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Abstract
Provenance is information about entities, activities, and people involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can be used to form assessments about its quality, reliability or trustworthiness. PROV-DM is the conceptual data model that forms a basis for the W3C provenance (PROV) family of specifications. It defines a concepts for expressing provenance information enabling interchange. This document introduces an XML schema for the PROV data model (PROV-DM), allowing instances of the PROV data model to be serialized in XML.
The PROV Document Overview describes the overall state of PROV, and should be read before other PROV documents.
Status of This Document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other
documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision
of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports
index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
PROV Family of Documents
This document is part of the PROV family of documents, a set of documents defining various aspects that are necessary to achieve the vision of inter-operable
interchange of provenance information in heterogeneous environments such as the Web. These documents are listed below. Please consult the [PROV-OVERVIEW] for a guide to reading these documents.
- PROV-OVERVIEW (Note), an overview of the PROV family of documents [PROV-OVERVIEW];
- PROV-PRIMER (Note), a primer for the PROV data model [PROV-PRIMER];
- PROV-O (Recommendation), the PROV ontology, an OWL2 ontology allowing the mapping of the PROV data model to RDF [PROV-O];
- PROV-DM (Recommendation), the PROV data model for provenance [PROV-DM];
- PROV-N (Recommendation), a notation for provenance aimed at human consumption [PROV-N];
- PROV-CONSTRAINTS (Recommendation), a set of constraints applying to the PROV data model [PROV-CONSTRAINTS];
- PROV-XML (Note), an XML schema for the PROV data model (this document);
- PROV-AQ (Note), mechanisms for accessing and querying provenance [PROV-AQ];
- PROV-DICTIONARY (Note) introduces a specific type of collection, consisting of key-entity pairs [PROV-DICTIONARY];
- PROV-DC (Note) provides a mapping between PROV-O and Dublin Core Terms [PROV-DC];
- PROV-SEM (Note), a declarative specification in terms of first-order logic of the PROV data model [PROV-SEM];
- PROV-LINKS (Note) introduces a mechanism to link across bundles [PROV-LINKS].
Implementations Encouraged
The Provenance Working Group encourages implementation of the material defined in this document.
Although work on this document by the Provenance Working Group is complete,
errors may be recorded in the errata or and these may be addressed in future revisions.
This document was published by the Provenance Working Group as a Working Group Note.
If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to
public-prov-comments@w3.org
(subscribe,
archives).
All comments are welcome.
Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership.
This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at
any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
This document was produced by a group operating under the
5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy.
W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures
made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for
disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
Essential Claim(s) must disclose the
information in accordance with section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
1. Introduction
For the purpose of this specification, provenance ◊ is defined as a record that describes the people, institutions, entities, and activities involved in producing, influencing, or delivering a piece of data or a thing. In particular, the provenance of information is crucial in deciding whether information is to be trusted, how it should be integrated with other diverse information sources, and how to give credit to its originators when reusing it. In an open and inclusive environment such as the Web, where users find information that is often contradictory or questionable, provenance can help those users to make trust judgements.
The PROV data model, PROV-DM, presents a generic data model for provenance that allows domain and application specific representations of provenance to be translated into such a data model and interchanged between systems. Thus, heterogeneous systems can export their native provenance into such a core data model, and applications that need to make sense of provenance can then import it,
process it, and reason over it.
The PROV data model distinguishes core structures from extended structures: core structures form the essence of provenance information, and are commonly found in various domain-specific vocabularies that deal with provenance or similar kinds of information [Mappings]. Extended structures enhance and refine core structures with more expressive capabilities to cater for more advanced uses of provenance. The PROV data model, comprising both core and extended structures, is a domain-agnostic model, but with clear extensibility points allowing further domain-specific and application-specific extensions to be defined.
The PROV data model has a modular design and is structured according to six components covering various facets of provenance:
- component 1: entities and activities, and the time at which they were created, used, or ended;
- component 2: derivations of entities from others;
- component 3: agents bearing responsibility for entities that were generated and activities that happened;
- component 4: bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance;
- component 5: properties to link entities that refer to a same thing;
- component 6: collections forming a logical structure for its members.
This specification's goal is to provide a succinct definition of the XML form of PROV-DM, thus, we refer the reader to the PROV-DM to provide overall justification and context to the definitions presented here.
1.1 PROV Namespace
The PROV namespace is http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#.
All the concepts, reserved names and attributes introduced in this specification belong to the PROV namespace.
The prefix prov is used when referring to the PROV namespace.
1.2 Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
2. XML Schema Design
Several general design principles and patterns were used in the construction of the PROV XML Schema.
2.1 Schema Modularization
The PROV-XML schema have been modularized so that xml-elements denoting terms defined in Working Group Notes are defined in separate extension schemas. All xml-elements denoting terms defined in the PROV-DM are defined in the http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-core.xsd schema and xml-elements denoting terms defined in PROV Working Group Notes are defined in extension schemas (e.g. http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-dictionary.xsd, http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-links.xsd). The default schema, http://www.w3.org/ns/prov.xsd, imports http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-core.xsd and all extension schemas. With this modeling all PROV xml-elements, even those denoting terms defined in Notes, are declared from the default schema. If the user wishes to leverage a schema that does not include xml-elements corresponding to terms from the PROV Notes the user can use schemaLocation to directly reference the core schema.
The default schema - http://www.w3.org/ns/prov.xsd
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xs:schema targetNamespace="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
elementFormDefault="qualified"
attributeFormDefault="unqualified">
<xs:include schemaLocation="prov-core.xsd"/>
<xs:include schemaLocation="prov-dictionary.xsd"/>
<xs:include schemaLocation="prov-links.xsd"/>
</xs:schema>
Extension schemas import the http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-core.xsd schema and make use of a substitution group on the prov:internalElement to add extension-defined xml-elements to the list of valid PROV xml-elements in a bundle or document.
Note
This schema design leveraging substitutionGroups on an abstract xml-element may result in sub-optimal binding classes being generated by Object-to-XML frameworks such as JAXB, JiBX, etc. See the PROV FAQ entry at How should I generate JAXB classes from the PROV-XML schemas? for a JAXB-specific discussion on using OXM technologies with the PROV schemas.
The http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-links.xsd extension schema.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#" xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
<xs:include schemaLocation="prov-core.xsd" />
<xs:complexType name="Mention">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="specificEntity" type="prov:IDRef" />
<xs:element name="generalEntity" type="prov:IDRef" />
<xs:element name="bundle" type="prov:IDRef" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
<xs:element name="mentionOf" type="prov:Mention" substitutionGroup="prov:internalElement" />
</xs:schema>
All schemas developed by the PROV WG utilize the PROV namespace.
2.2 Salami Slice Design Pattern
The general design pattern for the XML schema has been called Salami Slice Design. With this design, the individual components are each defined at the top level as separate xml-elements with distinct xml-types. This allows the xml-types to be easily reusable for domain specific extensions.
The prov:document xml-element has been defined to act as a convenient root xml-element for a PROV-XML document, but it's use as the root xml-element is not required. The schema follows the Salami Slice pattern to ensure PROV XML xml-elements can be integrated with mixed-schema XML documents which require a different document root.
2.3 Elements vs. Attributes
The PROV Notation (PROV-N) is a serialization of the PROV Data Model described in [PROV-N]. Examples in the [PROV-DM] document are encoded using PROV-N. Because of the heavy use of PROV-N syntax in [PROV-DM], the PROV-XML editors feel it is important to present a comparison of the PROV-N and PROV-XML syntaxes and justifications behind the select syntax decisions in PROV-XML.
The general PROV-N syntax patterns for expressing provenance
concepts are:
thing(id, elem1, elem2, ..., [attr1=val1, attr2=val2])
concept(id; elem1, elem2, ... [attr1=val2, attr2=val2])
In PROV-XML the PROV identifier is treated as an xml-attribute (prov:id), the prov-"elements" are treated as xml-elements, always with the same required order (position) as the PROV-DM/PROV-N description followed by optional prov-"attributes" which are also represented by xml-elements. As in PROV-N, the prov-"attributes" can be specified multiple times, but unlike PROV-N the prov-"attributes" have a fixed (alphabetical) order. The prov-"attribute" xml-elements are always defined at the end of the encompassing sequence after all prov-"element" xml-elements. XML Elements defined in namespaces other than the PROV namespace may be included after the prov-"attribute" xml-elements.
Wherever an "id" is referenced from a later concept, the id is
referenced as a prov:ref attribute of the element within the concept.
This transformation technique yields a general XML pattern:
<prov:thing prov:id="id">
<prov:elem1 />
<prov:elem2 />
...
<ex:attr1>val1</ex:attr1>
<ex:attr2>val2</ex:attr2>
...
</prov:thing>
Most of the concepts described below follow this general pattern.
2.4 Type Conventions
2.4.1 PROV Type Attribute
The PROV-DM states type information is described using the prov:type prov-"attribute" and may occur multiple times for a given entity, activity, agent, or relation.
PROV-XML uses the xml-element prov:type to represent the prov:type prov-"attribute". This xml-element can be use to represent both PROV and non-PROV type information. The following examples shows type information encoded using the prov:type xml-element.
Example 1: type information using prov:type PROV attribute
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Plan</prov:type>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:Workflow</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>The prov:type xml-element can be used in conjunction with schema-defined PROV types (see examples 2-5).
2.4.2 Extension Types
PROV-XML defines complexTypes to match the PROV defined type values (prov-type). These xml-types provide a more native XML representation of prov-"types". The following example is considered equivalent to the previous example because the xml-element prov:plan has xs:type=prov:Plan. All complexTypes representing a prov-"type" which is defined as a subclass of another prov-"type" are defined in PROV-XML as extensions of their parent prov-"type's" complexType. For example, prov:Plan is defined as an extension of the complexType prov:Entity and may be referenced by either prov:plan or prov:entity xml-elements.
Example 2: type information using schema defined types
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:plan prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:Workflow</prov:type>
</prov:plan>
</prov:document>When an extension xml-type is used a prov-"type" may be inferred.
Explicit type declarations made using the prov:type xml-element may be easier for some encoding transformation tools (such as XSLT) to process, therefore use of the prov:type xml-element is highly encouraged even in cases where prov-"type" information is determinable from schema defined ComplexTypes.
Example 3: type information using schema defined types - type inferences
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:plan prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:Workflow</prov:type>
<prov:type>prov:Plan</prov:type> <!-- inferred -->
<prov:type>prov:Entity</prov:type> <!-- inferred -->
</prov:plan>
</prov:document>2.4.3 XSI Type
Because the prov:Plan complexType is defined as an extension of the complexType prov:Entity, the following example using xsi:type is valid and considered equivalent to the two previous examples. The xml-attribute xsi:type tells an XML parser the complexType of the xml-element. The value of xsi:type must be a complexType derived from the default xml-element xml-type in a schema with known location (referenced through xsi:schemaLocation).
Example 4: type information using xsi:type
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215" xsi:type="prov:Plan">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:Workflow</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>A prov-"type" xml-element may be inferred by the use of the xsi:type xml-attribute.
Example 5: type information using xsi:type - type inferences
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215" xsi:type="prov:Plan">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:Workflow</prov:type>
<prov:type>prov:Plan</prov:type> <!-- inferred -->
<prov:type>prov:Entity</prov:type> <!-- inferred -->
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>2.5 Identifier Conventions
[PROV-DM] defines a PROV Identifier as a qualified name with the following definition:
From [PROV-DM]:
A qualified name is a name subject to namespace interpretation. It consists of a namespace, denoted by an optional prefix, and a local name.
[PROV-DM] also mandates that all qualified names be mappable to a URI by concatenating the namespace URI with a local name.
PROV-XML uses the prov:id xml-attribute to denote a PROV Identifier and the prov:ref xml-attribute to denote a reference-by-id to an instance of a prov-"type" or prov-"relation" which has a matching PROV Identifier. The value of prov:ref must be a valid PROV Identifier, but there is no requirement that for every prov:ref a corresponding prov:id must be known to exist.
PROV-XML defines the type of both the prov:id and prov:ref xml-attributes to be xsd:QName as that is the XSD datatype that most closely matches the qualified name definition by [PROV-DM]. Care should be taken when generating PROV identifier values in PROV-XML such that there is a known mapping to a URI.
Note
The xsd:QName datatype is more restrictive than the QualifiedName defined in [PROV-N] (e.g. PROV-N allows local names to start with numbers), therefore valid identifier values in [PROV-N] serializations have to potential to not be valid identifier values in PROV-XML. It is recommended to enhance interoperability that provenance users strive to always use identifier schemes that map to valid xsd:QNames and URIs.
2.6 Naming Conventions
XML element names are aligned with [PROV-N] record names (e.g. prov:wasGeneratedBy, prov:actedOnBehalfOf) and record parameter roles (e.g. prov:delegate, prov:responsible on a Delegation). XML Elements are named in camelCase which also conforms with [PROV-N] naming conventions.
ComplexType names are aligned with [PROV-DM] prov-"type" names (e.g. prov:Generation, prov:Delegation). ComplexTypes are named in PascalCase which conforms to [PROV-DM] naming conventions and differentiates complexTypes from xml-elements in the schema.
3. PROV XML Schema
Provenance concepts, expressed as prov-"types" and prov-"relations", are organized according to six components that are defined in this section.
- Component 1: entities and activities. The first component consists of entities, activities, and concepts linking them, such as generation, usage, start, end. The first component is the only one comprising time-related concepts.
- Component 2: derivations. The second component is formed with derivations and derivation subtypes.
- Component 3: agents, responsibility, and influence. The third component consists of agents and concepts ascribing responsibility to agents.
- Component 4: bundles. The fourth component is concerned with bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance.
- Component 5: alternate. The fifth component consists of relations linking entities referring to the same thing.
- Component 6: collections. The sixth component is about collections.
Figure 1 ◊: PROV-DM Components (Informative, from PROV-DM Fig. 4)
Table 1 is a mapping of PROV-DM prov-"types" and prov-"relations" in PROV-XML schema XML complexTypes and xml-elements.
In the rest of the section, each type is defined, in English initially, followed by its XML schema definition and some example.
3.1 Component 1: Entities and Activities
The first component of PROV-DM is concerned with entities and activities, and their inter-relations: Usage, Generation, Start, End, and Communication.
3.1.1 Entity
From [PROV-DM]:
An entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Entity">
<xs:sequence>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:value" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:entity is used to denote a prov:Entity prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="entity" type="prov:Entity"/>
Example 6: prov:entity
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">document</prov:type>
<ex:version>2</ex:version>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>3.1.2 Activity
From [PROV-DM]:
An activity is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Activity">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="startTime" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="endTime" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:activity is used to denote a prov:Activity prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="activity" type="prov:Activity"/>
Example 7: prov:activity
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1">
<prov:startTime>2011-11-16T16:05:00</prov:startTime>
<prov:endTime>2011-11-16T16:06:00</prov:endTime>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:edit</prov:type>
<ex:host>server.example.org</ex:host>
</prov:activity>
</prov:document>3.1.3 Generation
From [PROV-DM]:
Generation is the completion of production of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Generation">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="entity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="time" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:role" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasGeneratedBy is used to denote a prov:Generation prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasGeneratedBy" type="prov:Generation"/>
Example 8: prov:wasGeneratedBy
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1"/>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1"/>
<prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:time>2001-10-26T21:32:52</prov:time>
<ex:port>p1</ex:port>
</prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e2"/>
<prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e2"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:time>2001-10-26T10:00:00</prov:time>
<ex:port>p2</ex:port>
</prov:wasGeneratedBy>
</prov:document>3.1.4 Usage
From [PROV-DM]:
Usage is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Usage">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="entity" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="time" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:role" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:used is used to denote a prov:Usage prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="used" type="prov:Usage"/>
Example 9: prov:used
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e2"/>
<prov:used>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:time≶2011-11-16T16:00:00</prov:time>
<ex:parameter>p1</ex:parameter>
</prov:used>
<prov:used>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e2"/>
<prov:time>2011-11-16T16:00:01</prov:time>
<ex:parameter>p2</ex:parameter>
</prov:used>
</prov:document>3.1.5 Communication
From [PROV-DM]:
Communication is the exchange of some unspecified entity by two activities, one activity using some entity generated by the other.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Communication">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="informed" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="informant" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasInformedBy is used to denote a prov:Communication prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasInformedBy" type="prov:Communication"/>
Example 10: prov:wasInformedBy
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">traffic regulations enforcing<prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a2">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">fine paying, check writing, and mailing</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:wasInformedBy>
<prov:informed prov:ref="ex:a2"/>
<prov:informant prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
</prov:wasInformedBy>
</prov:document>3.1.6 Start
From [PROV-DM]:
Start is when an activity is deemed to have been started by an entity, known as trigger. The activity did not exist before its start. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity follows the activity's start. A start may refer to a trigger entity that set off the activity, or to an activity, known as starter, that generated the trigger.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Start">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="trigger" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="starter" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="time" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:role" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasStartedBy is used to denote a prov:Start prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasStartedBy" type="prov:Start"/>
Example 11: prov:wasStartedBy
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">email message</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">Discuss</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:wasStartedBy>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:trigger prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:time>2011-11-16T16:05:00</prov:time>
</prov:wasStartedBy>
<prov:used>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
</prov:used>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a0">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">Write</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a0"/>
</prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:wasStartedBy>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:trigger prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:starter prov:ref="ex:a0"/>
<prov:time>2011-11-16T16:05:00</prov:time>
</prov:wasStartedBy>
<prov:wasStartedBy>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:starter prov:ref="ex:a0"/>
<prov:time>2011-11-16T16:05:00</prov:time>
</prov:wasStartedBy>
</prov:document>3.1.7 End
From [PROV-DM]:
End is when an activity is deemed to have been ended by an entity, known as trigger. The activity no longer exists after its end. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity precedes the activity's end. An end may refer to a trigger entity that terminated the activity, or to an activity, known as ender that generated the trigger.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="End">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="trigger" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="ender" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="time" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:role" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasEndedBy is used to denote a prov:End prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasEndedBy" type="prov:End"/>
Example 12: prov:wasEndedBy
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">approval document</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">Editing</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:wasEndedBy>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:trigger prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
</prov:wasEndedBy>
</prov:document>3.1.8 Invalidation
From [PROV-DM]:
Invalidation is the start of the destruction, cessation, or expiry of an existing entity by an activity. The entity is no longer available for use (or further invalidation) after invalidation. Any generation or usage of an entity precedes its invalidation.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Invalidation">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="entity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="time" type="xs:dateTime" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:role" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasInvalidatedBy is used to denote a prov:Invalidation prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasInvalidatedBy" type="prov:Invalidation"/>
Example 13: prov:wasInvalidatedBy
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:bbc="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:The-Painter"/>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:Picasso"/>
<prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:The-Painter" />
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:Picasso" />
</prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:crash"/>
<prov:wasInvalidatedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:The-Painter"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:crash"/>
<prov:time>1998-09-03T01:31:00</prov:time>
<ex:circumstances>plane accident</ex:circumstances>
</prov:wasInvalidatedBy>
</prov:document>3.2 Component 2: Derivations
The second component of PROV-DM is concerned with: derivations of entities from other entities and derivation subtypesRevision, Quotation, and Primary Source.
3.2.1 Derivation
From [PROV-DM]:
A derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Derivation">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="generatedEntity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="usedEntity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="generation" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="usage" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasDerivedFrom is used to denote a prov:Derivation prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasDerivedFrom" type="prov:Derivation"/>
Example 14: prov:wasDerivedFrom
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e2"/>
<prov:wasDerivedFrom>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="ex:e2"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
</prov:wasDerivedFrom>
<prov:wasDerivedFrom>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="ex:e2"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">physical transform</prov:type>
</prov:wasDerivedFrom>
</prov:document>3.2.2 Revision
From [PROV-DM]:
A revision is a derivation for which the resulting entity is a revised version of some original.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Revision">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Derivation">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasRevisionOf is used to denote a prov:Revision prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasRevisionOf" type="prov:Revision"/>
Example 15: prov:wasRevisionOf
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:rec54="http://www.w3.org/2001/02pd/rec54#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">rec54:WD</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">rec54:WD</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:wasRevisionOf>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111018"/>
</prov:wasRevisionOf>
</prov:document>3.2.3 Quotation
From [PROV-DM]:
A quotation is the repeat of (some or all of) an entity, such as text or image, by someone who may or may not be its original author.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Quotation">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Derivation">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasQuotedFrom is used to denote a prov:Quotation prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasQuotedFrom" type="prov:Quotation"/>
Example 16: prov:wasQuotedFrom
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:wp="http://thinklinks.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:dm="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/prov/raw-file/default/model/prov-dm.html#">
<prov:entity prov:id="wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="dm:bl-dagstuhl"/>
<prov:person prov:id="ex:Luc"/>
<prov:person prov:id="ex:Paul"/>
<prov:wasQuotedFrom>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="dm:gl-dagstuhl"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop"/>
</prov:wasQuotedFrom>
<prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:entity prov:ref="dm:bl-dagstuhl"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:Luc"/>
</prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:entity prov:ref="wp:thoughts-from-the-dagstuhl-principles-of-provenance-workshop"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:Paul"/>
</prov:wasAttributedTo>
</prov:document>3.2.4 Primary Source
From [PROV-DM]:
A primary source for a topic refers to something produced by some agent with direct experience and knowledge about the topic, at the time of the topic's study, without benefit from hindsight.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="PrimarySource">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Derivation">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:hadPrimarySource is used to denote a prov:PrimarySource prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="hadPrimarySource" type="prov:PrimarySource"/>
Example 17: prov:hadPrimarySource
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:la-campagne-de-Russie-1812-1813">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">map</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:revue-d-Histoire-de-la-Pharmacie-t-XVIII">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">journal</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:hadPrimarySource>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="ex:la-campagne-de-Russie-1812-1813"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="ex:revue-d-Histoire-de-la-Pharmacie-t-XVIII"/>
</prov:hadPrimarySource>
</prov:document>3.3 Component 3: Agents, Responsibility, and Influence
The third component of PROV-DM is concerned with agents and the relations Attribution, Association, and Delegation, relating agents to entities, activities, and agents, respectively.
3.3.1 Agent
From [PROV-DM]:
An agent is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Agent">
<xs:sequence>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:agent is used to denote a prov:Agent prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="agent" type="prov:Agent"/>
Example 18: prov:agent
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:e1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Person</prov:type>
<ex:name>Alice</ex:name>
<ex:employee>1234</ex:employee>
</prov:agent>
</prov:document>3.3.1.1 Person
From [PROV-DM]:
Person agents are people.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Person">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Agent">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:person is used to denote a prov:Person prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="person" type="prov:Person"/>
Example 19: prov:person
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:person prov:id="ex:Paolo" />
</prov:document>3.3.1.2 Organization
From [PROV-DM]:
An organization is a social or legal institution such as a company, society, etc.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Organization">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Agent">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:organization is used to denote a prov:Organization prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="organization" type="prov:Organization"/>
Example 20: prov:organization
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:w3="http://w3.org/">
<prov:organization prov:id="w3:Consortium" />
</prov:document>3.3.1.3 Software Agent
From [PROV-DM]:
A software agent is running software.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="SoftwareAgent">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Agent">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:softwareAgent is used to denote a prov:SoftwareAgent prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="softwareAgent" type="prov:SoftwareAgent"/>
Example 21: prov:softwareAgent
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:softwareAgent prov:id="ex:ag" />
</prov:document>3.3.2 Attribution
From [PROV-DM]:
Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an agent.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Attribution">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="entity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="agent" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasAttributedTo is used to denote a prov:Attribution prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasAttributedTo" type="prov:Attribution"/>
Example 22: prov:wasAttributedTo
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#"
xmlns:rec54="http://example.com/ns/rec54#">
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:Paolo">
<prov:typexsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Person</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:Simon">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Person</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">rec54:WD</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:entity prov:ref="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:Paolo"/>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">editorship</prov:type>
</prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:wasAttributedTo>
<prov:entity prov:ref="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:Simon"/>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">authorship</prov:type>
</prov:wasAttributedTo>
</prov:document>3.3.3 Association
From [PROV-DM]:
An activity association is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. It further allows for a plan to be specified, which is the plan intended by the agent to achieve some goals in the context of this activity.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Association">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="agent" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="plan" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:role" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasAssociatedWith is used to denote a prov:Association prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasAssociatedWith" type="prov:Association"/>
Example 23: prov:wasAssociatedWith
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">workflow execution</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">operator</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag2">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">designator</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag1"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">loggedInUser</prov:role>
<ex:how>webapp</ex:how>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag2"/>
<prov:plan prov:ref="ex:wf"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">designer</prov:role>
<ex:content>project1</ex:content>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:plan prov:id="ex:wf">
<ex:label>Workflow 1</ex:label>
<prov:location xsi:type="xsd:anyURI">http://example.org/workflow1.bpel</prov:location>
</prov:plan>
</prov:document>3.3.3.1 Plan
From [PROV-DM]:
A plan is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Plan">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Entity">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:plan is used to denote a prov:Plan prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="plan" type="prov:Plan"/>
Example 24: prov:plan
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">workflow execution</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">operator</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag2">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">designator</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag1"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">loggedInUser</prov:role>
<ex:how>webapp</ex:how>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag2"/>
<prov:plan prov:ref="ex:wf"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">designer</prov:role>
<ex:content>project1</ex:content>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:plan prov:id="ex:wf">
<ex:label>Workflow 1</ex:label>
<prov:location xsi:type="xsd:anyURI">http://example.org/workflow1.bpel</prov:location>
</prov:plan>
</prov:document>3.3.4 Delegation
From [PROV-DM]:
Delegation is the assignment of authority and responsibility to an agent (by itself or by another agent) to carry out a specific activity as a delegate or representative, while the agent it acts on behalf of retains some responsibility for the outcome of the delegated work.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Delegation">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="delegate" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="responsible" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="activity" type="prov:IDRef" minOccurs="0"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:actedOnBehalfOf is used to denote a prov:Delegation prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="actedOnBehalfOf" type="prov:Delegation"/>
Example 25: prov:actedOnBehalfOf
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">workflow</prov:type>
</prov:activity>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">programmer</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag2">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">researcher</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:ag3">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">funder</prov:type>
</prov:agent>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag1"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">loggedInUser</prov:role>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag2"/>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag3"/>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:actedOnBehalfOf>
<prov:delegate prov:ref="ex:ag1"/>
<prov:responsible prov:ref="ex:ag2"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">line-management</prov:type>
</prov:actedOnBehalfOf>
<prov:actedOnBehalfOf>
<prov:delegate prov:ref="ex:ag2"/>
<prov:responsible prov:ref="ex:ag3"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">contract</prov:type>
</prov:actedOnBehalfOf>
</prov:document>3.3.5 Influence
From [PROV-DM]:
Influence is the capacity of an entity, activity, or agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, or delegation.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Influence">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="influencee" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="influencer" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<!-- prov attributes -->
<xs:element ref="prov:label" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:element ref="prov:type" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:wasInfluencedBy is used to denote a prov:Influence prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="wasInfluencedBy" type="prov:Influence"/>
Example 26: prov:wasInfluencedBy
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#"
xmlns:w3="http://w3.org/">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215"/>
<prov:agent prov:id="w3:Consortium"/>
<prov:wasInfluencedBy>
<prov:influencee prov:ref="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215"/>
<prov:influencer prov:ref="w3:Consortium"/>
</prov:wasInfluencedBy>
</prov:document>3.4 Component 4: Bundles
The fourth component is concerned with bundles, a mechanism to support provenance of provenance.
3.4.1 Bundle
From [PROV-DM]:
A bundle is a named set of provenance descriptions, and is itself an entity, so allowing provenance of provenance to be expressed.
A prov:Bundle identifies a set of provenance descriptions, and is an extension of prov:Entity, so allowing provenance of provenance to be expressed by referencing the associated entity. The content of a bundle, i.e. its provenance records, can be represented by the prov:BundleConstructor ComplexType and is denoted with the prov:bundleContent xml-element, its prov:id corresponds to the bundle entity.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Bundle">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Entity">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:bundle is used to denote a prov:Bundle prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="bundle" type="prov:Bundle"/>
Example 27: prov:bundle
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:bob="http://example.com/ns/bob#"
xmlns:alice="http://example.com/ns/alice#"
xmlns:agg="http://example.com/ns/agg#">
<prov:bundle prov:id="ex:bundle1">
<ex:version>1</ex:version>
</prov:bundle>
<prov:bundleContent prov:id="ex:bundle1">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:report1"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:report2">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">report</prov:type>
<ex:version>2</ex:version>
</prov:entity>
<prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:report2"/>
<prov:time>2012-05-25T11:00:01</prov:time>
</prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:wasDerivedFrom>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="ex:report2"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="ex:report1"/>
</prov:wasDerivedFrom>
</prov:bundleContent>
</prov:document>3.4.2 Bundle Constructor
The prov:BundleConstructor ComplexType is used to define a named set of provenance statements. The Bundle Constructor supports the prov:id xml-attribute.
The bundle entity associated with a bundle constructor set must have the same prov:id as the bundle constructor set.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="BundleConstructor">
<xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<-- references to standard non-PROV attribute PROV elements -->
</xs:choice>
<xs:attribute ref="prov:id"/>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:bundleContent is used to denote a set of nested provenance statements from within a prov:Document.
Although prov:bundleContent can only be expressed at the prov:document level, the corresponding bundle entities may be specified from either the prov:document or any prov:bundleContent.
<xs:complexType name="Document">
<xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- references to standard non-PROV attribute PROV elements -->
<xs:element name="bundleContent" type="prov:BundleConstructor" minOccurs="0"/>
</xs:choice>
</xs:complexType>
Example 28: prov:bundleContent
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:bob="http://example.com/ns/bob#"
xmlns:alice="http://example.com/ns/alice#"
xmlns:agg="http://example.com/ns/agg#">
<prov:bundle prov:id="ex:bundle1">
<ex:version>1</ex:version>
</prov:bundle>
<prov:bundleContent prov:id="ex:bundle1">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:report1"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:report2">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">report</prov:type>
<ex:version>2</ex:version>
</prov:entity>
<prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:report2"/>
<prov:time>2012-05-25T11:00:01</prov:time>
</prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:wasDerivedFrom>
<prov:generatedEntity prov:ref="ex:report2"/>
<prov:usedEntity prov:ref="ex:report1"/>
</prov:wasDerivedFrom>
</prov:bundleContent>
</prov:document>3.5 Component 5: Alternate Entities
The fifth component of PROV-DM is concerned with the
relations Specialization and Alternate, relating entities to entities.
3.5.1 Specialization
From [PROV-DM]:
An entity that is a specialization of another shares all aspects of the latter, and additionally presents more specific aspects of the same thing as the latter. In particular, the lifetime of the entity being specialized contains that of any specialization.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Specialization">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="specificEntity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="generalEntity" type="prov:IDRef"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:specializationOf is used to denote a prov:Specialization prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="specializationOf" type="prov:Specialization"/>
Example 29: prov:specializationOf
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:bbc="http://www.bbc.co.uk/">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:bbcNews2012-03-23"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="bbc:news"/>
<prov:specializationOf>
<prov:specificEntity prov:ref="ex:bbcNews2012-03-23"/>
<prov:generalEntity prov:ref="bbc:news"/>
</prov:specializationOf>
</prov:document>3.5.2 Alternate
From [PROV-DM]:
Two alternate entities present aspects of the same thing. These aspects may be the same or different, and the alternate entities may or may not overlap in time.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Alternate">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="alternate1" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="alternate2" type="prov:IDRef"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:alternateOf is used to denote a prov:Alternate prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="alternateOf" type="prov:Alternate"/>
Example 30: prov:alternateOf
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:bbc="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news"
xmlns:bbcmobile="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile">
<prov:entity prov:id="bbc:science-environment-17526723">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">a news item for desktop</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:entity prov:id="bbcmobile:science-environment-17526723">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:string">a news item for mobile devices</prov:type>
</prov:entity>
<prov:alternateOf>
<prov:alternate1 prov:ref="bbcmobile:science-environment-17526723"/>
<prov:alternate2 prov:ref="bbc:science-environment-17526723"/>
</prov:alternateOf>
</prov:document>3.6 Component 6: Collections
The sixth component of PROV-DM is concerned with the notion of collections.
A collection is an entity that has some members. The members are themselves entities, and therefore their provenance can be expressed. Some applications need to be able to express the provenance of the collection itself: e.g. who maintains the collection (attribution), which members it contains as it evolves, and how it was assembled. The purpose of Component 6 is to define the types and relations that are useful to express the provenance of collections.
3.6.1 Collection
From [PROV-DM]:
A collection is an entity that provides a structure to some constituents that must themselves be entities. These constituents are said to be member of the collections.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Collection">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Entity">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:collection is used to denote a prov:Collection prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="collection" type="prov:Collection"/>
Example 31: prov:collection
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:collection prov:id="ex:c1" />
</prov:document>3.6.1.1 Empty Collection
From [PROV-DM]:
An empty collection is a collection without members.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="EmptyCollection">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="prov:Collection">
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:emptyCollection is used to denote a prov:EmptyCollection prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="emptyCollection" type="prov:EmptyCollection"/>
Example 32: prov:emptyCollection
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:bbc="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news"
xmlns:bbcmobile="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile">
<prov:emptyCollection prov:id="ex:c0"/>
</prov:document>3.6.2 Membership
From [PROV-DM]:
Membership is the belonging of an entity to a collection.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Membership">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="collection" type="prov:IDRef"/>
<xs:element name="entity" type="prov:IDRef" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:hadMember is used to denote a prov:Membership prov-"type" from within a prov:Document or prov:BundleConstructor.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="hadMember" type="prov:Membership"/>
Example 33: prov:hadMember
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e0"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1"/>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e2"/>
<prov:collection prov:id="ex:c"/>
<prov:hadMember>
<prov:collection prov:ref="ex:c"/>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e0"/>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e2"/>
</prov:hadMember>
</prov:document>3.7 Further Elements of PROV
This section introduces further elements of PROV.
3.7.1 Identifier
From [PROV-DM]:
The xml-attribute used to identify an instances of a prov-"type" or prov-"relation".
<xs:attribute xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="id" type="xs:QName"/>
Example 34: prov:id
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:Qname">document</prov:type>
<ex:version>2</ex:version>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>3.7.2 Reference
From [PROV-DM]:
A xml-attribute that denotes a reference-by-id to an instance of a prov-"type" or prov-"relation".
<xs:attribute ref="prov:ref" use="required" />
Example 35: prov:ref
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1"/>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1"/>
<prov:wasGeneratedBy>
<prov:entity prov:ref="ex:e1"/>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a1"/>
<prov:time>2001-10-26T21:32:52</prov:time>
<ex:port>p1</ex:port>
</prov:wasGeneratedBy>
</prov:document>3.7.3 Attributes
The PROV-DM defined prov-"attributes" are represented in XML as xml-elements.
3.7.3.1 Label
From [PROV-DM]:
The attribute prov:label provides a human-readable representation of an instance of a PROV-DM type or relation.
The xml-element prov:label is used to denote a label prov-"attribute" and has prov-"type" prov:InternationalizedString.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="label" type="prov:InternationalizedString"/>
Example 36: prov:label
<prov:document
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:e1">
<prov:label>This is a human-readable label</prov:label>
</prov:entity>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:car01">
<prov:label xml:lang="fr">Voiture 01</prov:label>
<prov:label xml:lang="en">Car 01</prov:label>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>3.7.3.2 Location
From [PROV-DM]:
A location can be an identifiable geographic place (ISO 19112), but it can also be a non-geographic place such as a directory, row, or column.
The xml-element prov:location is used to denote a location prov-"attribute" and has prov-"type" xs:anySimpleType.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="location" type="xs:anySimpleType"/>
Example 37: prov:location
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:MonaLisa">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">StillImage</prov:type>
<prov:location xsi:type="xsd:string">Le Louvre, Paris</prov:location>
</prov:entity>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:cell">
<prov:location xsi:type="xsd:string">(5,5)</prov:location>
<prov:value xsi:type="xsd:integer">10</prov:value>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>3.7.3.3 Role
From [PROV-DM]:
A role is the function of an entity or agent with respect to an activity, in the context of a usage, generation, invalidation, association, start, and end.
The xml-element prov:role is used to denote a Role prov-"attribute" and has prov-"type" xs:anySimpleType.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="role" type="xs:anySimpleType"/>
Example 38: prov:role
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag1"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">loggedInUser</prov:role>
<ex:how>webapp</ex:how>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:wasAssociatedWith>
<prov:activity prov:ref="ex:a"/>
<prov:agent prov:ref="ex:ag2"/>
<prov:plan prov:ref="ex:wf"/>
<prov:role xsi:type="xsd:QName">designer</prov:role>
<ex:content>project1</ex:content>
</prov:wasAssociatedWith>
</prov:document>3.7.3.4 Type
From [PROV-DM]:
The attribute prov:type provides further typing information for any construct with an optional set of attribute-value pairs.
The xml-element prov:type is used to denote a Type prov-"attribute" and has prov-"type" xs:anySimpleType.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="type" type="xs:anySimpleType"/>
Example 39: prov:type
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#"
xmlns:tr="http://example.com/ns/tr#">
<prov:entity prov:id="tr:WD-prov-dm-20111215">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">document</prov:type>
<ex:version>2</ex:version>
</prov:entity>
<prov:agent prov:id="ex:e1">
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">prov:Person</prov:type>
<ex:name>Alice</ex:name>
<ex:employee>1234</ex:employee>
</prov:agent>
<prov:activity prov:id="ex:a1">
<prov:startTime>2011-11-16T16:05:00</prov:startTime>
<prov:endTime>2011-11-16T16:06:00</prov:endTime>
<prov:type xsi:type="xsd:QName">ex:edit</prov:type>
<ex:host>server.example.org</ex:host>
</prov:activity>
</prov:document>3.7.3.5 Value
From [PROV-DM]:
The attribute prov:value provides a value that is a direct representation of an entity as a PROV-DM Value.
The xml-element prov:value is used to denote a Value prov-"attribute" and has prov-"type" xs:anySimpleType.
XML Element definition in XML Schema:
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="value" type="xs:anySimpleType"/>
Example 40: prov:value
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:in">
<prov:value xsi:type="xsd:string">abcd</prov:value>
</prov:entity>
<prov:entity prov:id="ex:out">
<prov:value xsi:type="xsd:integer">4</prov:value>
</prov:entity>
</prov:document>3.7.4 Value
From [PROV-DM]:
A value is a constant such as a string, number, time, qualified name, IRI, and encoded binary data, whose interpretation is outside the scope of PROV.
Relations defined by the PROV-DM to have prov-"type" Value have type xs:anySimpleType in PROV-XML unless otherwise specified.
3.8 Structural Elements of PROV-XML
3.8.1 Document
The root xml-element of all PROV-XML documents is prov:document which has xml-type prov:Document.
Similar to a prov:BundleConstructor, the prov:Document complexType is used to define a set of provenance statements.
Unlike the prov:BundleConstructor, a prov:Document
- may contain
prov:bundle xml-elements (but not other prov:document xml-elements)
- does not support the prov:id xml-attribute.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Document">
<xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<!-- references to standard non-PROV attribute PROV elements -->
<xs:element name="bundleContent" type="prov:BundleConstructor" minOccurs="0"/>
</xs:choice>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:document may only be used as the root xml-element of a a PROV-XML document.
<xs:element xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" name="document" type="prov:Document"/>
Example 41: prov:document
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<!-- prov statements go here -->
</prov:document>3.8.2 Other
The prov:other xml-element provides a place to include non-PROV xml-elements inside a prov:document or prov:bundleContent.
ComplexType definition (denoting a similarly named prov-"type") in XML Schema:
<xs:complexType name="Other">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
The xml-element prov:other may be used in a prov:document or a prov:bundleContent but may not be used inside a prov-"relation", entity, or activity xml-element.
<xs:element name="other" type="prov:Other"/>
Example 42: prov:other
<prov:document
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:ex="http://example.com/ns/ex#">
<!-- prov statements go here -->
<prov:other>
<ex:foo>
<ex:content>bar</ex:content>
</ex:foo>
</prov:other>
<!-- more prov statements can go here -->
</prov:document>A. XML Schema
A.1 Main Schema
The main PROV schema is an aggregation of the PROV core schema and all PROV-defined extension schemas.
The main PROV schema is available at http://www.w3.org/ns/prov.xsd
A.2 Core Schema
The PROV core schema defines an XML representation of the PROV data model defined by the PROV-DM. Extensions to PROV, defined in WG Notes, are defined in separate extension schemas.
The PROV core schema is available at http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-core.xsd
A.3 Extension Schemas
Extension schemas are schemas in the PROV Namespace that define additional PROV elements not from the PROV-DM. Workgroup Notes provide extension schemas to define their Note-introduced PROV elements. Extension schemas must import (using xs:include) the prov-core.xsd schema and make use of a substitution group on the prov:internalElement to add extension defined elements to the list of valid PROV elements in a bundle or document.
The PROV-defined extension schemas are available at
B. Change Log
B.1 Change Log Since WD Working Draft 12 March 2013
- Updated Component section descriptive text
- Added links to schemas in Schema Modularization section
- Fixed typo in Status of this Document section
- Added Identifier Conventions section
- Updated naming conventions to clarify distinction between PROV elements, attributes, and types and XML elements, attributes, and types.
- Added links to PROV-DM term/concepts in Table 1.
- Removed inline schema, added links to published schemas.
- Updated BundleConstructor and Document sections to reflect changes to schema.
- Added Other section for prov:other element and type.
- Updated the Status of this Document section.
- Added a note about potential OXM issues to Schema Modularization section, referenced FAQ entry on subject.
B.2 Change Log Since First Public Working Draft
- Added Change Log section
- Changed the status of this document section: added new documents to the PROV Family of Document, and removed the how to read section, referring instead to PROV-OVERVIEW.
- Changed all URLs to PROV documents.
- Removed Review notes.
- Updated table 1 with XML Schema Referencing Element column.
- Added Type Conventions and Schema Modularization sections to XML Schema Design section.
- Updated Bundle section to reflect changes in schema design.
- Updated inline schema and schema examples to reflect updates to schema design.
- Updated text that appears before schema snippets and examples in PROV XML Schema subsections.
- Added extension schema example to appendix.
- Removed Macintosh HFS file type paragraph from Media Type section.
- Made all references informative instead of normative since PROV-XML is a note.
C. Acknowledgements
This document has been produced by the PROV Working Group, and its
contents reflect extensive discussion within the Working Group as a
whole. The editors extend special thanks to Luc Moreau (University of
Southampton), Paul Groth (Vrije Universiteit) and James Cheney
(University of Edinburgh) for their thorough reviews.
Members of the PROV Working Group at the time of publication of this document were:
Ilkay Altintas (Invited expert),
Reza B'Far (Oracle Corporation),
Khalid Belhajjame (University of Manchester),
James Cheney (University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics),
Sam Coppens (iMinds - Ghent University),
David Corsar (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science),
Stephen Cresswell (The National Archives),
Tom De Nies (iMinds - Ghent University),
Helena Deus (DERI Galway at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland),
Simon Dobson (Invited expert),
Martin Doerr (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)),
Kai Eckert (Invited expert),
Jean-Pierre EVAIN (European Broadcasting Union, EBU-UER),
James Frew (Invited expert),
Irini Fundulaki (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)),
Daniel Garijo (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid),
Yolanda Gil (Invited expert),
Ryan Golden (Oracle Corporation),
Paul Groth (Vrije Universiteit),
Olaf Hartig (Invited expert),
David Hau (National Cancer Institute, NCI),
Sandro Hawke (W3C/MIT),
Jörn Hees (German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Gmbh),
Ivan Herman, (W3C/ERCIM),
Ralph Hodgson (TopQuadrant),
Hook Hua (Invited expert),
Trung Dong Huynh (University of Southampton),
Graham Klyne (University of Oxford),
Michael Lang (Revelytix, Inc.),
Timothy Lebo (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
James McCusker (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
Deborah McGuinness (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
Simon Miles (Invited expert),
Paolo Missier (School of Computing Science, Newcastle university),
Luc Moreau (University of Southampton),
James Myers (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
Vinh Nguyen (Wright State University),
Edoardo Pignotti (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science),
Paulo da Silva Pinheiro (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
Carl Reed (Open Geospatial Consortium),
Adam Retter (Invited Expert),
Christine Runnegar (Invited expert),
Satya Sahoo (Invited expert),
David Schaengold (Revelytix, Inc.),
Daniel Schutzer (FSTC, Financial Services Technology Consortium),
Yogesh Simmhan (Invited expert),
Stian Soiland-Reyes (University of Manchester),
Eric Stephan (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory),
Linda Stewart (The National Archives),
Ed Summers (Library of Congress),
Maria Theodoridou (Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas(FORTH)),
Ted Thibodeau (OpenLink Software Inc.),
Curt Tilmes (National Aeronautics and Space Administration),
Craig Trim (IBM Corporation),
Stephan Zednik (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute),
Jun Zhao (University of Oxford),
Yuting Zhao (University of Aberdeen, Computing Science).