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Advances in Exploring the Moon, Mars, and Asteroids Based on In-Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Satellite Missions for Earth and Planetary Exploration".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 2346

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
Interests: exploration architectures; space project management

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Guest Editor
INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Naples, Italy
Interests: exploration; Moon, Mars; asteroids; comets; dust

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Guest Editor
INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Interests: asteroid geomorphology; planetary defense; spectrophotometry

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Guest Editor
INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Interests: Mars robotic and human landing sites; phobos and asteroids surface morphological analyses

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The most intriguing questions in space science are related to the origins and evolution of the Solar System and to the possible emergence of life outside Earth. Moreover, the Moon, Mars, and asteroids have the unique additional relevance of being potential destinations for exploration by astronauts, with the aim of expanding the human presence in space beyond our planet while also accomplishing scientific investigations. Hence, the characterization of these environments can also be oriented to assess habitability aspects, in preparation for future crewed missions. Geological features, the study of the environment (e.g., atmosphere, exosphere, dust, plasma, radiation) and related hazards for exploration, and the occurrence of resources or threads are clear examples of areas of interest which interconnect science and robotic/human exploration.

This Special Issue intends to capture recent achievements and future trends in robotic exploration enabled by remote sensing and other in situ measurements techniques. Data collected by planetary orbiters, landers, and rovers have already contributed to our understanding of other celestial bodies. These necessary instruments are expected to improve in terms of performance while reducing their size, mass, and resource needs in order to comply with the actual trends, like smallsats for exploration.

The solicited papers for the proposed Special Issue will cover scientific traditional topics and novel areas like innovative strategies for interplanetary transfer and observation, the characterization of planetary environments, the identification of space resources/reserves, potential habitability assessment, and new payloads for small satellites.

Dr. Simone Pirrotta
Dr. Francesca Esposito
Dr. Alice Lucchetti
Dr. Maurizio Pajola
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • geological features
  • study of the environment
  • resources
  • robotic and human exploration
  • innovative strategies
  • remote sensing dataset analyses
  • new instrumentation concepts
  • smallsat concepts

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (2 papers)

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29 pages, 9259 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Spectral Quantification Through Minimum Redundancy and Maximum Relevance-Based Feature Selection
by Manping Wang, Yang Lu, Man Liu, Fuhui Cui, Rongke Gao, Feifei Wang, Xiaozhe Chen and Liandong Yu
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030416 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid, non-contact analytical technique that is widely applied in various fields. However, the high dimensionality and information redundancy of LIBS spectral data present challenges for effective model development. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the [...] Read more.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid, non-contact analytical technique that is widely applied in various fields. However, the high dimensionality and information redundancy of LIBS spectral data present challenges for effective model development. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the minimum redundancy and maximum relevance (mRMR) method for feature selection in LIBS spectral data and to explore its adaptability across different predictive modeling approaches. Using the ChemCam LIBS dataset, we constructed predictive models with four quantitative methods: random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). We compared the performance of mRMR-based feature selection with that of full-spectrum data and three other feature selection methods: competitive adaptive re-weighted sampling (CARS), Regressional ReliefF (RReliefF), and neighborhood component analysis (NCA). Our results demonstrate that the mRMR method significantly reduces the number of selected features while improving model performance. This study validates the effectiveness of the mRMR algorithm for LIBS feature extraction and highlights the potential of feature selection techniques to enhance predictive accuracy. The findings provide a valuable strategy for feature selection in LIBS data analysis and offer significant implications for the practical application of LIBS in predicting elemental content in geological samples. Full article

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14 pages, 4842 KiB  
Technical Note
Mare Volcanism in Apollo Basin Evaluating the Mare Basalt Genesis Models on the Moon
by Xiaohui Fu, Chengxiang Yin, Jin Li, Jiang Zhang, Siyue Chi, Jian Chen and Bo Li
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(21), 4078; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16214078 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 814
Abstract
The Apollo basin is a well-preserved double-ringed impact basin located on the northeastern edge of the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin. The Apollo basin has been flooded and filled with large volumes of mare lavas, indicating an active volcanism history. Based on orbital data, [...] Read more.
The Apollo basin is a well-preserved double-ringed impact basin located on the northeastern edge of the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin. The Apollo basin has been flooded and filled with large volumes of mare lavas, indicating an active volcanism history. Based on orbital data, we reveal that the Apollo basin exhibits an overall asymmetric configuration in the distribution of mare basalts as well as its topography, chemical compositions, and crustal thickness. The Apollo basin is an excellent example for assessing the influences of the above factors on mare basalts petrogenesis and evaluating mare basalt genesis models. It was found that the generation of mare basalt magmas and their emplacement in the Apollo basin seems to be strongly related to local thin crust (<30 km), but the formation of basaltic magmas should be independent of the decompression melting because the mare units (3.34–1.79 Ga) are much younger than the pre-Nectarian Apollo basin. The mare basalts filled in the Apollo basin exhibits a large variation of TiO2 abundances, indicating the heterogeneity of mantle sources, which is possible due to the lunar mantle overturn after the LMO solidification or the impact-induced mantle convection and migration. However, the prolonged mare volcanic history of the Apollo basin is not well explained, especially considering the low Th abundance (<2 ppm) of this region. In addition, the central mare erupted earlier than other mare units within the Apollo basin, which seems to contradict the predictions of the postbasin loading-induced stresses model. Laboratory investigations of the Chang’E-6 mare basalt samples could possibly answer the above questions and provide new insight into the mare volcanic history of the lunar farside and the connections between mare volcanism and impact basin formation/evolution. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Global map showing the landing sites of Apollo (A), Luna (L), and Chang’E (CE) sample return missions. Three major lunar terranes are outlined and shown: the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT, Th &gt; 3.5 ppm) with a green curve and the South Pole–Aitken Terrane (SPA) with a blue curve. The landing sites of the Apollo, Luna, and CE missions are marked as open red circles and the weights of the returned samples are shown with yellow numbers. The yellow rectangle indicates the study area. The lunar sample data are from [<a href="#B23-remotesensing-16-04078" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-remotesensing-16-04078" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Wide Angle Camera (WAC) mosaic [<a href="#B25-remotesensing-16-04078" class="html-bibr">25</a>] is used as the base map (100 m/pixel; simple cylindrical projection).</p>
Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Geological contexts of the Apollo basin. (<b>a</b>) LROC WAC mosaic of the Apollo basin showing the rings (the white solid circles) and mare deposits (the red polygons). The green dashed lines are the boundaries of the South Pole–Aitken Compositional Anomaly (SPACA), Mg-pyroxene annulus and heterogeneous annulus. The blue solid lines from A to A’ show the position of the crossing profiles. (<b>b</b>) LOLA DEM 100 m/pixel data [<a href="#B26-remotesensing-16-04078" class="html-bibr">26</a>] overlaid on LROC WAC mosaic showing the local topography. The impact basins and craters in the study area are annotated. The red dash circles indicate the floor-fractured craters within the Apollo basin. (<b>c</b>) Crustal thickness of the Apollo basin [<a href="#B32-remotesensing-16-04078" class="html-bibr">32</a>] was overlain on an LRO WAC image. The black curves present graben in the Apollo basin.</p>
Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The topography (black curve) and crustal thickness (blue curve) profiles crossing the Apollo basin from southwest A’ to northeast A (<a href="#remotesensing-16-04078-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>).</p>
Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Chemical compositions of the Apollo basin. (<b>a</b>) FeO map using Kaguya Multiband Imager (MI) data. (<b>b</b>) TiO<sub>2</sub> map derived from LROC WAC data. (<b>c</b>) Th map derived from LP-GRS data. The white solid circles represent the Apollo basin rings.</p>
Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Sketch maps for mare volcanism in the Apollo basin. The subsurface structure of the Apollo basin along the profile is shown in <a href="#remotesensing-16-04078-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> from southwest A’ to northeast A. The depth is not scaled in the profile. We predicted the concentric normal faults occurring along the impact basin rings. The thin crust offers an extensional tectonic background for magma ascent as well, especially for the central mare.</p>
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