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Applied Sciences
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Design and Application of Bionic Aircraft and Biofuels
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Design and Application of Bionic Aircraft and Biofuels

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Aerospace Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2025 | Viewed by 6813

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ziyu Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering/School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: biofuels; aircraft design; bionic engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyi Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Energy and Environment International Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: biofuels; fluid mechanics; pyrolysis; HTL
Prof. Dr. Xiangsheng Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Interests: data driven; physical–data fusion; thermal deformation; vibration reduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the increasing emphasis on sustainability and environmental consciousness, the aerospace industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards the development of bionic aircraft, aerospace vehicles, and biofuels. Bionic design draws inspiration from biological systems to enhance aerodynamic efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, and improve overall performance. Concurrently, biofuels derived from renewable sources offer promising alternatives to traditional aviation fuels, contributing to carbon emission reduction and mitigating environmental impacts. Thus, a broader range of investigations to promote the development of aerospace engineering is of particular interest.

This Special Issue on the “Design and Application of Bionic Aircraft and Biofuels” aims to discuss bionic aircraft, biofuels, aerospace vehicles, combustion, and emissions. Original research papers, communications, and reviews concerning bionic design and biofuels are welcomed and invited for inclusion in this Special Issue. 

Dr. Ziyu Liu
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyi Yang
Prof. Dr. Xiangsheng Gao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bionic aircraft
  • biofuels
  • aerospace vehicles
  • bionic robotics
  • sustainable aviation
  • combustion and emissions
  • aerospace engineering
  • renewable energy
  • environmental impact assessment
  • life cycle assessment
  • flight dynamics

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3570 KiB  
Article
A Bionic Social Learning Strategy Pigeon-Inspired Optimization for Multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperative Path Planning
by Yankai Shen, Xinan Liu, Xiao Ma, Hong Du and Long Xin
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020910 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
This paper proposes a bionic social learning strategy pigeon-inspired optimization (BSLSPIO) algorithm to tackle cooperative path planning for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with cooperative detection. Firstly, a modified pigeon-inspired optimization (PIO) is proposed, which incorporates a bionic social learning strategy. In this [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a bionic social learning strategy pigeon-inspired optimization (BSLSPIO) algorithm to tackle cooperative path planning for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with cooperative detection. Firstly, a modified pigeon-inspired optimization (PIO) is proposed, which incorporates a bionic social learning strategy. In this modification, the global best is replaced by the average of the top-ranked solutions in the map and compass operator, while the global center is replaced by the local center in the landmark operator. The paper also proves the algorithm’s convergence and provides complexity analysis. Comparison experiments demonstrate that the proposed method searches for the optimal solution while guaranteeing fast convergence. Subsequently, a path-planning model, detection units’ network model, and cost estimation are constructed. The developed BSLSPIO is utilized to generate feasible paths for UAVs, adhering to time consistency constraints. The simulation results show that the BSLSPIO generates feasible paths at minimum cost and effectively solves the UAVs’ cooperative path-planning problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Bionic Aircraft and Biofuels)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The standard PIO.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The operations of the proposed BSLSPIO: (<b>a</b>) the modified map and compass operator; (<b>b</b>) the modified landmark operator.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The designed sigmoid functions: (<b>a</b>) the sigmoid function 1; (<b>b</b>) the sigmoid function 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The comparison curves of some tested functions: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>3</sub>; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>5</sub>; (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>9</sub>; and (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">F</span><sub>11</sub>.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The coordination of UAVs path planning.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Multi-UAV cooperative path planning.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The relative distances between each UAV.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The comparison curves of different methods.</p> Full article ">

Review

Jump to: Research

27 pages, 2214 KiB  
Review
Comparison of Emission Properties of Sustainable Aviation Fuels and Conventional Aviation Fuels: A Review
by Zehua Song, Zekai Li and Ziyu Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5484; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135484 - 24 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5776
Abstract
In order to achieve the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) goal of achieving net-zero emissions in the aviation industry by 2050, there has been a growing emphasis globally on the technological development and practical application of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). Discrepancies in feedstock [...] Read more.
In order to achieve the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) goal of achieving net-zero emissions in the aviation industry by 2050, there has been a growing emphasis globally on the technological development and practical application of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). Discrepancies in feedstock and production processes result in differences in composition between SAFs and traditional aviation fuels, ultimately affecting the emission performance of the two types of fuel. This paper discusses the impact of CO2/NOx/SO2/CO/PM/UHC emissions from the aviation industry on the natural environment and human health by comparing the two types of fuel under the same conditions. Fuel combustion is a complex process in the combustor of an engine, which transfers chemical energy into heat energy. The completeness of combustion is related to the fuel properties, including spray, evaporation, and flammability. Therefore, engine performance is not only affected by fuel performance, but also interacts with engine structure and control laws. The CO2 emissions of SAFs differ significantly from traditional aviation fuels from a lifecycle analysis perspective, and most SAFs can reduce CO2 emissions by 41–89%. Compared with traditional aviation fuels, SAFs and blended fuels can significantly reduce SO2 and PM emissions. Pure Fischer–Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosine (FT-SPK) can reduce SO2 and PM emissions by 92% and 70–95% respectively, owing to its extremely low sulfur and aromatic compound content. In contrast, the differences in NOx emissions between the two types of fuel are not significant, as their generation mechanisms largely stem from thermal drive and turbulent flow in the combustor, with emissions performance being correlated to power output and flame temperature profile in engine testing. CO and UHC emissions are related to engine operating conditions and the physical/chemical properties of the SAFs, with no significant upward or downward trend. Therefore, SAFs have significant advantages over conventional aviation fuels in terms of CO2, SO2, and PM emissions, and can effectively reduce the hazards of aviation to the environment and human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Bionic Aircraft and Biofuels)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Boundary analysis of LCA systems for SAFs and Jet A-1 fuel. The lifecycle inventory can be divided into five categories: raw material acquisition and processing, fuel production, transportation and storage, usage phase, and waste management and recycling. WTWa = well-to-wake.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>GHGs emissions over the full life cycle of SAFs. Data are sourced from [<a href="#B47-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. The green dashed line represents 0 g CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/MJ, while the red dashed line indicates 90 g CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/MJ, corresponding with the GHG emissions of conventional aviation fuel. The six bar graphs depict the GHG emissions for HEFA, CH, FT, HDCJ, DSHC, and ATJ fuels.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Overall emissions of six pollutants in China–foreign routes from 2014 to 2021 [<a href="#B81-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. The orange, purple, yellow, pink, green and grey icons represent CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, UHC, NO<sub>x</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> emissions, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>EI-SO<sub>2</sub> of different aviation fuels varying with (<b>a</b>) fuel flow [<a href="#B34-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">34</a>], (<b>b</b>) exhaust gas temperature (EGC) [<a href="#B99-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">99</a>], (<b>c</b>) power setting [<a href="#B100-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">100</a>], and (<b>d</b>) regime [<a href="#B102-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">102</a>]. The EI-SO2 of the same fuel shows minimal variation with changes in engine operating conditions and EGC. However, blending SAFs can effectively reduce the EI-SO<sub>2</sub> of JP-8 and Jet A.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>EI ratio compared with medium-sulfur-content Jet A fuel under medium thrust at cruise conditions (PM = particulate matter, vPM = volatile particulate matter, nvPM = non-volatile particulate matter) [<a href="#B123-applsci-14-05484" class="html-bibr">123</a>]. The 50% HEFA blend fuel effectively reduced both the number and volume of vPM and nvPM. Additionally, blend fuel exhibited varying degrees of reductions in BC, CO and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.</p> Full article ">
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