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        <title>CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessment</title>
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        <namePart type="family">Uchida</namePart>
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            <title>Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing</title>
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            <namePart type="given">Zornitsa</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Kozareva</namePart>
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        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Yue</namePart>
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    <abstract>Controllable text simplification is a crucial assistive technique for language learning and teaching. One of the primary factors hindering its advancement is the lack of a corpus annotated with sentence difficulty levels based on language ability descriptions. To address this problem, we created the CEFR-based Sentence Profile (CEFR-SP) corpus, containing 17k English sentences annotated with the levels based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages assigned by English-education professionals. In addition, we propose a sentence-level assessment model to handle unbalanced level distribution because the most basic and highly proficient sentences are naturally scarce. In the experiments in this study, our method achieved a macro-F1 score of 84.5% in the level assessment, thus outperforming strong baselines employed in readability assessment.</abstract>
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    <identifier type="doi">10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.416</identifier>
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        <date>2022-12</date>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessment
%A Arase, Yuki
%A Uchida, Satoru
%A Kajiwara, Tomoyuki
%Y Goldberg, Yoav
%Y Kozareva, Zornitsa
%Y Zhang, Yue
%S Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
%D 2022
%8 December
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
%F arase-etal-2022-cefr
%X Controllable text simplification is a crucial assistive technique for language learning and teaching. One of the primary factors hindering its advancement is the lack of a corpus annotated with sentence difficulty levels based on language ability descriptions. To address this problem, we created the CEFR-based Sentence Profile (CEFR-SP) corpus, containing 17k English sentences annotated with the levels based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages assigned by English-education professionals. In addition, we propose a sentence-level assessment model to handle unbalanced level distribution because the most basic and highly proficient sentences are naturally scarce. In the experiments in this study, our method achieved a macro-F1 score of 84.5% in the level assessment, thus outperforming strong baselines employed in readability assessment.
%R 10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.416
%U https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.416
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.416
%P 6206-6219

Markdown (Informal)

[CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessment](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.416) (Arase et al., EMNLP 2022)

• CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessment (Arase et al., EMNLP 2022)

ACL

• Yuki Arase, Satoru Uchida, and Tomoyuki Kajiwara. 2022. CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessment. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 6206–6219, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Association for Computational Linguistics.