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Keywords = BSs’ switching off/on

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21 pages, 4824 KiB  
Article
Energy Efficiency and Coverage Trade-Off in 5G for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Cellular Networks
by Mohammed H. Alsharif, Anabi Hilary Kelechi, Jeong Kim and Jin Hong Kim
Symmetry 2019, 11(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030408 - 20 Mar 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6067
Abstract
Recently, cellular networks’ energy efficiency has garnered research interest from academia and industry because of its considerable economic and ecological effects in the near future. This study proposes an approach to cooperation between the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and next-generation wireless networks. The fifth-generation [...] Read more.
Recently, cellular networks’ energy efficiency has garnered research interest from academia and industry because of its considerable economic and ecological effects in the near future. This study proposes an approach to cooperation between the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and next-generation wireless networks. The fifth-generation (5G) wireless network aims to negotiate a trade-off between wireless network performance (sustaining the demand for high speed packet rates during busy traffic periods) and energy efficiency (EE) by alternating 5G base stations’ (BSs) switching off/on based on the traffic instantaneous load condition and, at the same time, guaranteeing network coverage for mobile subscribers by the remaining active LTE BSs. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to determine the optimum criteria of the active LTE BSs (transmission power, total antenna gain, spectrum/channel bandwidth, and signal-to-interference-noise ratio) that achieves maximum coverage for the entire area during the switch-off session of 5G BSs. Simulation results indicate that the energy savings can reach 3.52 kW per day, with a maximum data rate of up to 22.4 Gbps at peak traffic hours and 80.64 Mbps during a 5G BS switched-off session along with guaranteed full coverage over the entire region by the remaining active LTE BSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Technology and Its Applications 2021)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Expected growth of global mobile subscribers and data traffic [<a href="#B2-symmetry-11-00408" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Expected growth of global mobile subscribers and (<b>b</b>) expected traffic growth and the percentage of each type of data.</p>
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<p>Expected case electricity usage of wireless access networks.</p>
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<p>Cellular network layout (<span class="html-italic">R<sub>5G</sub></span> = 200 m; <span class="html-italic">R<sub>LTE</sub></span> = 500 m).</p>
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<p>Daily traffic load pattern of a BS.</p>
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<p>The decision-making algorithm proposed for the BS switching-off/on process.</p>
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<p>Pseudocode of the considered PSO algorithm.</p>
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<p>Behavior of the fitness function with a change in the constraint parameters.</p>
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<p>Behavior of the constraint parameters.</p>
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<p>Cell radii versus receiver sensitivity power for different MCSs, with <span class="html-italic">P<sub>tx</sub></span> = 43.1 dB<sub>m</sub> and BW = 10 MHz.</p>
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<p>Data rate versus macrocell radii, with <span class="html-italic">P<sub>tx</sub></span> = 43.1 dB<sub>m</sub>, <span class="html-italic">BW</span> = 10 MHz, and 2 × 2 MIMO.</p>
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<p>5G small cell data rate versus MCS and BW for eight antennas.</p>
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<p>Data rate versus different BWs values for different numbers of antennas at the edge of 5G small cell.</p>
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<p>Energy efficiency versus cell radii, with <span class="html-italic">P<sub>tx</sub></span> = 43.1 dB<sub>m</sub> and <span class="html-italic">BW</span> = 10 MHz.</p>
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<p>5G small cell EE versus MCS and BW at eight antennas.</p>
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<p>Energy efficiency versus different BW values for different numbers of antennas.</p>
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<p>Data rate versus power consumption over time.</p>
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