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Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases
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Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2025 | Viewed by 8256

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yoana D. Kisselova-Kaneva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
Interests: biomarkers; inflammation; oxidative stress; obesity; metabolic syndrome; cancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tatyana Ivanova Vlaykova

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
2. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Interests: oncogenetics; biomarkers; COPD; bronchial asthma

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Noncommunicable diseases are believed to be the most common cause of death, among which cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes are the most prominent. Impaired lipid profile, hyperglycemia, hypertension and obesity are associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, and the most common consequences of it are cardio-vascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, which can be related to multiple non-modifiable (age, gender, and genetic vulnerability) or modifiable risk factors, such as diet and lifestyle. Metabolic syndrome is also associated with an increased risk of malignancies. Establishing reliable molecular biomarkers for such pathologies is a challenge from both medicinal and pharmaceutical point of views.

This Special Issue aims to focus on the new advancements in the search of molecular biomarkers for noncommunicable diseases that will be vital for early detection, diagnostics, treatment and monitoring of diseases as well as for personalized and precision medicine. Identification of specific markers that correspond with certain lifestyles and the effectiveness of applied therapies of NCD patients are also of interest.

Dr. Yoana D. Kisselova-Kaneva
Dr. Tatyana Ivanova Vlaykova
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • noncommunicable diseases
  • metabolic syndrome
  • obesity
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • dyslipidemia
  • cancer
  • autoimmune diseases
  • biomarkers

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 948 KiB  
Article
Selected microRNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescent Girls
by Vilhelm Mladenov, Maria Radanova, Sonya Galcheva and Violeta Iotova
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2772; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052772 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 195
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hyperandrogenic disorder in reproductive age women. Identifying new biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring the disease. MiRNAs correlate with PCOS-related comorbidities, suggesting their potential as biomarkers. This study [...] Read more.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hyperandrogenic disorder in reproductive age women. Identifying new biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring the disease. MiRNAs correlate with PCOS-related comorbidities, suggesting their potential as biomarkers. This study examined plasma concentrations of miR-451a, miR-15a-5p, miR-320-5p, miR-28-5p, miR-103a-5p, and miR-194-5p in adolescents with PCOS, healthy controls, and hyperandrogenic controls without PCOS. Correlations between microRNA levels and PCOS features were analyzed. Methods: Data on auxological, physical, metabolic, and hormonal parameters were collected from study groups. MiRNAs were extracted from plasma. Expression levels were measured by qPCR and calculated using the 2−∆∆Ct method. Results: Significant elevations in plasma levels of miR-15a-5p, miR-320-5p, miR-103a-5p, and miR-194-5p were observed in PCOS patients. Optimal threshold values for plasma miR-320-5p and miR-103a-5p effectively differentiated PCOS patients from healthy subjects, achieving 100% specificity and 76% sensitivity. In patients, expression of the four miRNAs showed significant positive correlations with some anthropometric and clinical parameters: miR-320-5p with systolic blood pressure, miR-103a-5p with CRP levels, miR-15a-5p with systolic blood pressure and CRP, and miR-194-5p with weight, waist circumference, and CRP. Conclusions: Among the investigated miRNAs, miR-320-5p and miR-103a-5p exhibited the most favorable diagnostic performance for PCOS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Comparative analysis of miRNA expression: Evaluation of (<b>a</b>) miR-145a, (<b>b</b>) miR-15a-5p, (<b>c</b>) miR-320-5p, (<b>d</b>) miR-28-5p, (<b>e</b>) miR-103a-5p, and (<b>f</b>) miR-194-5p levels in plasma samples obtained from individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), healthy control (HC), and hyperandrogenic control group (HAC). All miRNA expression levels were determined through qPCR analysis. U6 RNA was utilized as the internal reference control. The 2<sup>−∆∆Ct</sup> method was applied to calculate comparative expression of miRNAs. Statistical comparisons between PCOS patients and control groups (HA and HAC) were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test and the results are displayed as mean ± SD.</p> Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>Comparative analysis of miRNA expression: Evaluation of (<b>a</b>) miR-145a, (<b>b</b>) miR-15a-5p, (<b>c</b>) miR-320-5p, (<b>d</b>) miR-28-5p, (<b>e</b>) miR-103a-5p, and (<b>f</b>) miR-194-5p levels in plasma samples obtained from individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), healthy control (HC), and hyperandrogenic control group (HAC). All miRNA expression levels were determined through qPCR analysis. U6 RNA was utilized as the internal reference control. The 2<sup>−∆∆Ct</sup> method was applied to calculate comparative expression of miRNAs. Statistical comparisons between PCOS patients and control groups (HA and HAC) were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test and the results are displayed as mean ± SD.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>ROC curves of miR-15a-5p utilized to differentiate patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) from (<b>a</b>) healthy control (HC) and (<b>b</b>) hyperandrogenic control (HAC) groups, and ROC curves of (<b>c</b>) miR-320-5p, (<b>d</b>) miR-103a-5p, and (<b>e</b>) miR-194-5p employed to distinguish PCOS patients from HC.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 6294 KiB  
Article
Cmpk2 Gene and Protein Expression in Saliva or Salivary Glands of Dyslipidemic Mice
by Baiyan Zhang, Akiyo Kawamoto, Masato Nakagawa, Yoshitomo Honda and Kazuya Takahashi
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12004; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412004 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 905
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers are promising molecules for diagnosing systemic diseases. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) is associated with various systemic diseases. However, little is known about the role of the CMPK2 gene in saliva and dyslipidemia. This study investigated the relationship between [...] Read more.
Salivary biomarkers are promising molecules for diagnosing systemic diseases. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) is associated with various systemic diseases. However, little is known about the role of the CMPK2 gene in saliva and dyslipidemia. This study investigated the relationship between serum lipid levels and Cmpk2 mRNA expression in the saliva of dyslipidemic mice. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was employed to assess the localization of the CMPK2 protein in the submandibular gland. Two types of dyslipidemic mice were utilized: mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and genetically dyslipidemic ApoE-deficient mice. The mice at 9 to 46 weeks were analyzed for serum lipid levels, Cmpk2 mRNA expression in saliva, and CMPK2 protein localization in the submandibular glands. Both dyslipidemic mice displayed elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol in serum. ApoE-deficient mice apparently exhibited increased Cmpk2 expression in saliva. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that CMPK2 proteins were primarily localized in the serous acini, potentially associated with the secretion of Cmpk2 mRNA in saliva. These findings suggest that Cmpk2 mRNA increases and is detectable in the saliva of dyslipidemic mice, providing a viable experimental model to assess the potential use of CMPK2 as a biomarker for dyslipidemia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)
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<p>Schematic illustration of mice husbandry process: Diet and rearing duration. <b>C:</b> C57BL/6 mice, <b>A:</b> ApoE-deficient mice, <b>C−:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet, <b>C+:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet, <b>A−:</b> ApoE-deficient mice fed a normal diet. (n = 3).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Representative images of diets. (<b>A</b>) Normal diet. (<b>B</b>) HFHC diet.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Body size and fat accumulation. (<b>A</b>) Body size of 9 w and 46 w mice. Body size of 9 w C mice (white dotted line). (<b>B</b>) Body weight changes. *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 (comparison to the C−): one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. (<b>C</b>) Visceral fat of 9 w and 46 w mice (submandibular space and retroperitoneal space). Adipose tissue (red arrow). <b>C:</b> C57BL/6 mice, <b>A:</b> ApoE-deficient mice, <b>C−:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet, <b>C+:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a HFHC diet, <b>A−:</b> ApoE-deficient mice fed a normal diet (n = 3).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Quantitative biochemical analysis of serum lipid levels. (<b>A</b>) Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (T-CHO), and triglyceride (TG) levels in 9 w mice. (<b>B</b>) LDL-C, T-CHO, and TG in 46 w mice. Reference ranges: T-CHO (51–171 mg/dL), TG (29–150 mg/dL). Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). ns: no significant difference, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001: Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test for 9 w mice, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test for 46 w mice. <b>C:</b> C57BL/6 mice, <b>A:</b> ApoE-deficient mice, <b>C−:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet, <b>C+:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a HFHC diet, <b>A−:</b> ApoE-deficient mice fed a normal diet.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (<span class="html-italic">Cmpk2</span>) mRNA expression in saliva. (<b>A</b>) The expression of <span class="html-italic">Cmpk2</span> mRNA in the saliva of 9 w mice was quantified using qRT-PCR and normalized to <span class="html-italic">Actb</span>. (<b>B</b>) The expression of <span class="html-italic">Cmpk2</span> mRNA in the saliva of 46 w mice was detected by qRT-PCR, and then the relative expression of <span class="html-italic">Cmpk2</span> in the saliva of the C+ group and A− group was compared with C−. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). ns: no significant difference, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001: Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test for 9 w mice, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test for 46 w mice. <b>C:</b> C57BL/6 mice, <b>A:</b> ApoE-deficient mice, <b>C−:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet, <b>C+:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a HFHC diet, <b>A−:</b> ApoE-deficient mice fed a normal diet.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Macroscopic view of the submandibular gland and its histology. (<b>A</b>) Schematic view of the submandibular gland (position and morphology). (<b>B</b>) Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) staining of the submandibular gland (n = 4). D: duct (black arrow), SA: serous acini (white arrowhead), MA: mucous acini (black arrowhead). <b>C:</b> C57BL/6 mice, <b>A:</b> ApoE-deficient mice, <b>C−:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet, <b>C+:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a HFHC diet, <b>A−:</b> ApoE-deficient mice fed a normal diet.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Immunofluorescence staining of the submandibular gland and its quantitative data. (<b>A</b>) The submandibular gland was stained with pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK), DAPI (DAPI-Fluoromount-G), and <span class="html-italic">CMPK2</span>. Pan-CK binds to salivary gland epithelial cells, while DAPI binds to cell nuclei. (<b>B</b>) The quantification of <span class="html-italic">CMPK2</span> fluorescence intensity was quantified using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). Data are mean ± SD (n = 4). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001: Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test for 9 w mice, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test for 46 w mice. (<b>C</b>) Focus on serous demilune in H-E and immunofluorescence staining images of the submandibular gland (merge image of pan-CK, <span class="html-italic">CMPK2</span>, and DAPI); <span class="html-italic">CMPK2</span> is localized in the serous acini. SA: serous acini, MA: mucous acini. SeD: serous demilune (white dotted line and arrow). <b>C:</b> C57BL/6 mice, <b>A:</b> ApoE-deficient mice, <b>C−:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet, <b>C+:</b> C57BL/6 mice fed a HFHC diet, <b>A−:</b> ApoE-deficient mice fed a normal diet.</p> Full article ">
14 pages, 595 KiB  
Article
Serum Concentrations of IGF-1R, ERK2, and EGFR and Their Clinical Significance in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors
by Roksana Duszkiewicz, Janusz Strzelczyk, Elżbieta Chełmecka and Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6998; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166998 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1152
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors located mainly in the gastrointestinal tract or the respiratory system. We aimed to determine the concentrations of IGF-1R, ERK2, and EGFR using the ELISA method in serum samples from patients with NETs and from a [...] Read more.
Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors located mainly in the gastrointestinal tract or the respiratory system. We aimed to determine the concentrations of IGF-1R, ERK2, and EGFR using the ELISA method in serum samples from patients with NETs and from a control group. Results were evaluated with the selected demographic, clinicopathological, and biochemical characteristics. The analyses performed on a group of patients (80 in the study group and 62 in the control group) showed that the concentration of EGFR in patients with neuroendocrine tumors was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, a significantly higher (p < 0.001) EGFR concentration was found in GEP-NET. Our results indicate that impaired EGFR signaling pathways are important in the context of neuroendocrine tumors. The data presented are a good starting point for further analysis of these proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)
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<p>Median concentration of EGFR in the study and control groups.</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 215 KiB  
Article
Cardiac Troponins I and T as Biomarkers of Cardiomyocyte Injury—Advantages and Disadvantages of Each
by Joško Osredkar, Amila Bajrić, Hugon Možina, Luka Lipar and Aleš Jerin
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6007; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146007 - 10 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2677
Abstract
Measurement of cardiac troponin in serum is an essential part of diagnosing myocardial infarction in the emergency department. The guidelines suggest that high-sensitivity techniques should be used for measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). The aim of our study [...] Read more.
Measurement of cardiac troponin in serum is an essential part of diagnosing myocardial infarction in the emergency department. The guidelines suggest that high-sensitivity techniques should be used for measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT). The aim of our study was to correlate the values of both troponins, and to ascertain which type of troponin is more in agreement with the diagnosis. The patients were classified into four groups: 43 patients in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), 7 in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 48 in Type 2 myocardial infarction, and 21 in the control group. A significant correlation between cTnI and cTnT was found in the NSTEMI (r = 0.70) and Type 2 (r = 0.75) groups while in the control group there was no association (r = −0.06). The ratios of cTnI and cTnT relative to their cut-off values were lower in Type 2 myocardial infarction compared to NSTEMI. This difference can be attributed to the pathophysiology of these two types of heart conditions. The ratio in the NSTEMI group was higher in female than in male patients (53.3 vs. 24.6 ng/L); the same difference was found for the ratio of cTnT (20.8 vs. 13.1 ng/L). In the same manner, the ratios in the Type 2 group were higher in female than in male patients for cTnI (25.6 vs. 12.7 ng/L) as well as for cTnT (19.0 vs. 6.73 ng/L). These differences could be due to biological differences, but they could also be influenced by other factors contributing to different damage responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)
14 pages, 899 KiB  
Article
Serum Profiling of Proinflammatory Mediators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Indication for Use in Differential Diagnosis
by Aleksandra Górecka, Grzegorz Wisowski, Yoana Kisselova-Kaneva, Diana Ivanova, Paweł Olczyk and Katarzyna Komosinska-Vassev
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5434; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135434 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1359
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal diseases, among which Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) represent the two main types. The differential diagnosis of these two disorders is often a significant challenge, as there is a lack of [...] Read more.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal diseases, among which Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) represent the two main types. The differential diagnosis of these two disorders is often a significant challenge, as there is a lack of specific and non-invasive biomarkers. In this study, we assessed the serum profile of proinflammatory mediators (E- and P-selectin, CCL2, IL-1α, IL-12p70, TNF-α) in patients with IBD to identify biomarkers helpful in the differential diagnosis of CD and UC. The conducted statistical analyses revealed a significant increase in E-selectin, P-selectin, IL-1α, and IL-12p70 levels in the serum of CD patients compared to UC. The performed ROC curve analysis identified moderate values of E-selectin (AUC 0.752), P-selectin (AUC 0.733), and IL-1α (AUC 0.731) in differentiating CD from UC, while IL-12p70 presented a satisfactory value (AUC 0.695). Simultaneous measurements of each biomarker with serum calprotectin improved the ability of E-selectin (AUC 0.752 vs. 0.829), P-selectin (AUC 0.733 vs. 0.75), IL-1α (AUC 0.731 vs. 0.778), and IL-12p70 (AUC 0.695 vs. 0.714) to differentiate CD from UC. Moreover, we identified a significant relationship between the concentration of CCL2 (r = 0.566, p < 0.005) and TNF-α (r = 0.431, p < 0.05) and the disease activity expressed as the Mayo score in the UC group. We also identified a significant relationship between the concentration of E-selectin (r = 0.372, p < 0.05), CCL-2 (r = 0.55, p < 0.05), IL-1α (r = 0.637, p < 0.005), and TNF-α in the group of patients with UC. Another significant correlation in the UC group was noted in the case of E-selectin and IL-12p70 (r = 0.542, p < 0.05), as well as between IL1-α and P-selectin (r = 0.514, p < 0.05). The results obtained in this study indicate the potential use of E-selectin, P-selectin, IL-1α, and IL-12p70 serum profiles in differentiating CD from UC. Regarding the significant relationship of CCL2 and TNF-α with the Mayo score, these two biomarkers might be useful in assessing and monitoring the disease activity during UC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)
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<p>Comparison of serum E—selectin, P—selectin, IL—1α, and IL—12p70 levels between patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; CD—patients with Crohn’s disease; UC—patients with ulcerative colitis.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>ROC curve of E-selectin, P-selectin, IL-1α, and IL-12p70 in differentiating patients with Crohn’s disease from patients with ulcerative colitis.</p> Full article ">
25 pages, 6549 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Hidden Potential of Simple but Promising Blood Cell Parameters on Acute Myocardial Infarction Prognostication
by Cosmina Elena Jercălău, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Lavinia Nicoleta Brezeanu, Roxana Oana Darabont, Suzana Guberna, Gabriela Postolea, Octavian Ceban and Crina Julieta Sinescu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2545; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062545 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1035
Abstract
Background: Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), a disease of mounting interest, continues to pose challenges and cast shadows of doubt on determining the optimal timing for revascularization. The current guidelines on NSTEMI recommend coronary angiography based on the GRACE score, emphasizing the critical need [...] Read more.
Background: Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), a disease of mounting interest, continues to pose challenges and cast shadows of doubt on determining the optimal timing for revascularization. The current guidelines on NSTEMI recommend coronary angiography based on the GRACE score, emphasizing the critical need for early invasive assessment (within 24 h); very-high-risk patients have to undergo this intervention even sooner, within 2 h. We believe that a reality check of these assumptions is needed and that we should endeavor to update these strategies using new predictive markers. Materials and methods: Our study included patients hospitalized for NSTEMI over the course of 16 months. Simple blood parameters, namely MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MPV (mean platelet volume), RDW (red blood cell distribution width), and PDW (platelet distribution width), were analyzed in correlation with the extent of the myocardial infarction area and with complications during hospitalization and at 30-day follow-up. Results: The parameters mentioned above have been identified as statistically relevant indicators of prognosis in patients with NSTEMI. Conclusions: In the present day, living in the world of the blue sky concept allows us to search for new diagnostic algorithms. Therefore, the combination of these parameters can constitute the DNA strands of a new and up-to-date score stratification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Biomarkers for Noncommunicable Diseases)
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<p>Linear relationship between RDW and creatinine. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Linear relationship between MPV and creatinine. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Linear relationship between RDW and NT-proBNP. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>MCV levels in individuals with NSTEMI Killip class III–IV vs. without Killip class III–IV. The diamond symbol means an aberrant value. The colors represent different values. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>ROC curve for predicting Killip class III–IV based on the MCV value. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Likelihood of individuals developing Killip class III–IV derived from MCV value. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>MPV value in patients with NSTEMI Killip class III–IV vs. without Killip class III–IV. The diamond symbol means an aberrant value. The colors represent different values. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Receiver operating characteristics analysis and curve for predicting Killip class III–IV based on MPV value. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>RDW value in patients with NSTEMI and necessity of surgical revascularization vs. patients without necessity of surgical revascularization. The diamond symbol means an aberrant value. The colors represent different values. * The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Probability of patients receiving an indication for surgical revascularization based on RDW values by applying a logistic regression model. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>ROC curve for predicting the indication for surgical revascularization based on the RDW value. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>RDW value in patients with NSTEMI and triple vessel disease vs. without triple vessel disease. The diamond symbol means an aberrant value. The colors represent different values. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Likelihood of individuals having triple vessel disease derived from RDW values using a logistic regression model. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Receiver operating characteristics analysis and curve for predicting triple vessel disease based on an RDW value. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>ROC curve for predicting one-month mortality based on an PDW value. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>PDW value in patients with NSTEMI and one-month mortality vs. patients with non-one-month mortality. The diamond symbol means an aberrant value. The colors represent different values. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Probability of one-month mortality based on PDW values by applying logistic regression model. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Correlation between RDW and length of hospitalization. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Receiver operating characteristics analysis and curve for MCV in predicting in-hospital mortality. The figure is an original contribution by the authors.</p> Full article ">
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