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Photonics
Special Issues
New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics
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New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optoelectronics and Optical Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 7145

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Li Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: microwave photonics; silicon photonics; integrated microwave photonic filter; photonic neural network
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Huaqing Qiu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Interests: signal processing; silicon photonics; optical phased array; monolithic lidar
Dr. Yiwei Xie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Interests: integrated optics; microwave photonics; optical communication

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microwave photonics, as a new interdisciplinary subject integrating microwave radio frequency technology and optoelectronics technology, benefits from being a ubiquitous and flexible microwave radio frequency technology as well as a broadband and high-speed photonic technology. Over the past 30 years, microwave photonics has attracted great interest from both the research community and the commercial sector, and it is set to have a bright future, with important applications in communication, aerospace, sensing, and other fields.

Prof. Dr. Li Liu
Dr. Huaqing Qiu
Dr. Yiwei Xie
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • integrated microwave photonic technology
  • microwave photonic radar
  • intelligent microwave photonics
  • microwave photonic measurement and sensing
  • programmable microwave photonic filter
  • microwave photonic processing technology
  • microwave photonic devices

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2529 KiB  
Article
A Filter-Free, Image-Reject, Sub-Harmonic Downconverted RoF Link Without Fiber-Dispersion-Induced Power Fading
by Yuanyuan Li, Qiong Zhao and Wu Zhang
Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121191 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 471
Abstract
A filter-free, image-reject, sub-harmonic downconverted RoF link is proposed based on a dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP–QPSK) modulator. At the remote antenna unit, the receiving radio frequency signal is applied to the upper QPSK modulator to achieve carrier-suppressed single-sideband (CS–SSB) modulation. The local [...] Read more.
A filter-free, image-reject, sub-harmonic downconverted RoF link is proposed based on a dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP–QPSK) modulator. At the remote antenna unit, the receiving radio frequency signal is applied to the upper QPSK modulator to achieve carrier-suppressed single-sideband (CS–SSB) modulation. The local oscillator (LO) is applied to the lower QPSK modulator, achieving sub-harmonic single-sideband (SH–SSB) modulation. The I/Q mixing is realized by exploiting a two-channel photonic microwave phase shifter, which mainly consists of a modulator, two polarization controllers, and two polarizers. The image interference signal can be rejected when combing the I and Q IF signals through a 90° electrical hybrid. Because the scheme is simple and filter-free, it has a good image-reject capability over a large frequency tunable range. Moreover, due to the special SH-SSB modulation, the modulated signals are immune to the chromatic dispersion-introduced power fading effect. Last, the sub-harmonic downconverter can decrease the frequency requirement of the LO signal. Experimental results show that an image rejection ratio (IRR) greater than 50 dB can be achieved when transmitted through a 25 km single-mode fiber (SMF). Simultaneously, under different RF signals and IF signals, the IRR has no periodic power fading, only small fluctuations. Image rejection capability of the scheme for the 50-MBaud 16-QAM wideband vector signal is also verified and the demodulation of the desired IF signal with a good EVM of less than 5% is realized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Architectural diagram for a possible radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. RAU, remote antenna unit; (<b>b</b>) the schematic diagram of the proposed image-free microwave photonic sub-harmonic downconverter. LD, laser diode; DP–QPSK, dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying; PBC, polarization beam combiner; LO, local oscillator; PS, phase shifter; EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier, PC, polarization controller; Pol, polarizer; PD, photodetector; 90° EHC, 90° electrical hybrid coupler.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The experimental setup of the proposed image-free microwave photonic sub-harmonic downconverter.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The output optical spectra of the DP-QPSK modulator.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Measured temporal waveforms of downconverted 700-MHz IF signals of I and Q paths from (<b>a</b>) the target signal and (<b>b</b>) the image signal.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Measured (<b>a</b>) electrical spectrum and (<b>b</b>) temporal waveform of the downconverted useful signal and image signal.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Measured SFDR of the proposed image-free sub-harmonic downconverter.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The measured IRRs versus (<b>a</b>) different RF signals and (<b>b</b>) IF signals.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Measured (<b>a</b>) electrical spectra; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) constellation diagrams of the generated 700 MHz IF signal downconverted from (<b>b</b>) the useful RF signal and (<b>c</b>) the image signal.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The architecture of automatic polarization control for our proposed link.</p> Full article ">
11 pages, 2144 KiB  
Communication
Generation of Wideband Signals Based on Continuous-Time Photonic Compression
by Zhen Zhou, Yukang Zhang and Hao Chi
Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111019 - 29 Oct 2024
Viewed by 652
Abstract
A detailed study on continuous-time photonic compression (CTPC) for generating wideband signals is presented in this paper. CTPC enables the conversion of parallel analog waveforms from multiple channels into a time-compressed continuous-time waveform with increased bandwidth. We demonstrate a CTPC system with a [...] Read more.
A detailed study on continuous-time photonic compression (CTPC) for generating wideband signals is presented in this paper. CTPC enables the conversion of parallel analog waveforms from multiple channels into a time-compressed continuous-time waveform with increased bandwidth. We demonstrate a CTPC system with a compression factor of two in a proof-of-concept experiment. Subsequently, the origin of the distortion in the generated signals is investigated, and we proposed a method based on bandpass filtering to remove the periodic dips observed in the generated waveforms. In addition, a predistortion method is proposed to eliminate the distortion caused by the non-ideal spectral property of the multichannel system. Further simulation results are presented to show the potential of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>A single-channel photonic time compression system. MLL, mode-locked laser. EOM, electro-optical modulator. DE, dispersive element.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The continuous-time photonic compression (CTPC) system with multiple channels. MLL, mode-locked laser. OC, optical coupler. EOM, electro-optical modulator. DAC, digital-to-analog converter. DL, optical delay line.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic illustration of the operation principle of a three-channel continuous-time photonic compression (CTPC) system.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The measured power transfer function of the experimental CTPC system and the theoretically predicted one.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The modulated pulses prior to DE 2 (<b>a</b>) and the compressed pulses after DE 2 (<b>b</b>) of channel 1.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The recorded combined waveform (<b>a</b>) and the waveforms after bandpass filtering with a passband of 250 MHz (<b>b</b>) and 150 MHz (<b>c</b>), respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The spectra of the pulses from two channels (<b>a</b>) and the pulse after combining (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Simulation results of a four-channel CTPC system without predistortion: (<b>a</b>) the output waveform; (<b>b</b>) a zoom-in display on the connection area.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Simulation results of a four-channel CTPC system with predistortion: (<b>a</b>) the output waveform; (<b>b</b>) a zoom-in display on the connection area given by the dotted frame in (<b>a</b>); (<b>c</b>) the spectrogram of the output chirped signal.</p> Full article ">
9 pages, 3571 KiB  
Communication
High-Linearity Dual-Parallel Mach–Zehnder Modulators in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate
by Tao Yang, Lutong Cai, Zhanhua Huang and Lin Zhang
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100987 - 20 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1183
Abstract
Microwave photonic (MWP) systems are inseparable from conversions of microwave electrical signals into optical signals, and their performances highly depend on the linearity of electro-optic modulators. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is expected to be an ideal platform for future microwave photonic systems due [...] Read more.
Microwave photonic (MWP) systems are inseparable from conversions of microwave electrical signals into optical signals, and their performances highly depend on the linearity of electro-optic modulators. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is expected to be an ideal platform for future microwave photonic systems due to its compact size, low optical loss, linear electro-optic effect, and high bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a TFLN modulator with a low voltage–length product (VπL) of 1.97 V·cm and an ultra-high-linearity carrier-to-distortion ratio (CDR) of 112.33 dB, using a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration. It provides an effective approach to fully suppress the third-order intermodulation distortions (IMD3), leading to 76 dB improvement over a single Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) in TFLN. The proposed TFLN modulator would enable a wide variety of applications in integrated MWP systems with large-scale integration, low power consumption, low optical loss, and high bandwidth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic of the dual-parallel MZM in TFLN.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) The cross-section of the phase shifter area. (<b>b</b>) RF electric field distribution and (<b>c</b>) electric field of the optical TE<sub>00</sub> mode.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Calculated V<sub>π</sub>L and optical loss induced by metal absorption as a function of waveguide width and electrode gap. The white circle indicates the positions for the lowest V<sub>π</sub>L on the contour line of 0.1 dB/cm loss.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Calculated (<b>a</b>) power of the FH component, (<b>b</b>) power of the IMD3 component, and (<b>c</b>) CDR at different power splitting ratios. (<b>d</b>) The relationships between RF power splitting ratio and optical power splitting ratio when the powers of the FH and IMD3 components are 0.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) The relationship between the power of the FH component and the RF power splitting ratio under the condition of <span class="html-italic">P</span><sub>IMD3</sub> = 0. (<b>b</b>) The power splitting ratios (both <span class="html-italic">γ</span> and <span class="html-italic">β</span>) and the FH power at different phase shifter lengths.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Variations in the powers of FH and IMD3 components of the dual-parallel MZM at a different (<b>a</b>) RF power splitting ratio and (<b>b</b>) optical power splitting ratio near their optimal values. (<b>c</b>) Degradations of CDR as the power splitting ratios (both <span class="html-italic">γ</span> and <span class="html-italic">β</span>) deviate from their ideal values. (<b>d</b>) Performance of the modulation linearity of the single MZM at different phase shifter lengths.</p> Full article ">
9 pages, 2255 KiB  
Article
A Microwave Photonic Channelized Receiver Based on Polarization-Division Multiplexing of Optical Signals
by Bo Chen, Jingyi Wang, Yankun Li, Jiajun Tan, Changhui Liang and Qunfeng Dong
Photonics 2024, 11(9), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090834 - 3 Sep 2024
Viewed by 871
Abstract
Aimed at the problems of optical frequency combs, such as their large number of comb lines, their high flatness, and their lack of ease in generating, as well as the fact that the channelization efficiency of the scheme based on optical frequency combs [...] Read more.
Aimed at the problems of optical frequency combs, such as their large number of comb lines, their high flatness, and their lack of ease in generating, as well as the fact that the channelization efficiency of the scheme based on optical frequency combs is low, we proposed a microwave photonic channelization receiver based on signal polarization multiplexing. Using two-line local optical frequency combs with different frequencies to demodulate the RF signal in the orthogonal polarization state, 16 sub-channels with a bandwidth of 1 GHz can be received simultaneously. The experimental results show that the image rejection ratio can reach 28 dB, and the third-order spurious-free dynamic range of the system can reach 96.8 dB·Hz2∕3. This scheme has the advantages of a large number of sub-channels and a high channelization efficiency; it has great application potential in broadband wireless communication, radar, and electronic warfare systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
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Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of the proposed microwave photonic RF channelizer.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Spectral diagram of channel reception; (<b>a</b>): before channelization, (<b>b</b>) after channelization.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The output spectrum of the DPMZM.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>SFDR measurement results (<b>a</b>) without balanced detection and (<b>b</b>) with balanced detection.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Electrical spectra of (<b>a</b>) Ch-6 as the desired channel and (<b>b</b>) Ch-8 as the desired channel.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Electrical spectra of (<b>a</b>) Ch-9 as the desired channel and (<b>b</b>) Ch-11 as the desired channel.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Electrical spectra of (<b>a</b>) Ch-1 as the desired channel and (<b>b</b>) Ch-3 as the desired channel.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Measured EVM and constellation diagram.</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 1071 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Study of Microwave Frequency Comb Generation in a Semiconductor Laser Subject to Modulated Optical Injection and Optoelectronic Feedback
by Chenpeng Xue, Wei Chen, Beibei Zhu, Zuxing Zhang and Yanhua Hong
Photonics 2024, 11(8), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080741 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 880
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation on the generation of a microwave frequency comb (MFC) using a semiconductor laser subjected to periodic-modulated optical injection. To enhance performance, optoelectronic feedback is incorporated through a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator. The results show that the first [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation on the generation of a microwave frequency comb (MFC) using a semiconductor laser subjected to periodic-modulated optical injection. To enhance performance, optoelectronic feedback is incorporated through a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator. The results show that the first optoelectronic feedback loop, with a delay time inversely proportional to the modulation frequency, can optimize MFC generation through a mode-locking effect and the second optoelectronic feedback loop with a multiple delay time of the first one can further enhance the performance of the MFC. The comb linewidth appears to decrease with the increase in the second-loop delay time in the power function. These results are consistent with experimental observations reported in the literature. We also explore the impact of the feedback index on comb contrast, the statistical characteristics of the central 128 lines within the MFC, and side peak suppression. The simulation results demonstrate the presence of an optimal feedback index. The study also reveals that linewidth reduction, through increasing the feedback index and delay time, comes at the cost of declining side peak suppression. These findings collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing MFC generation and pave the way for the design and optimization of high-performance MFC systems for various applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Scheme diagram of the MFC based on the modulated optical injection and optoelectronic feedback. PD: photodetector, Att: attenuator, PC: polarization controller, SG: signal generator, Cir: optical circulator, Spl: splitter, DMZM: dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator, OSA: optical spectrum analyzer, PSA: power spectrum analyzer.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Optical spectra (left column) and power spectra (right column) of the case with injection parameters (0.13, 7 GHz): (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) correspond to the case with conventional optical injection, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) are for the case with modulated optical injection.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Bandwidth of the MFC as a function of modulation index. The insets (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show the MFC spectra with respect to the modulation index <span class="html-italic">m</span> = 0.05 and <span class="html-italic">m</span> = 0.12, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Power spectra of the generated dense MFC signals when the single-loop feedback <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 61.53 ns: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.04, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.08, (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.10, and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.12.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Boxplot of line power with extreme values and quartiles and (<b>b</b>) 3-dB linewidth of the MFC as a function of feedback index <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Boxplot of line power and linewidth of the MFC as a function of the second-loop feedback index <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 8<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>: (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>) are for the case with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.08, (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>) are for the case with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.1, and (<b>c</b>,<b>f</b>) are for the case with <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.12.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Power spectra of the MFC with (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.04 and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.08, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.10 and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 8<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>SPSC as a function of feedback index in loop 2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Power spectra of the MFC where (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>τ</mi> </semantics></math> = 32, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>τ</mi> </semantics></math> = 128, (<b>c</b>), and linewidth and (<b>d</b>) SPSC are a function of the delay time ratio, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.10, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.02.</p> Full article ">
8 pages, 1799 KiB  
Article
Thermo-Optic Switch with High Tuning Efficiency Based on Nanobeam Cavity and Hydrogen-Doped Indium Oxide Microheater
by Weiyu Tong, Shangjing Li, Jiahui Zhang, Jianji Dong, Bin Hu and Xinliang Zhang
Photonics 2024, 11(8), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080738 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1121
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient on-chip thermo-optic (TO) switch based on a photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) and a hydrogen-doped indium oxide (IHO) microheater. The small mode volume of the PCNC and the close-range heating through the transparent conductive oxide IHO [...] Read more.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient on-chip thermo-optic (TO) switch based on a photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) and a hydrogen-doped indium oxide (IHO) microheater. The small mode volume of the PCNC and the close-range heating through the transparent conductive oxide IHO greatly enhance the coupling between the thermal field and the optical field, increasing the TO tuning efficiency. The experimental results show that the TO tuning efficiency can reach 1.326 nm/mW. And the rise time and fall time are measured to be 3.90 and 2.65 μs, respectively. In addition, compared with the conventional metal microheater, the measured extinction ratios of the switches are close (25.8 dB and 27.6 dB, respectively), indicating that the IHO microheater does not introduce obvious insertion loss. Our demonstration showcases the immense potential of this TO switch as a unit device for on-chip large-scale integrated arrays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of the PCNC. (<b>b</b>) Simulated electric field distribution of the PCNC at the resonance wavelength. (<b>c</b>) SEM image of the PCNC. (<b>d</b>) Simplified cross-sectional diagram of the TO switches (not to scale). WG—waveguide. H = 1 μm; h = 200 nm.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Microscope image of the TO switch with the NiCr microheater. Au—symbol of the element gold. (<b>b</b>) Microscope image of the TO switch with the IHO microheater.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Transmission spectra and resonance shifts of the TO switch with the NiCr microheater for different heating powers. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Transmission spectra and resonance shifts of the TO switch with the IHO microheater for different heating powers.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) The ON/OFF states and the dynamic response of the TO switch with the NiCr microheater. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) The ON/OFF states and the dynamic response of the TO switch with the IHO microheater.</p> Full article ">
13 pages, 4603 KiB  
Article
Microscopic Temperature Sensor Based on End-Face Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Interferometer
by Maria Chesnokova, Danil Nurmukhametov, Roman Ponomarev, Timur Agliullin, Artem Kuznetsov, Airat Sakhabutdinov, Oleg Morozov and Roman Makarov
Photonics 2024, 11(8), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080712 - 30 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1137
Abstract
This work proposes a simple and affordable technology for the manufacturing of a miniature end-face fiber-optic temperature sensor based on a Fabry–Perot interferometer formed from a transparent UV-curable resin. For the manufactured working prototype of the sensor, the sensitivity and operating temperature range [...] Read more.
This work proposes a simple and affordable technology for the manufacturing of a miniature end-face fiber-optic temperature sensor based on a Fabry–Perot interferometer formed from a transparent UV-curable resin. For the manufactured working prototype of the sensor, the sensitivity and operating temperature range were determined, and the methods for their enhancement were proposed. Due to its small size, the proposed type of sensor can be used in high-precision and minimally invasive temperature measurements, in biology for microscale sample monitoring, and in medicine during operations using high-power lasers. A microwave photonic method is proposed that enables the interrogation of the sensor without using an optical spectrum analyzer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Microwave Photonics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>A general scheme for the formation of a sensitive element, which includes the following: a radiation source (Laser), 3-axes positioner, source of UV radiation (UV lamp), microscope connected to a computer, and an optical power meter.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The process of forming a sensitive element (images from a microscope): (<b>a</b>) applying a drop of photopolymer material to the end of the fiber; (<b>b</b>) the formation of a “bridge”; (<b>c</b>) polymerization; and (<b>d</b>) chipping with the formation of a “column” of hardened polymer at the end of the optical fiber.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>A microphotograph of a sensitive element formed from a polymer based on optical adhesive A545 (the length of the “column” is 76.8 μm, and the diameter is 25.6 μm, photo taken using a Leitz Ergolux AMC microscope).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of measurement setup; (<b>b</b>) emission spectrum of superluminescent fiber source; (<b>c</b>) reflection spectrum of sensitive element depicted in <a href="#photonics-11-00712-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Modeled reflection spectrum of sensitive element at different values of temperature in range from 25 to 50 °C; (<b>b</b>) peak of modeled reflection spectrum at varying temperatures.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The shift in the modeled reflection spectrum depending on temperature changes (blue dots) and the linear approximation of data (blue solid line), sensitivity ~0.0446 nm/°C.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>A microphotograph of a sensitive element used in the temperature tests (photo taken using a Leitz Ergolux AMC microscope).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Reflection spectrum of sensitive element at various values of temperature in range from 25 to 50 °C; (<b>b</b>) peak of reflection spectrum at varying temperatures.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The shift in the reflection spectrum depending on temperature changes, sensitivity ~0.0441 nm/°C.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The microwave photonic interrogation of the Fabry–Perot interferometer: the spectral response of the FPI (black line), spectrum of the probing radiation (red line).</p> Full article ">
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