RNA is one of the most essential biopolymers in cells. All RNAs undergo intricate processing and modifica tions before maturation and transport to their respective cellular compartments, where they perform their functions. Understanding the mechanisms of RNA biogenesis and the functional roles of RNAs in both physiological and pathological contexts is essential for unraveling how cells respond to developmental and environmental cues, with profound implications for biomedicine. This special issue features 12 expert reviews in RNA research, each offering a comprehensive summary of the latest advances in RNA biology from their respective perspectives. This cover is designed by Yinxi Zhou and Jianfeng Jin from Hainan Medical University.