (2009) Cascading effects of fishing on Galápagos rocky reef communities: reanalysis using corrected data. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 375:209–218
Sørensen MV (2006) New kinorhynchs from Panama, with a discussion of some phylogenetically significant cuticular structures. Meiofauna Marine 15:51–77
Sorokin YI (1990) Plankton in the reef ecosystems. In: Dubinsky Z (ed) Coral reefs, ecosystems of the world 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 291–327
Sorokin YI (1993) Coral reef ecology. Ecological studies 102. Springer, Berlin
Sperling EA, Peterson KJ, Pisani D (2009) Phylogenetic-signal dissection of nuclear housekeeping genes supports the paraphyly of sponges and the monophyly of Eumetazoa. Mol Biol Evol 26:2261–2274
Stafford-Smith MG, Ormond RFG (1992) Sediment rejection mechanisms of 42 species of Australian scleractinian corals. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 43:683–705
Steger R (1987) Effects of refuges and recruitment on gonodactylid stomatopods, a guild of mobile prey. Ecology 68:1520–1533
Steiner G, Kabat AR (2004) Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema 26:549–726
Steneck RS (1988) Herbivory on coral reefs: a synthesis. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Townsville 1:37–49
Stephen AC, Edmonds SJ (1972) The phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees British Museum (Natural History), London
Stephenson TA, Stephenson A, Tandy G, Spender M (1931) The structure and ecology of Low Isles and other reefs. Sci Rep Great Barrier Reef Exped 1928–29 Br Museum (Nat Hist) 3:1–112
Sterrer W (2000) Gnathostomulida in the Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Res Bull 478:265–271
Stevcic Z, Castro P, Gore RH (1988) Re-establishment of the family Eumedonidae Dana, 1853 (Crustacea: Brachyura). J Nat Hist 22:1,301–1324
Stewart HL, Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ, Brooks AJ (2006) Symbiotic crabs maintain coral health by clearing sediments. Coral Reefs 25:609–615
Stimson JS (1990) Stimulation of fat body production in the polyps of the coral Pocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genus Trapezia. Mar Biol 106:211–218
Stock JH (1975) Corallovexiidae, a new family of transformed copepods endoparasitic in reef corals. Stud Fauna Curaçao other Caribb Isl 47:1–45
Stock JH (1981) Associations of Hydrocorallia Stylasterina with gall-inhabiting Copepoda Siphonostomatoidea from the South-West Pacific, 2. On six species belonging to four new genera of the copepod family Asterocheridae. Bijdr Dierk Amsterdam 51:287–312
Stock JH (1987) Copepoda Siphonostomatoida associated with West Indian hermatypic corals 1: associates of Scleractinia: Faviinae. Bull Mar Sci 40:464–483
Stock JH (1988) Copepods associated with reef corals: a comparison between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Hydrobiologia 167(168): 545–547
Stoddart DR (1969) Ecology and morphology of Recent coral reefs. Biol Rev 44:433–498
Stoddart DR, Yonge M (eds) (1971) Regional variation in Indian Ocean coral reefs. Symposium Zoological Society of London, no 28. Academic, London
Stoddard J (1989) Fatal attraction. Landscope – W.A.’s Conservation, Forests and Wildlife Magazine, Winter 1989 ed. pp 14–20
Stoecker D (1980) Chemical defenses of ascidians against predators. Ecology 61:1,327–1334
Strathmann RR, Hughes TP, Kuris AM, Lindeman KC, Morgan SG, Pandolfi JM, Warner RR (2002) Evolution of local recruitment and its consequences for marine populations. Bull Mar Sci 70:377–396
Suchanek TH (1983) Control of seagrass communities and sediment distribution by Callianassa (Crustacea, Thalassinidae) bioturbation. J Mar Res 41:281–298
Sussman M, Loya Y, Fine M, Rosenberg E (2003) The marine fireworm Hermodice carunculata is a winter reservoir and spring-summer vector for the coral-bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Environ Microbiol 5:250–255
Sybesma J, van Duyl FC, Bak RPM (1981) The ecology of the tropical compound ascidian Trididemnum solidum III. Symbiotic association with unicellular algae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 6:53–59
Taylor PD, Schembri PJ, Cook PL (1989) Symbiotic associations between hermit crabs and bryozoans from the Otago region, southeastern New Zealand. J Nat Hist 23:1059–1085
Thiel M, Kruse I (2001) Status of the Nemertea as predators in marine ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 456:21–32
Thomassin BA (1976) Feeding behavior of the felt-, sponge-, and coral-feeder sea stars, mainly Culcita schmideliana. Helgol Mar Res 28: 51–65
Thomassin BA, Vivier MH, Vitiello P (1976) Distribution de la méiofaune et de la macrofaune des sables corallines de la retenue d’eau épirécifale du Grand Récif de Tuléar (Madagascar). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 22:31–53
Thompson AR (2004) Habitat and mutualism affect the distribution and abundance of a shrimp-associated goby. Mar Freshw Res 55:105–113
Thompson AR (2005) Dynamics of demographically open mutualists: immigration, intraspecific competition, and predation impact goby populations. Oecologia 143:61–69
Todd CD (1981) The ecology of nudibranch molluscs. In: Barnes M (ed) Oceanography and marine biology, an annual review, vol 19. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, pp 141–234
Todd P (2008) Morphological plasticity in scleractinian corals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 83:315–337
Turner SJ (1992) The egg capsule and early life history of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus (Roeding, 1978). Veliger 35: 16–25
Turner SJ (1994) The biology and population outbreaks of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella on Indo-Pacific reefs. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 32:461–530
Vacelet J (2002) Recent ‘Sphinctozoa’, Order Verticillitida, Family Verticillitidae Steinmann, 1882. In: Hooper JNA, Van Soest RWM (eds) Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 1097–1098
Vacelet J, Willenz P, Hartman WD (in press) Hypercalcified Porifera: systematic descriptions of extant hypercalcified Demospongiae & Calcispongiae. Treat Invert Paleontol, Part E, vol 4
Vago R, Achituv Y, Vaky L, Dubinsky Z, Kizner Z (1998) Colony architecture of Millepora dichotoma Forskal. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 224:225–235
Valentich-Scott P, Tongkerd P (2008) Coral-boring bivalve molluscs of southeastern Thailand, with the description of a new species. Raffles Bull Zool Suppl 18:191–216
Van der Land J (1970) Systematics, zoogeography, and ecology of the Priapulida. Zool Verh Leiden 112:1–118
Van Soest RWM (1990) Shallow-water reef sponges of eastern Indonesia. In: Rützler K (ed) New perspectives in sponge biology. Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp 302–308
Van Soest RWM, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JNA, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, Alvarez B, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Vacelet J, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M (2008) World Porifera database. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera. Consulted on 2009-03-19 & 2009-08-08
Vera M, Banks S (2009) Health status of the coral communities of the northern Galapagos Islands Darwin, Wolf and Marchena. Galapagos Res 66:65–74
Vogler C, Benzie J, Lessios H, Barber P, Worheide G (2008) A threat to coral reefs multiplied? Four species of crown-of-thorns starfish. Biol Lett 4:696–699
Veron JEN, Pichon M (1976) Scleractinia of Eastern Australia, Part 1: Families Thamnasteriidae, Astrocoeniidae, Pocilloporidae. AIMS Monogr Ser 1:1–86
Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the world, vols 1–3. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Vytopil E, Willis BL (2001) Epifaunal community structure in Acropora spp. (Scleractinia) on the Great Barrier Reef: implications of coral morphology and habitat complexity. Coral Reefs 20:281–288
Wägele H, Johnsen G (2001) Observations on the histology and photosynthetic performance of “solar powered” opisthobranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) containing symbiotic chloroplasts or zooxanthellae. Org Divers Evol 1:193–210
Wainwright PC, Bellwood DR (2002) Ecomorphology of feeding in coral reef fishes. In: Sale PF (ed) Coral reef fishes. Dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosystem. Academic, Orlando, pp 33–55
Wallace CC, Zahir H (2007) The “Xarifa” expedition and the atolls of the Maldives, 50 years on. Coral Reefs 26:3–5
Ward J (1965) The digestive tract and its relation to feeding habits in the stenoglossan prosobranch Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck). Can J Zool 43:447–464
Ward PD, Saunders WB (1997) Allonautilus: a new genus of living nautiloid cephalopod and its bearing on phylogeny of the Nautilida. J Paleontol 71:1054–1064
Wells JW (1957) Corals. In: J.W. Hedgpeth (ed.) Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology Vol 1. Ecology. Geol Soc Amer Mem 67. Waverly Press, Balitmore, pp 1087–1104
Wickler W, Seibt U (1970) Das Verhalten von Hymenocera picta Dana, einer Seesterne fressenden Garnele (Decapoda, Natantia, Gnathophyllidae). Z Tierpsychol 27:352–368
Wielgus J, Glassom D, Ben-Shaprut O, Chadwick-Furman N (2002) An aberrant growth form of Red Sea corals caused by polychaete infestations. Coral Reefs 21:315–316
Wild C, Huettel M, Klueter A, Kremb SG, Rasheed MYM, Jørgensen BB (2004) Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature 428:66–70
Wilkinson CR (1990) Acanthaster planci. Coral Reefs (special issue) 9:93–172
Wilkinson CR (2008) Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, pp 298
Wilkinson CR, Macintyre IG (1992) The Acanthaster debate. Coral Reefs (special issue) 11:51–122
Williams JA, Margolis SV (1974) Sipunculid burrows in coral reefs: evidence for chemical and mechanical excavation. Pac Sci 28:357–359
Williams JD, McDermott JJ (2004) Hermit crab biocoenoses: a worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 305:1–128
Williams EH Jr, Bunkley-Williams L, Burreson EM (1994) Some new records of marine and Freshwater leeches from Caribbean, southeastern U.S.A., eastern Pacific, and Okinawan animals. J Helminthol Soc Wash 61:133–138
Williams EH Jr, Bunkley-Williams L, Dyer WG (1996) Metazoan parasites of some Okinawan coral reef fishes with a general comparison to the parasites of Caribbean coral reef fishes. Galaxea 13:1–13
Williams DE, Miller MW (2005) Coral disease outbreak: pattern, prevalence and transmission in Acropora cervicornis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 301:119–128
Willis BL, Page CA, Dinsdale EA (2004) Coral disease on the Great Barrier Reef. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral health and disease. Springer, Berlin, pp 69–104
Wilson RS, Hutchings PA, Glasby CJ (2003) Polychaetes: an interactive identification guide. CSIRO, Melbourne (CD-Rom)
Wimmer A (1879) Zur Conchylien-Fauna der Galápagos-Inseln. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math-Nat Classe (Abt I) 80:465–514
Witman JD (1988) Effects of predation by the fireworm Hermodice carunculata on milleporid hydrocorals. Bull Mar Sci 42:446–458
Wolf NG, Bermingham EB, Reaka-Kudla ML (1983) Relationships between fishes and mobile benthic invertebrates on coral reefs. In: Reaka ML (ed) The ecology of deep and shallow coral reefs. Symposia series for undersea research, vol 1. Office of Undersea Res., NOAA, Rockville, pp 69–78
Wood R (1999) Reef evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 414
Wulff JL (1984) Sponge-mediated coral reef growth and rejuvenation. Coral Reefs 3:157–163
Wulff JL (1997) Mutualisms among species of coral reef sponges. Ecology 78:146–159
Wulff JL (2006) Ecological interactions of marine sponges. Can J Zool 84:146–166
Wulff JL, Buss LW (1979) Do sponges help hold coral reefs together? Nature 281:374–475
Yonge CM (1930) Studies on the physiology of corals I. Feeding mechanisms and food. Sci Rep Gt Barrier Reef Exped 1:13–57
Yonge CM (1973) The nature of reef-building (hermatypic) corals. Bull Mar Sci 23:1–15
Zmarzly DL (1984) Distributions and ecology of shallow-water crinoids at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, with an annotated checklist of their symbionts. Pac Sci 38:105–122
Acknowledgments
Several persons helped with various aspects of this review for which we are grateful: Literature – Viktor W. Brandtneris, William E. Browne, Anne C. Campbell, Angela C. Clark, Daniel J. Diresta, Elizabeth A. Fish, Lyza Johnston, William A. Newman, and Peter K. Swart; Photographs – Orit Barneah, Charles Birkeland, Lyza Johnston, P. Laboute, Haris A. Lessios, and Michael C. Schmale; Taxonomic advice – Leslie Harris, José H. Leal, Charles Messing, David L. Pawson, Rob W.M. van Soest, Nancy Voss, and Philippe Willenz; Overall review – Richard C. Brusca, Daniel J. Diresta, John S. Pearse, and Bernhard Riegl. Our contributions to this review have been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Biological Oceanography Program), grant OCE-0526361 and earlier awards.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Glynn, P.W., Enochs, I.C. (2011). Invertebrates and Their Roles in Coral Reef Ecosystems. In: Dubinsky, Z., Stambler, N. (eds) Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0113-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0114-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)