[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/
You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.8
3.1
Journals
Materials
Special Issues
New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling
materials-logo
Submit to Materials Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2024) | Viewed by 5854

Special Issue Editor

Dr. David Donnermeyer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building W 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
Interests: endodontics; bioceramic sealer; root canal sealer; root canal filling materials; calcium-silicate-based sealers; root canal obturation; root canal filling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The quality of root canal treatment has improved over recent decades due to milestone developments of new materials, concepts and techniques. Ongoing development shows the needs for further improvements. Modifications of Nickel–Titanium alloys, for example, were crucial for the introduction of highly flexible and fracture resistant endodontic instruments. In addition, root canal filling materials have evolved in terms of biocompatibility and bioactivity. New developments can enhance present materials, and new materials and techniques need to undergo independent investigations.

The main aim of this Special Issue is to present recent progress in root canal preparation and root canal filing.

This Special Issue will include high-quality original research papers, review papers, and case studies dealing with the development and application of new materials and techniques for root canal preparation and filling.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit original research papers and state-of-the-art reviews for this Special Issue.

Dr. David Donnermeyer
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ni-Ti-File
  • Nickel–Titanium
  • root canal preparation
  • root canal treatment
  • root canal obturation
  • endodontic sealer
  • gutta-percha
  • calcium-silicate-based sealer
  • root canal irrigation

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

12 pages, 4651 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Surface Roughness and Plastic Deformation of Reciprocating Instruments after Clinical Use
by Ángel Herrera, Magdalena Azabal, Jesús R. Jimenez-Octavio, Juan C. del Real-Romero, Sara López de Armentia, Juan M. Asensio-Gil and Ana Arias
Materials 2024, 17(16), 3978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163978 - 10 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1160
Abstract
This study assessed the surface topography and plastic deformation (PD) of new and used contemporary reciprocating instruments. Twenty-six WaveOne Gold (WOG) and EdgeOne Fire (EO) instruments were photographed under magnification. The instruments were randomly assigned to a control group of new instruments preserved [...] Read more.
This study assessed the surface topography and plastic deformation (PD) of new and used contemporary reciprocating instruments. Twenty-six WaveOne Gold (WOG) and EdgeOne Fire (EO) instruments were photographed under magnification. The instruments were randomly assigned to a control group of new instruments preserved for surface roughness analysis (n = 6 each), or to an experimental group to shape the root canal system of a single molar (n = 20 each), making a total of four groups (WOGnew, EOnew, WOGused, EOused). Used instruments were also photographed after instrumentation. The presence of fractures was registered. Preoperative and postoperative images were randomly ordered for evaluation. Two blinded calibrated examiners evaluated the presence of PD. Inter-observer agreement was calculated with the Kappa coefficient (K = 0.89). 3D profilometry was also used for the surface roughness analysis of six randomly selected instruments from the WOGused and EOused groups. Chi-square and two-way ANOVA tests were used to, respectively, compare PD and changes in surface roughness among the groups. No instruments fractured; however, a significantly greater percentage of EO instruments suffered plastic deformation than WOG instruments (p < 0.001), (OR = 11.09 (CI 95% 2.6–56.3)). The overall surface roughness was higher for most parameters in the EO instruments (p < 0.05). Single uses of EO instruments produced significantly higher chances of PD and increased surface roughness values compared to WOG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Stereoscopic microscopy photographs of new and used EO and WOG at two different segments of the instruments. Notice the plastic deformation in the apical portion of the EOused instruments.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Representative three-dimensional surface plot measurements (in microns) of new and used EO and WOG instruments.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Roughness profiles (in microns) of the blades of representative samples of new and used EO and WOG instruments.</p> Full article ">
11 pages, 4733 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Sol–Gelled Barium Zirconate as Novel MTA Radiopacifiers
by Hsiu-Na Lin, May-Show Chen, Pei-Jung Chang, Yao-Chi Lee, Chin-Yi Chen, Yuh-Jing Chiou and Chung-Kwei Lin
Materials 2024, 17(12), 3015; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17123015 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 786
Abstract
Barium zirconate (BaZrO3, BZO), which exhibits superior mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, has been widely used in many applications. In dentistry, BZO is used as a radiopacifier in mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) for endodontic filling applications. In the present study, BZO [...] Read more.
Barium zirconate (BaZrO3, BZO), which exhibits superior mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, has been widely used in many applications. In dentistry, BZO is used as a radiopacifier in mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) for endodontic filling applications. In the present study, BZO was prepared using the sol–gel process, followed by calcination at 700–1000 °C. The calcined BZO powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Thereafter, MTA-like cements with the addition of calcined BZO powder were evaluated to determine the optimal composition based on radiopacity, diametral tensile strength (DTS), and setting times. The experimental results showed that calcined BZO exhibited a majority BZO phase with minor zirconia crystals. The crystallinity, the percentage, and the average crystalline size of BZO increased with the increasing calcination temperature. The optimal MTA-like cement was obtained by adding 20% of the 700 °C-calcined BZO powder. The initial and final setting times were 25 and 32 min, respectively. They were significantly shorter than those (70 and 56 min, respectively) prepared with commercial BZO powder. It exhibited a radiopacity of 3.60 ± 0.22 mmAl and a DTS of 3.02 ± 0.18 MPa. After 28 days of simulated oral environment storage, the radiopacity and DTS decreased to 3.36 ± 0.53 mmAl and 2.84 ± 0.27 MPa, respectively. This suggests that 700 °C-calcined BZO powder has potential as a novel radiopacifier for MTAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) XRD pattern and (<b>b</b>) SEM photo of commercial barium zirconate (C-BZO) powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Radiopacity of MTA-like cements prepared by adding 20, 30, and 40% of commercial BZO powder. The red dashed line indicates the ISO standard requirement (3 mmAl).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Diametral tensile strength of MTA-like cements prepared by adding 20, 30, and 40% of commercial BZO powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves for as-prepared sol–gelled BZO powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>XRD patterns of sol–gelled BZO powders after calcination at 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C for 2 h. The sol–gelled and 700–1000 °C-calcined BZO powders were coded as BZO-7, -8, -9, and -10, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Percentage of composition and (<b>b</b>) average crystalline size of sol–gelled BZO powders calcined at 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C for 2 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>SEM images of sol–gelled barium titanate calcined at (<b>a</b>) 700, (<b>b</b>) 800, (<b>c</b>) 900, and (<b>d</b>) 1000 °C for 2 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Histogram analysis of grain sizes from SEM images for sol–gelled barium titanate calcined at (<b>a</b>) 700, (<b>b</b>) 800, (<b>c</b>) 900, and (<b>d</b>) 1000 °C for 2 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Radiopacity of MTA-like cements prepared by adding 20% of various BZO powders. The red dashed line indicates the ISO standard requirement (3 mmAl).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>DTS of MTA-like cements prepared by adding 20% of various BZO powders.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Initial and final setting times for selected MTA-like cements prepared by adding 20% of various BZO powders and solidified with powder/water = 3:1. Pure Portland cement (PC) was also used for comparison.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 5559 KiB  
Article
Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Synthesis of One-Pot Sol-Gelled Barium Titanate Powder and Its Performance as an Endodontic Radiopacifier
by Pei-Jung Chang, May-Show Chen, Chi-Han Cheng, Yuh-Jing Chiou, Chin-Yi Chen, Cherng-Yuh Su and Chung-Kwei Lin
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112701 - 3 Jun 2024
Viewed by 957
Abstract
Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO), conventionally used for dielectric and ferroelectric applications, has been assessed for biomedical applications, such as its utilization as a radiopacifier in mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) for endodontic treatment. In the present study, BTO powders were prepared using [...] Read more.
Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO), conventionally used for dielectric and ferroelectric applications, has been assessed for biomedical applications, such as its utilization as a radiopacifier in mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) for endodontic treatment. In the present study, BTO powders were prepared using the sol-gel process, followed by calcination at 400–1100 °C. The X-ray diffraction technique was then used to examine the as-prepared powders to elucidate the effect of calcination on the phase composition and crystalline size of BTO. Calcined BTO powders were then used as radiopacifiers for MTA. MTA-like cements were investigated to determine the optimal calcination temperature based on the radiopacity and diametral tensile strength (DTS). The experimental results showed that the formation of BTO phase was observed after calcination at temperatures of 600 °C and above. The calcined powders were a mixture of BaTiO3 phase with residual BaCO3 and/or Ba2TiO4 phases. The performance of MTA-like cements with BTO addition increased with increasing calcination temperature up to 1000 °C. The radiopacity, however, decreased after 7 days of simulated oral environmental storage, whereas an increase in DTS was observed. Optimal MTA-like cement was obtained by adding 40 wt.% 1000 °C-calcined BTO powder, with its resulting radiopacity and DTS at 4.83 ± 0.61 mmAl and 2.86 ± 0.33 MPa, respectively. After 7 days, the radiopacity decreased slightly to 4.69 ± 0.51 mmAl, accompanied by an increase in DTS to 3.13 ± 0.70 MPa. The optimal cement was biocompatible and verified using MG 63 and L929 cell lines, which exhibited cell viability higher than 95%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Thermal analysis of sol-gelled BTO powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>XRD patterns of sol-gelled BTO powder after calcination at different temperatures for 1 h. The bottom three patterns are referenced powder diffraction files (PDF) from International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Compositions and (<b>b</b>) crystalline sizes of sol-gelled BTO powder after calcination at different temperatures for 1 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>SEM images of sol-gelled BTO powder after calcination at (<b>a</b>) 400, (<b>b</b>) 600, (<b>c</b>) 800, (<b>d</b>) 900, (<b>e</b>) 1000, and (<b>f</b>) 1100 °C for 1 h.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Radiopacity performance of MTA-like cements prepared by adding (<b>a</b>) 20 and (<b>b</b>) 40 weight percentages of sol-gelled powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Statistical analysis of radiopacity performance for MTA-like cements prepared with (<b>a</b>) 20 and (<b>b</b>) 40 weight percentages of sol-gelled powder. “ns” designates no significant difference, whereas *, **, and *** indicate that these two sets of samples were statistically different at 95%, 99%, and 99.9% confidence intervals, respectively. The middle ones compare the same sets of samples after 1 day and 7 days of setting. Those in the lower triangle compare different samples after 1 day of setting, whereas those in the upper triangle compare different samples after 7 days of setting.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>DTS of MTA-like cements prepared with (<b>a</b>) 20 and (<b>b</b>) 40 weight percentages of sol-gelled powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Statistical analysis of DTS performance for MTA-like cements prepared with (<b>a</b>) 20 and (<b>b</b>) 40 weight percentages of sol-gelled powder. “ns” designates no significant difference, whereas *, **, and *** indicate that these two sets of samples were statistically different at a 95%, 99%, and 99.9% confidence interval, respectively. The middle ones compare the same sets of samples after 1 day and 7 days of setting. Those in the lower triangle compare different samples after 1 day of setting, whereas those in the upper triangle compare different samples after 7 days of setting.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Cell viability of (<b>a</b>) MG63 and (<b>b</b>) L929 cells tested at different concentrations of extract from PC and 40 wt.% BTO. The cell viability was determined using Alamar Blue.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>MG63 cell morphologies examined at different concentrations of extract from (<b>a1</b>–<b>a3</b>) control, (<b>b1</b>–<b>b3</b>) PC, and (<b>c1</b>–<b>c3</b>) 40 wt.% BTO.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>L929 cell morphologies examined at different concentrations of extract from (<b>a1</b>–<b>a3</b>) control, (<b>b1</b>–<b>b3</b>) PC, and (<b>c1</b>–<b>c3</b>) 40 wt.% BTO.</p> Full article ">
11 pages, 3282 KiB  
Article
Cyclic Fatigue of Different Reciprocating Endodontic Instruments Using Matching Artificial Root Canals at Body Temperature In Vitro
by Sebastian Bürklein, Paul Maßmann, Edgar Schäfer and David Donnermeyer
Materials 2024, 17(4), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040827 - 8 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1162
Abstract
Reciprocating motion expands the lifetime of endodontic instruments during the preparation of severely curved root canals. This study aimed to investigate the time to fracture (TTF) and number of cycles to failure (NCF) of different reciprocating instruments (n = 20 in each [...] Read more.
Reciprocating motion expands the lifetime of endodontic instruments during the preparation of severely curved root canals. This study aimed to investigate the time to fracture (TTF) and number of cycles to failure (NCF) of different reciprocating instruments (n = 20 in each group) at body temperature using a dynamic testing model (amplitude = 3 mm). Reciproc Blue (RPB), size 25/.08, WaveOne Gold (WOG) 25/.07, Procodile (Proc) 25/.06, R-Motion (RM_06) 25/.06 and R-Motion (RM_04) 30/.04 instruments were tested in their specific reciprocating motion in artificial matching root canals (size of the instrument ± 0.02 mm; angle of curvature 60°, radius 5.0 mm, and centre of curvature 5.0 mm from apical endpoint). The number of fractured instruments, TTF, NCF, the and lengths of the fractured instruments were recorded and statistically analysed using the Chi-Square or Kruskal–Wallis test. Both TTF (median 720, 643, 562, 406, 254 s) and the NCF (3600, 3215, 2810, 2032, 1482 cycles) decreased in the following order RM_06 > RPB > RM_04 > Proc > WOG with partially significant differences. During testing, only six RM_06 instruments fractured, whereas 16/20 (RPB), 18/20 (Proc), and 20/20 (RM_04, WOG) fractures were recorded (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of the present study, blue-coloured RPB and RM instruments exhibited a significantly superior cyclic fatigue resistance compared to SE-NiTi and Gold-wire instruments. Heat treatment, cross-sectional design and core mass significantly influenced the longevity of reciprocating instruments in cyclic dynamic testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Reciprocating instruments included in the study; Reciproc Blue (RPB), Procodile (Proc), R-Motion 25/.06 (RM_06), WaveOne Gold (WOG), R-Motion 30/.04 (RM_04).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Time to fracture of the different groups with mean, median, 95% confidence interval and outliers. Bars/groups with the same alphabet letter did not differ significantly (significance level <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Number of cycles to failure of the different groups with mean, median, 95% confidence interval and outliers. Bars/groups with the same alphabet letter did not differ significantly (significance level <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Cross-sectional characteristics of the tested instruments exactly at 6 mm from the tip. Note: different core mass (dotted line) and outer diameter (full circle) were obvious.</p> Full article ">
14 pages, 5695 KiB  
Article
Endodontic Radiopacifying Application of Barium Titanate Prepared through a Combination of Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment
by Hsiu-Na Lin, Wei-Wen Chen, Chun-Chun Hsu, May-Show Chen, Pei-Jung Chang, Wei-Min Chang, Fang-Hao Zhang, Chin-Yi Chen, Pee-Yew Lee and Chung-Kwei Lin
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237270 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1098
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) are commonly used as endodontic filling materials but suffer from a long setting time and tooth discoloration. In the present study, the feasibility of using barium titanate (BTO) for discoloration and a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution to [...] Read more.
Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) are commonly used as endodontic filling materials but suffer from a long setting time and tooth discoloration. In the present study, the feasibility of using barium titanate (BTO) for discoloration and a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution to shorten the setting time was investigated. BTO powder was prepared using high-energy ball milling for 3 h, followed by sintering at 700–1300 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the crystallinity and crystalline size of the as-milled and heat-treated powders. MTA-like cements were then prepared using 20–40 wt.% BTO as a radiopacifier and solidified using a 0–30% CaCl2 solution. The corresponding radiopacity, diametral tensile strength (DTS), initial and final setting times, and discoloration performance were examined. The experimental results showed that for the BTO powder prepared using a combination of mechanical milling and heat treatment, the crystallinity and crystalline size increased with the increasing sintering temperature. The BTO sintered at 1300 °C (i.e., BTO-13) exhibited the best radiopacity and DTS. The MTA-like cement supplemented with 30% BTO-13 and solidified with a 10% CaCl2 solution exhibited a radiopacity of 3.68 ± 0.24 mmAl and a DTS of 2.54 ± 0.28 MPa, respectively. In the accelerated discoloration examination using UV irradiation, the color difference was less than 1.6 and significantly lower than the clinically perceptible level (3.7). This novel MTA exhibiting a superior color stability, shortened setting time, and excellent biocompatibility has potential for use in endodontic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Techniques for Root Canal Preparation and Filling)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>X-ray diffraction patterns of as-milled and heat-treated powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Average crystalline size of heat-treated barium titanate powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Radiopacity of various MTA-like cements prepared using Portland cement (PC), commercial barium titanate (C-BTO), and BTO-9, BTO-11, and BTO-13 powders.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Diametral tensile strength of various MTA-like cements prepared using Portland cement (PC), commercial barium titanate (C-BTO), and BTO-9, BTO-11, and BTO-13 powders.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Radiopacity and (<b>b</b>) diametral tensile strength of MTA-like cements prepared using 20, 30, and 40% BTO-13 powder.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Initial (grey color) and final (white color) setting time for MTA-like cements prepared using BTO-13 powder and solidified with deionized water, and 10–30% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution. Portland cement (PC) solidified using deionized water is also given for comparison.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Radiopacity and (<b>b</b>) diametral tensile strength of MTA-like cements prepared by using 30% BTO-13 and solidified with 10–30% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Photos of MTA-like cements prepared using BTO-13 powder and solidified with deionized water, as well as 10% and 20% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solutions. Portland cement (PC) and PC with Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> solidified using deionized water are also given for comparison.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Full scale and (<b>b</b>) partial scale for ΔE<sub>00</sub> values of MTA-like cements prepared using BTO-13 powder and solidified with deionized water, as well as 10% and 20% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solutions. Portland cement (PC) and PC with Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> solidified using deionized water are also given for comparison.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Cell viability of L929 cells immersed in the extracts of 30% BTO-13-supplemented MTA-like cements solidified with deionized water (DI) and 10% CaCl<sub>2</sub> and 20% CaCl<sub>2</sub> solutions.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>L929 cell morphology of BTO13-30 with different extracts, including (<b>a</b>) Ctrl, (<b>b</b>) PC, (<b>c</b>) 10% CaCl<sub>2</sub>, (<b>d</b>) and 20% CaCl<sub>2</sub> immersion for 24 h.</p> Full article ">
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-5
Back to TopTop