ABSTRACT
Background Serological tests are crucial tools for assessments of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, infection and potential immunity. Their appropriate use and interpretation require accurate assay performance data.
Method We conducted an evaluation of 10 lateral flow assays (LFAs) and two ELISAs to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The specimen set comprised 130 plasma or serum samples from 80 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive individuals; 108 pre-COVID-19 negative controls; and 52 recent samples from individuals who underwent respiratory viral testing but were not diagnosed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Samples were blinded and LFA results were interpreted by two independent readers, using a standardized intensity scoring system.
Results Among specimens from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive individuals, the percent seropositive increased with time interval, peaking at 81.8-100.0% in samples taken >20 days after symptom onset. Test specificity ranged from 84.3-100.0% in pre-COVID-19 specimens. Specificity was higher when weak LFA bands were considered negative, but this decreased sensitivity. IgM detection was more variable than IgG, and detection was highest when IgM and IgG results were combined. Agreement between ELISAs and LFAs ranged from 75.8-94.8%. No consistent cross-reactivity was observed.
Conclusion Our evaluation showed heterogeneous assay performance. Reader training is key to reliable LFA performance, and can be tailored for survey goals. Informed use of serology will require evaluations covering the full spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infections, from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe disease, and later convalescence. Well-designed studies to elucidate the mechanisms and serological correlates of protective immunity will be crucial to guide rational clinical and public health policies.
Competing Interest Statement
This work was supported by gifts from Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, and anonymous philanthropy. C.Y.C. is the director of the UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, receives research support funding from Abbott Laboratories and is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Mammoth Biosciences, Inc. C. J. Y. is cofounder of DropPrint Genomics and serves as an advisor to them. M.S.A. holds stock in Medtronic and Merck. P.D.H. is a cofounder of Spotlight Therapeutics and serves on the board of directors and scientific advisory board, and is an advisor to Serotiny. P.D.H. holds stock in Spotlight Therapeutics and Editas Medicine. A.M. is a cofounder of Spotlight Therapeutics and Arsenal Biosciences and serves on their boards of directors and scientific advisory boards. A.M. has served as an advisor to Juno Therapeutics, is a member of the scientific advisory board at PACT Pharma, and is an advisor to Trizell. A.M. owns stock in Arsenal Biosciences, Spotlight Therapeutics and PACT Pharma. RY owns stock in Abbvie, Bluebird Bio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, Esperion, and Gilead Sciences. Unrelated to this current work, the Marson lab has received sponsored research support from Juno Therapeutics, Epinomics and Sanofi, and a gift from Gilead.
Funding Statement
The work was supported by gifts from Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, and anonymous philanthropy. We thank the following sources for donation of test kits: the manufacturers of Bioperfectus, Decombio, Sure-Bio, UCP Biosciences; David Friedberg; John Hering; Henry Schein (Melville, NY). The Wilson Lab has received support from the Rachleff Family Foundation. The Hsu lab has received support from S. Altman, V. and N. Khosla, D. and S. Deb, the Curci Foundation, and Emergent Ventures. P.D.H. holds a Deb Faculty Fellowship from the UC Berkeley College of Engineering and is the recipient of the Rainwater Foundation Prize for Innovative Early-Career Scientist. The Marson lab has received gifts from J. Aronov, G. Hoskin, K. Jordan, B. Bakar, the Caufield family and funds from the Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), the Northern California JDRF Center of Excellence and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI). We thank the National Institutes of Health for their support (J.D.W. R38HL143581; A.E.G. F30AI150061; D.N.N. L40 AI140341; S.P.B. NHLBI R38HL143581; T.A.M. 1F30HD093116; D.W NIH 1F31NS106868-01; J.G.C. R01 AI40098; MSTP students supported by T32GM007618). R.Y. was supported by an AP Giannini Postdoctoral Fellowship. J.A.S. was supported by the Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (2019-D-006-FEL). A.M. holds a Career Award for Medical Scientists from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, is an investigator at the Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub and is a recipient of The Cancer Research Institute (CRI) Lloyd J. Old STAR grant.
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Yes
All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.
Yes
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Footnotes
↵* Co-first author
Data Availability
All data used in the study are available in an interactive format at https://covidtestingproject.org/
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