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Volume 7
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Foods, Volume 7, Issue 2 (February 2018) – 17 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): An analytical study was performed to investigate, for the first time, the presence of antioxidant constituents and the corresponding in vitro antioxidant activity in the extract of cladodes from Ficodindia di San Cono (Opuntia ficus-indica) protected designation of origin (PDO). This study provides basic information on the presence of bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant activities in cladode extracts from cactus that might recommend their novel applications at the industrial level in the field of nutraceutical products. View the paper here.
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22 pages, 4087 KiB  
Article
Free Monoterpene Isomer Profiles of Vitis Vinifera L. cv. White Wines
by Mei Song, Claudio Fuentes, Athena Loos and Elizabeth Tomasino
Foods 2018, 7(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020027 - 21 Feb 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6791
Abstract
Monoterpene compounds contribute floral and fruity characters to wine and are desired by grape growers and winemakers for many white wines. However, monoterpene isomers, especially monoterpene enantiomers, have been little explored. It is possible to identify and quantitate 17 monoterpene isomers in 148 [...] Read more.
Monoterpene compounds contribute floral and fruity characters to wine and are desired by grape growers and winemakers for many white wines. However, monoterpene isomers, especially monoterpene enantiomers, have been little explored. It is possible to identify and quantitate 17 monoterpene isomers in 148 varietal wines from eight grape varieties; Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Muscat, Pinot gris, Riesling, Sauvignon blanc, Torrontes, and Viognier in two vintages by Headspace solidphase microextraction multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-MDGC-MS). Results obtained from general linear models and discriminant analysis showed significant differences for the isomer profiles and enantiomer fractions among the eight grape varieties and four wine styles. The high R2 values from the fitted line show low variation in enantiomeric differences based on variety. These results provide an overview of the monoterpene isomers of wide varietal wines, and support that isomer profiles and enantiomer fractions could differentiate our wines by varietal and wine style. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wine Composition and Quality Analysis)
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<p>Clustered bar for isomers percentages in each varietal wine.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Discriminant plot of varietal wines on concentration of monoterpene isomers.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Discriminant plot of wine style on concentration of monoterpene isomers.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>X-Y scatterplots of enantiomer pair concentrations (µg/L) in all varietal wines with fitted lines and adjusted <span class="html-italic">R</span><sup>2</sup>.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p><b>Discriminant plot of grape variety and wine style on monoterpene enantiomer fractions</b>. Panel <b>A</b>, varietal wine scores were represented by centroids surrounded by 95% confident regions (the solid circle). Panel <b>B</b>, all enantiomer fractions vectors were shown based on varietal wines. Panel <b>C</b>, wine styles scores were represented by centroids surrounded by 95% confident regions. Panel <b>D</b>, all enantiomer fractions vectors were shown based on wine style.</p> Full article ">
10 pages, 892 KiB  
Article
Serve Size and Estimated Energy and Protein Contents of Meals Prepared by ‘Meals on Wheels’ South Australia Inc.: Findings from a Meal Audit Study
by Tony Arjuna, Michelle Miller, Stijn Soenen, Ian Chapman, Renuka Visvanathan and Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
Foods 2018, 7(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020026 - 20 Feb 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6651
Abstract
An audit of ‘standard’ (STD) and ‘energy and protein fortified’ (HEHP) meals from Meals on Wheels (MOW) South Australia’s summer menu was conducted to evaluate the consistency, and serve size and nutrient contents, of their menu items. Twenty soups, 20 mains and 20 [...] Read more.
An audit of ‘standard’ (STD) and ‘energy and protein fortified’ (HEHP) meals from Meals on Wheels (MOW) South Australia’s summer menu was conducted to evaluate the consistency, and serve size and nutrient contents, of their menu items. Twenty soups, 20 mains and 20 desserts from each of the STD and HEHP menus were prepared at the MOW South Australia’s kitchen and delivered to three ‘sham(dummy)-clients’ over a 5-week period. Each meal component was weighed in triplicate, to the nearest gram, the variation within the serve weight was calculated, and the overall energy and protein content of each meal was determined using FoodWorks (Xyris Software, Highgate Hill, Queensland, Australia). On average, the variability for soups and mains was ≤6% and for desserts was ≤10% and although the measured serve sizes of the MOW meals were consistently smaller than prescribed serve size, the differences were minor. As a percentage of recommended daily intakes (RDIs) for adults aged over 60 years, we calculated that the STD meals contained 21–39% for energy and 42–63% for protein while the HEHP meals contained 29–55% for energy and 46–69% for protein. These findings demonstrate that MOW meals currently meet the voluntary meal guidelines for energy and protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
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<p>Meal audit process. STD: standard meals, HEHP: high energy and protein fortified meals; nutrient content was analyzed using FoodWorks 3.01. MOW: Meals on Wheels.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 2048 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical and Rheological Properties of a Dairy Dessert, Enriched with Chickpea Flour
by Victoria Guadalupe Aguilar-Raymundo and Jorge Fernando Vélez-Ruiz
Foods 2018, 7(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020025 - 18 Feb 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7569
Abstract
Dairy desserts are complex mixtures and matrices including main components such as milk, sugar, starch, hydrocolloids, colorants and flavors, with a proteinaceous structure; they are widely consumed and present a semisolid consistency. In this work, the physicochemical and rheological properties of a dairy [...] Read more.
Dairy desserts are complex mixtures and matrices including main components such as milk, sugar, starch, hydrocolloids, colorants and flavors, with a proteinaceous structure; they are widely consumed and present a semisolid consistency. In this work, the physicochemical and rheological properties of a dairy dessert with the addition of chickpea flour (raw and cooked, at four concentrations) were studied to determine the effect of the flour. The results indicated that luminosity (L*: 62.75–83.29), pH (6.35–7.11) and acidity (1.56–3.56) changed with the type of flour. The flow properties of the custards exhibited a non-Newtonian behavior that was well fitted by three flow models. The studied custard systems were stored for twelve days at 4 °C. The physicochemical and flow properties of the custards changed notably as a function of flour addition and storage time. From all samples, only four were analyzed with oscillatory tests, showing their mechanical spectra with elastic behavior. The dessert texture was also measured, founding that those formulated with Blanco Noroeste chickpea flour exhibited the highest values of hardness (0.356–0.391 N) through the twelve days. It can be concluded that those custard systems with the highest content of flour presented a very good response as a potential new dairy product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality and Consumer Acceptability of Dairy Foods)
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<p>Flows curves of dairy desserts at 0 and 12 days, (<b>a</b>) and (<b>b</b>) correspond to raw flours (R) and (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) correspond to cooked flour (C). BN: Blanco Noroeste; C4: Costa 2004.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Mechanical spectra for four custard desserts (RBN4, RC44, CBN4, CC44) at (<b>a</b>) day 1, (<b>b</b>) day 5 and (<b>c</b>) day 9. Empty symbols for the storage modulus (G’) and filled symbols for the loss modulus (G’’).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Average hardness for four custard desserts with raw and cooked chickpea flour (different letters indicating significant difference, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 by Tukey test).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Percentage of resistant starch in four formulations of a dairy dessert (different letters indicating significant difference, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 by Tukey test).</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 426 KiB  
Article
Italian Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes as Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds with Health-Promoting Properties
by Gabriele Rocchetti, Marco Pellizzoni, Domenico Montesano and Luigi Lucini
Foods 2018, 7(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020024 - 18 Feb 2018
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 8316
Abstract
Natural by-products, especially phenolic compounds, are in great demand by the nutra-pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. An analytical study was performed to investigate, for the first time, the presence of antioxidant constituents and the corresponding in vitro antioxidant activity in the extract of cladodes [...] Read more.
Natural by-products, especially phenolic compounds, are in great demand by the nutra-pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. An analytical study was performed to investigate, for the first time, the presence of antioxidant constituents and the corresponding in vitro antioxidant activity in the extract of cladodes from Ficodindia di San Cono (Opuntia ficus-indica) protected designation of origin (PDO). The cladode extracts were analysed for target determination of selected constituents, i.e., β-polysaccharides and total phenolic content. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts was assessed by means of two different methods: α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. An untargeted UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS profiling approach was used to depict the phenolic profile of hydro-alcoholic cladode extracts. Interestingly, over 2 g/kg of polyphenols were detected in this matrix, and these compounds were mainly responsible for the antioxidant properties, as shown by the strong correlation between phenolic classes and antioxidant scores. Finally, this study provides basic information on the presence of bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant activities in cladode extracts from cactus that might recommend their novel applications at the industrial level in the field of nutraceutical products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals: The New Frontier)
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Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Abundance of different chemical classes of polyphenols in Ficodindia di San Cono PDO cladodes analysed (cumulative intensities as gained from UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS profiling).</p> Full article ">
10 pages, 648 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Determination of Interesterification Markers (Triacylglycerol Regioisomers) in Confectionery Oils by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
by Valentina Santoro, Federica Dal Bello, Riccardo Aigotti, Daniela Gastaldi, Francesco Romaniello, Emanuele Forte, Martina Magni, Claudio Baiocchi and Claudio Medana
Foods 2018, 7(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020023 - 16 Feb 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5997
Abstract
Interesterification is an industrial transformation process aiming to change the physico-chemical properties of vegetable oils by redistributing fatty acid position within the original constituent of the triglycerides. In the confectionery industry, controlling formation degree of positional isomers is important in order to obtain [...] Read more.
Interesterification is an industrial transformation process aiming to change the physico-chemical properties of vegetable oils by redistributing fatty acid position within the original constituent of the triglycerides. In the confectionery industry, controlling formation degree of positional isomers is important in order to obtain fats with the desired properties. Silver ion HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is the analytical technique usually adopted to separate triglycerides (TAGs) having different unsaturation degrees. However, separation of TAG positional isomers is a challenge when the number of double bonds is the same and the only difference is in their position within the triglyceride molecule. The TAG positional isomers involved in the present work have a structural specificity that require a separation method tailored to the needs of confectionery industry. The aim of this work was to obtain a chromatographic resolution that might allow reliable qualitative and quantitative evaluation of TAG positional isomers within reasonably rapid retention times and robust in respect of repeatability and reproducibility. The resulting analytical procedure was applied both to confectionery raw materials and final products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis)
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<p>Chromatographic separation of standard TAG (triglyceride) regioisomers visualized at the extracted precursor ion m/z values.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Full mass spectra of isobaric positional isomers POP (palmitoyl-oleoyl-palmitoyl glycerol) (<b>a</b>) and PPO (palmitoyl-palmitoyl-oleoyl glycerol) (<b>b</b>) showing the specificity of thermal fragmentation mechanism.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Chromatographic separation of TAG regioisomers typical of interesterified Shea oil (<b>a</b>) and Palm oil (<b>b</b>) visualized at the extracted precursor ion m/z values.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>LC-MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) chromatograms of cocoa butter samples pre deodorization (<b>a</b>) and deodorized at two different temperatures 220 °C (<b>b</b>) and 260 °C (<b>c</b>), corresponding to the absence and to the presence of thermally formed positional isomers, respectively.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 262 KiB  
Article
What Are the Main Drivers of Young Consumers Purchasing Traditional Food Products? European Field Research
by George Vlontzos, Leonidas Kyrgiakos and Marie Noelle Duquenne
Foods 2018, 7(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020022 - 12 Feb 2018
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 10172
Abstract
In this research, the attitude of European young adults (age 18 to 30 years) regarding their consumption of local and traditional products was examined. The survey was conducted on a sample of 836 consumers from seven European countries (Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, [...] Read more.
In this research, the attitude of European young adults (age 18 to 30 years) regarding their consumption of local and traditional products was examined. The survey was conducted on a sample of 836 consumers from seven European countries (Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Denmark and France). Data collection was made by distributing a developed questionnaire through social media and university mail services. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify consumer perception comparing the overall sample with two subsets (consumers from Eastern and Western European countries). Six major factors were revealed: consumer behavior, uncertainty about health issues, cost, influence of media and friends and availability in store. Young adults had a positive attitude to local and traditional food products, but they expressed insecurity about health issues. Cost factor had less of an influence on interviewees from Eastern European countries than those from the overall sample (3rd and 5th factor accordingly). Influence of close environment was a different factor in Eastern countries compared to Western ones, for which it was common to see an influence from media. Females and older people (25–30 years old) have fewer doubts about Traditional Food Products, while media have a high influence on consumers’ decisions. The aim of this survey was to identify the consumer profiles of young adults and create different promotion strategies of local and traditional products among the two groups of countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
14 pages, 797 KiB  
Article
An Overview of Chemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Commercial Vegetable Edible Oils Marketed in Japan
by Tran Dang Xuan, Gu Gangqiang, Truong Ngoc Minh, Tran Ngoc Quy and Tran Dang Khanh
Foods 2018, 7(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020021 - 10 Feb 2018
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9484
Abstract
This study analyzed chemical components and investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fourteen vegetable edible oils marketed in Japan. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantify principal phenolic acids and flavonoids. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, sunflower, [...] Read more.
This study analyzed chemical components and investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fourteen vegetable edible oils marketed in Japan. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantify principal phenolic acids and flavonoids. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, sunflower, safflower, canola, soybean, Inca inchi, sesame, and rice bran showed markedly greater activity, whilst the percentage of lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI%) in sunflower, canola, cotton, grape, flax, perilla, Inca inchi, perillartine, and rice bran were significantly higher than other oils. Maximum total phenol content (TPC) was recorded in flax, followed by perillartine, rice bran, and perilla, whereas total flavonoid content (TFC) was the greatest in Inca inchi and sesame. Benzoic acid was the most common constituent, followed by vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. On the other hand, luteolin was the most abundant flavonoid, followed by esculetin, myricetin, isoquercetin, and kaempferol, while fisetin was detected only in sunflower. In general, all of the edible oils showed antimicrobial activity, but the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of cotton, grape, chia, sesame, and rice bran were greater than other oils. Full article
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<p>HPLC chromatogram of phenolic acid standards. Peaks 1: gallic acid; 2: protocatechuic acid; 3: catechol; 4: chlorogenic acid; 5: <span class="html-italic">p</span>-hydroxybenzoic acid; 6: vanillic acid; 7: caffeic acid; 8: syringic acid; 9: vanillin; 10: ferulic acid; 11: sinapic acid; 12: <span class="html-italic">p</span>-coumaric acid; 13: benzoic acid; 14: ellagic acid; 15: cinnamic acid.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>HPLC chromatogram of the flavonoid standards. Peaks 1: esculetin; 2: isoquercetin; 3: myricetin; 4: fisetin; 5: quercetin n-hydrate; 6: quercetin; 7: luteolin; 8: kaempferol; 9: isohamnetin; 10: apigenin; 11: rhamnetin; 12: galangin.</p> Full article ">
8 pages, 1131 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-Zeaxanthin in the Organs of Carotenoid-Supplemented Chickens
by David Phelan, Alfonso Prado-Cabrero and John M. Nolan
Foods 2018, 7(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020020 - 3 Feb 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7252
Abstract
The macular carotenoids (i.e., lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ)) exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and optical properties that are believed to support human health and function. Studying the accumulation and distribution of these nutrients in tissues and organs, in addition to the [...] Read more.
The macular carotenoids (i.e., lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ)) exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and optical properties that are believed to support human health and function. Studying the accumulation and distribution of these nutrients in tissues and organs, in addition to the eye, is an important step in understanding how these nutrients might support global human function and health (e.g., heart and brain). Chicken is an appropriate animal model with which to study the accumulation of these carotenoids in organs, as the relevant transport molecules and carotenoid binding proteins for L, Z and MZ are present in both humans and chickens. In this experiment, a sample of 3 chickens that were supplemented with L and MZ diacetate (active group) and a sample of 3 chickens that received a standard diet (control group) were analysed. Both groups were analysed for L, Z and MZ concentrations in the brain, eyes, heart, lung, duodenum/pancreas, jejunum/ileum, kidney and breast tissue. L, Z and MZ were identified in all the organs/tissues analysed from the active group. L and Z were identified in all of the organs/tissues analysed from the control group; while, MZ was identified in the eyes of these animals only. The discovery that MZ is accumulated in the tissues and organs of chickens supplemented with this carotenoid is important, given that it is known that a combination of L, Z and MZ exhibits superior antioxidant capacity when compared to any of these carotenoids in isolation. Full article
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<p><span class="html-italic">Meso</span>-zeaxanthin concentrations in organs of chicken fed a standard diet (control group, light grey), and chickens fed an L and MZ-enriched diet (active group, dark grey).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of the organs of chicken fed a standard diet (control group, light grey), and chickens fed an L and MZ-enriched diet (active group, dark grey).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Examples of HPLC chromatograms of tissue analysis. A: In black line, zeaxanthin stereoisomers standard (racemic mixture of (3S,3′S)-zeaxanthin (SZ), (3R,3′S)-zeaxanthin (MZ) and (3R,3′R)-β,β-Carotene-3,3′-diol (Z)). In grey line, lutein standard (L), including (3R,3′R)-β,β-Carotene-3,3′-diol (Z). Examples of eyes, heart, liver and brain analysis from the control and the supplemented groups.</p> Full article ">
14 pages, 284 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Essential Oils Obtained from Abruzzo Autochthonous Plants: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Assessment for Food Application
by Marika Pellegrini, Antonella Ricci, Annalisa Serio, Clemencia Chaves-López, Giovanni Mazzarrino, Serena D’Amato, Claudio Lo Sterzo and Antonello Paparella
Foods 2018, 7(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020019 - 2 Feb 2018
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 7575
Abstract
In the present study, the essential oils (EOs) of some officinal plants from Abruzzo territory (Italy) were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and their volatile fraction chemical characterization. The EOs were extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis [...] Read more.
In the present study, the essential oils (EOs) of some officinal plants from Abruzzo territory (Italy) were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and their volatile fraction chemical characterization. The EOs were extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, Allium sativum, Foeniculum vulgare, Satureja montana, Thymus vulgaris and Coriandrum sativum seeds. The antimicrobial activity was screened against thirteen Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity (AOC) were assessed by means of Folin-Ciocâlteu method, and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity with 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (TEAC/ABTS), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays respectively. Among the nine EOs tested, T. vulgaris, S. montana, O. vulgare and C. sativum EOs showed MIC values ranging from 0.625 to 5 μL/mL. The AOC and TPC results for these species were also interesting. The major components for these EOs were thymol for T. vulgaris (44%) and O. vulgare (40%), linalool (77%) for C. sativum, and carvacrol for S. montana (54%). The results allowed the study to establish that these EOs are good candidates for potential application as biopreservatives in foods and/or food manufacture environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Essential Oils in Food Systems)
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14 pages, 3908 KiB  
Article
Fermentability of Novel Type-4 Resistant Starches in In Vitro System
by Jennifer M. Erickson, Justin L. Carlson, Maria L. Stewart and Joanne L. Slavin
Foods 2018, 7(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020018 - 1 Feb 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7874
Abstract
Resistant starches are non-digestible starches that are fermented in the colon by microbiota. These carbohydrates are prebiotic and can be beneficial to consumer health. Many types of resistant starch exist with varying physical properties that may result in differences in fermentability. The objective [...] Read more.
Resistant starches are non-digestible starches that are fermented in the colon by microbiota. These carbohydrates are prebiotic and can be beneficial to consumer health. Many types of resistant starch exist with varying physical properties that may result in differences in fermentability. The objective of this research project was to compare potential prebiotic effects and fermentability of four novel resistant starches using an in vitro fermentation system and measuring changes in total gas production, pH, and formation of SCFAs (short chain fatty acids). Fecal donations were collected from seven healthy volunteers. Four novel resistant starches, modified potato starch (MPS), modified tapioca starch (MTS), and modified maize starches (MMS-1 and MMS-2), were analyzed and compared to polydextrose and short chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) as controls. After twenty-four hours of fermentation, MPS and MTS responded similarly in gas production (74 mL; 70.6 mL respectively), pH (5.93; 5.93 respectively), and SCFA production (Acetate: 115; 124, Propionate: 21; 26, Butyrate: 29; 31 μmol/mL respectively). While MMS-1 had similar gas production and individual SCFA production, the pH was significantly higher (6.06). The fermentation of MMS-2 produced the least amount of gas (22 mL), with a higher pH (6.34), and lower acetate production (78.4 μmol/mL). All analyzed compounds were fermentable and promoted the formation of beneficial SCFAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Starch: From a Complex Biopolymer to a Knowledge Driven Application in Food Systems)
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<p>Mean total gas production following the in vitro fermentation of various carbohydrate sources at between 4 and 24 h post exposure to fecal microbiota of five different donors. Error bars indicate standard error. Columns with different letters are significantly different from one another within each time measurement. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 15 (5 donors × 3 replicates), FOS: fructooligosaccharides.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Total gas production after 24 h of fermentation of various carbohydrate sources in an in vitro system for each individual donor. Blank spaces above a donor number indicate a sample that did not produce gas during the in vitro fermentation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mean pH of various carbohydrate sources following in vitro fermentation between 4 and 24 h post exposure to fecal microbiota of seven different donors. Error bars indicate standard error. Columns with different letters are significantly different from one another within each time measurement. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21 (7 donors × 3 replicates).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Mean acetate production at 12 and 24 h of fermentation in an in vitro system with various carbohydrate sources. Error bars indicate standard error. Columns with different letters are significantly different from one another within each time measurement. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21 (7 donors × 3 replicates).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Mean propionate production at 12 and 24 h of fermentation in an in vitro system with various carbohydrate sources. Error bars indicate standard error. Columns with different letters are significantly different from one another within each time measurement. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21 (7 donors × 3 replicates).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Mean butyrate production at 12 and 24 h of fermentation in an in vitro system with various carbohydrate sources (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7). Error bars indicate standard error. Columns with different letters are significantly different from one another within each time measurement. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21 (7 donors × 3 replicates).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Mean total SCFA production at 12 and 24 h of fermentation in an in vitro system with various carbohydrate sources (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7). Error bars indicate standard error. Columns with different letters are significantly different from one another within each time measurement. <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21 (7 donors × 3 replicates).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Total SCFA production after 24 h of fermentation of various carbohydrate sources in an in vitro system for each individual donor.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 3283 KiB  
Article
Enrichment of Biscuits with Matcha Green Tea Powder: Its Impact on Consumer Acceptability and Acute Metabolic Response
by Benjapor Phongnarisorn, Caroline Orfila, Melvin Holmes and Lisa J. Marshall
Foods 2018, 7(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020017 - 1 Feb 2018
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11770
Abstract
Matcha green tea powder (MGTP) is made with finely ground green tea leaves that are rich in phytochemicals, most particularly catechins. Shortbread biscuits were enriched with MGTP and evaluated for consumer acceptability and potential functional health properties. Baking decreased the content of total [...] Read more.
Matcha green tea powder (MGTP) is made with finely ground green tea leaves that are rich in phytochemicals, most particularly catechins. Shortbread biscuits were enriched with MGTP and evaluated for consumer acceptability and potential functional health properties. Baking decreased the content of total catechins by 19% compared to dough, although epimerization increased the amount of (+)-gallocatechin gallate at the expense of other catechins such as (−)-epigallocatechin gallate. Consumer acceptability tests using a 9-point hedonic scale showed that consumers preferred enriched biscuits with low content of MGTP (2 g of MGTP 100 g−1 of flour), and an increase of sugar content did not significantly improve the acceptability of MGTP-enriched biscuits. Overall, enrichment of biscuits with MGTP did not significantly affect the postprandial glucose or triglyceride response (area under curve) compared to non-enriched biscuits consumed with water or MGTP drink. Enriching biscuits with Matcha green tea is acceptable to consumers, but may not bring significant postprandial effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Bioactive Properties of Food)
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Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Structure of the main catechins found in green tea.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Amount of catechins in dough and shortbread enriched with 3 levels of MGTP (2, 4, 6 g 100 g<sup>−1</sup> of flour): (<b>a</b>) EGC; (<b>b</b>) EC; (<b>c</b>) EGCG; (<b>d</b>) GCG; (<b>e</b>) ECG; (<b>f</b>) total catechins and (<b>g</b>) caffeine. Results are expressed as mg per biscuit. * indicates a significant difference (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) before and after baking. The error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 12 biscuits).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Response surfaces and contour plots of the effect of MGTP and sugar content incorporated (<b>a</b>) overall; (<b>b</b>) appearance; (<b>c</b>) aroma and (<b>d</b>) color acceptability of biscuits.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Response surfaces and contour plots of the effect of MGTP and sugar content incorporated (<b>a</b>) texture; (<b>b</b>) bitterness and (<b>c</b>) sweetness acceptability of biscuits.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Mean incremental blood glucose response curves after ingestion of control and test meals over 180 min. (<b>-</b>◆<b>-</b>) represents the blood glucose curve of the control meal that consisted of plain biscuit consumed with warm water, (<b>-</b>■<b>-</b>) represents the blood glucose curve of the test meal with Matcha green tea biscuits consumed with warm water, and (<b>..</b>▲<b>..</b>) represents the blood glucose curve of the test meal with plain biscuits consumed with a Matcha green tea drink. Data expressed as the amount of blood glucose in mmol·L<sup>−1</sup> and the error bars represent the SEM (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 10).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) The mean incremental blood triglyceride response curves after ingestion of control and test meals over 180 min (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 10 participants); (<b>b</b>) the mean incremental blood triglyceride response curves after ingestion of control and test meals over 180 min among Asian subjects (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4 participants). (<b>-</b>◆<b>-</b>) represents the blood triglyceride curve of the control meal consisting of plain biscuits, (<b>-</b>■<b>-</b>) represents the blood triglyceride curve of the test meal with Matcha green tea biscuits, and (<b>..</b>▲<b>..</b>) represents the blood triglyceride curve of the test meal with plain biscuits consumed with a Matcha green tea drink. Data expressed as the amount of triglycerides in mmol L<sup>−1</sup> and the error bars represent the SEM.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 237 KiB  
Article
Adoptable Interventions, Human Health, and Food Safety Considerations for Reducing Sodium Content of Processed Food Products
by Abimbola Allison and Aliyar Fouladkhah
Foods 2018, 7(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020016 - 1 Feb 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 9062
Abstract
Although vital for maintaining health when consumed in moderation, various epidemiological studies in recent years have shown a strong association between excess dietary sodium with an array of health complications. These associations are robust and clinically significant for development of hypertension and prehypertension, [...] Read more.
Although vital for maintaining health when consumed in moderation, various epidemiological studies in recent years have shown a strong association between excess dietary sodium with an array of health complications. These associations are robust and clinically significant for development of hypertension and prehypertension, two of the leading causes of preventable mortality worldwide, in adults with a high-sodium diet. Data from developed nations and transition economies show worldwide sodium intake of higher than recommended amounts in various nations. While natural foods typically contain a moderate amount of sodium, manufactured food products are the main contributor to dietary sodium intake, up to 75% of sodium in diet of American adults, as an example. Lower cost in formulation, positive effects on organoleptic properties of food products, effects on food quality during shelf-life, and microbiological food safety, make sodium chloride a notable candidate and an indispensable part of formulation of various products. Although low-sodium formulation of each product possesses a unique set of challenges, review of literature shows an abundance of successful experiences for products of many categories. The current study discusses adoptable interventions for product development and reformulation of products to achieve a modest amount of final sodium content while maintaining taste, quality, shelf-stability, and microbiological food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Reformulation and Innovation for Human Health)
19 pages, 5303 KiB  
Article
Polyphenolic Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Malus domestica and Prunus domestica Cultivars from Costa Rica
by Mirtha Navarro, Ileana Moreira, Elizabeth Arnaez, Silvia Quesada, Gabriela Azofeifa, Felipe Vargas, Diego Alvarado and Pei Chen
Foods 2018, 7(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020015 - 30 Jan 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7544
Abstract
The phenolic composition of skin and flesh from Malus domestica apples (Anna cultivar) and Prunus domestica plums (satsuma cultivar) commercial cultivars in Costa Rica, was studied using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) on enriched-phenolic extracts, with particular [...] Read more.
The phenolic composition of skin and flesh from Malus domestica apples (Anna cultivar) and Prunus domestica plums (satsuma cultivar) commercial cultivars in Costa Rica, was studied using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) on enriched-phenolic extracts, with particular emphasis in proanthocyanidin and flavonoids characterization. A total of 52 compounds were identified, including 21 proanthocyanidins ([(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin]) flavan-3-ols monomers, five procyanidin B-type dimers and two procyanidin A-type dimers, five procyanidin B-type trimers and two procyanidin A-type trimers, as well as one procyanidin B-type tetramer, two procyanidin B-type pentamers, and two flavan-3-ol gallates); 15 flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin and naringenin derivatives); nine phenolic acids (protochatechuic, caffeoylquinic, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives); five hydroxychalcones (phloretin and 3-hydroxyphloretin derivatives); and two isoprenoid glycosides (vomifoliol derivatives). These findings constitute the first report of such a high number and diversity of compounds in skins of one single plum cultivar and of the presence of proanthocyanidin pentamers in apple skins. Also, it is the first time that such a large number of glycosylated flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are reported in skins and flesh of a single plum cultivar. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC) was measured with high values observed for all samples, especially for fruits skins with a TPC of 619.6 and 640.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract respectively for apple and plum. Antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods were evaluated, with results showing also high values for all samples, especially again for fruit skins with IC50 of 4.54 and 5.19 µg/mL (DPPH) and 16.8 and 14.6 mmol TE/g (ORAC) respectively for apple and plum, indicating the potential value of these extracts. Significant negative correlation was found for both apple and plum samples between TPC and DPPH antioxidant values, especially for plum fruits (R = −0.981, p < 0.05) as well as significant positive correlation between TPC and ORAC, also especially for plum fruits (R = 0.993, p < 0.05) and between both, DPPH and ORAC antioxidant methods (R = 0.994, p < 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Qualitative Analysis of Food Products)
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<p>HPLC Chromatograms of <span class="html-italic">M. domestica</span> extracts: (<b>a</b>) Anna skins (<b>b</b>) Anna flesh, in a Hypersil Gold AQ RP-C18 column (200 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.9 µm) using a LTQ Orbitrap XL Mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific™, Walthman, MA, USA) in a mass range from 100 to 2000 amu.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>HPLC Chromatograms of <span class="html-italic">P. domestica</span> extracts: (<b>a</b>) Satsuma skin (<b>b</b>) Satsuma flesh in a Hypersil Gold AQ RP-C18 column (200 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.9 µm) using a LTQ Orbitrap XL Mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific™, Walthman, MA, USA) in a mass range from 100 to 2000 amu.</p> Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
<p>HPLC Chromatograms of <span class="html-italic">P. domestica</span> extracts: (<b>a</b>) Satsuma skin (<b>b</b>) Satsuma flesh in a Hypersil Gold AQ RP-C18 column (200 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.9 µm) using a LTQ Orbitrap XL Mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific™, Walthman, MA, USA) in a mass range from 100 to 2000 amu.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Flavan-3-ols monomers and gallates structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Proanthocyanidin A-type structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Proanthocyanidin B-type structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Flavonol glycosides structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Protochatechuic acid and (<b>b</b>) Shikimic acid structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p><span class="html-italic">p</span>-coumaric acid derivatives structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Chalcones structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Vomifoliol-pentosylhexoside structure and main fragments.</p> Full article ">
11 pages, 2712 KiB  
Article
Extraction and Optimization of Potato Starch and Its Application as a Stabilizer in Yogurt Manufacturing
by Ammar B. Altemimi
Foods 2018, 7(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020014 - 29 Jan 2018
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 11060
Abstract
Starch is increasingly used as a functional group in many industrial applications and foods due to its ability to work as a thickener. The experimental values of extracting starch from yellow skin potato indicate the processing conditions at 3000 rpm and 15 min [...] Read more.
Starch is increasingly used as a functional group in many industrial applications and foods due to its ability to work as a thickener. The experimental values of extracting starch from yellow skin potato indicate the processing conditions at 3000 rpm and 15 min as optimum for the highest yield of extracted starch. The effect of adding different concentrations of extracted starch under the optimized conditions was studied to determine the acidity, pH, syneresis, microbial counts, and sensory evaluation in stored yogurt manufactured at 5 °C for 15 days. The results showed that adding sufficient concentrations of starch (0.75%, 1%) could provide better results in terms of the minimum change in the total acidity, decrease in pH, reduction in syneresis, and preferable results for all sensory parameters. The results revealed that the total bacteria count of all yogurt samples increased throughout the storage time. However, adding different concentrations of optimized extracted starch had a significant effect, decreasing the microbial content compared with the control sample (YC). In addition, the results indicated that coliform bacteria were not found during the storage time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality and Consumer Acceptability of Dairy Foods)
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<p>Response surface plot showing the effect of centrifugal speed and centrifugal time on the potato starch yield (%).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Effect of adding optimized extracted starch on the microbial population of yogurt during storage.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Mean values of yogurt’s appearance during storage.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Mean values of yogurt’s body and texture during storage.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Mean values of yogurt’s flavor during storage.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Mean values of yogurt’s acidity during storage.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 281 KiB  
Review
The Role of Bacteria, Probiotics and Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
by Ashton Harper, Malwina M. Naghibi and Davinder Garcha
Foods 2018, 7(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020013 - 26 Jan 2018
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 18212
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that threatens the quality of life of millions and poses a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems around the world. Intense research into the human microbiome has led to fascinating discoveries which directly and [...] Read more.
Irritable bowel syndrome is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that threatens the quality of life of millions and poses a substantial financial burden on healthcare systems around the world. Intense research into the human microbiome has led to fascinating discoveries which directly and indirectly implicate the diversity and function of this occult organ in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology. The benefit of manipulating the gastrointestinal microbiota with diet and probiotics to improve symptoms has been demonstrated in a wealth of both animal and human studies. The positive and negative mechanistic roles bacteria play in IBS will be explored and practical probiotic and dietary choices offered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Health)
34 pages, 1440 KiB  
Review
Carbon Monoxide in Meat and Fish Packaging: Advantages and Limits
by Djamel Djenane and Pedro Roncalés
Foods 2018, 7(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020012 - 23 Jan 2018
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 21252
Abstract
Due to increased demands for greater expectation in relation to quality, convenience, safety and extended shelf-life, combined with growing demand from retailers for cost-effective extensions of fresh muscle foods’ shelf-life, the food packaging industry quickly developed to meet these expectations. During the last [...] Read more.
Due to increased demands for greater expectation in relation to quality, convenience, safety and extended shelf-life, combined with growing demand from retailers for cost-effective extensions of fresh muscle foods’ shelf-life, the food packaging industry quickly developed to meet these expectations. During the last few decades, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of foods has been a promising area of research, but much remains to be known regarding the use of unconventional gases such carbon monoxide (CO). The use of CO for meat and seafood packaging is not allowed in most countries due to the potential toxic effect, and its use is controversial in some countries. The commercial application of CO in food packaging was not then considered feasible because of possible environmental hazards for workers. CO has previously been reported to mask muscle foods’ spoilage, and this was the primary concern raised for the prohibition, as this may mislead consumers. This review was undertaken to present the most comprehensive and current overview of the widely-available, scattered information about the use of CO in the preservation of muscle foods. The advantages of CO and its industrial limits are presented and discussed. The most recent literature on the consumer safety issues related to the use of CO and consumer acceptance of CO especially in meat packaging systems were also discussed. Recommendations and future prospects were addressed for food industries, consumers and regulators on what would be a “best practice” in the use of CO in food packaging. All this promotes high ethical standards in commercial communications by means of effective regulation, for the benefit of consumers and businesses in the world, and this implies that industrialized countries and members of their regulatory agencies must develop a coherent and robust systems of regulation and control that can respond effectively to new challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality and Safety of Meat Products)
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<p>The cycle of color in fresh red meat.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Factors influencing shelf-life of fresh meat.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Photos of beefsteaks corresponding to the 21 days of storage under modified atmospheres packaging (MAP) at 1 ± 1 °C [<a href="#B188-foods-07-00012" class="html-bibr">188</a>].</p> Full article ">
8 pages, 1362 KiB  
Article
Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple
by Houda Banani, Leone Olivieri, Karin Santoro, Angelo Garibaldi, Maria Lodovica Gullino and Davide Spadaro
Foods 2018, 7(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020011 - 23 Jan 2018
Cited by 70 | Viewed by 8310
Abstract
The efficacy of thyme and savory essential oils were investigated against Botrytis cinerea on apple fruit. Apples treated with thyme and savory essential oils showed significantly lower gray mold severity and incidence. Thyme essential oil at 1% concentration showed the highest efficacy, with [...] Read more.
The efficacy of thyme and savory essential oils were investigated against Botrytis cinerea on apple fruit. Apples treated with thyme and savory essential oils showed significantly lower gray mold severity and incidence. Thyme essential oil at 1% concentration showed the highest efficacy, with lower disease incidence and smaller lesion diameter. The expression of specific pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-8 and PR-5 was characterized in apple tissues in response to thyme oil application and B. cinerea inoculation. After 6 h of pathogen inoculation, thyme essential oil induced a 2.5-fold increase of PR-8 gene expression compared to inoculated fruits. After 24 h of inoculation, PR-8 was highly induced (7-fold) in both thyme oil-treated and untreated apples inoculated with B. cinerea. After 48 h of inoculation, PR-8 expression in thyme-treated and inoculated apples was 4- and 6-fold higher than in inoculated and water-treated apples. Neither thyme oil application nor B. cinerea inoculation markedly affected PR-5 expression. These results suggest that thyme oil induces resistance against B. cinerea through the priming of defense responses in apple fruit, and the PR-8 gene of apple may play a key role in the mechanism by which thyme essential oil effectively inhibits gray mold in apple fruit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Essential Oils in Food Systems)
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<p>Antifungal activity of essential oils of <span class="html-italic">Satureja montana</span> and <span class="html-italic">Thymus vulgaris</span> applications at different concentrations (1%, 0.5%, and 0.1%) expressed as disease incidence (<b>A</b>) and lesion diameter (<b>B</b>) caused by <span class="html-italic">B. cinerea</span> on apples. Vertical lines represent the standard error for the average of three biological replicates. Applications followed by different letters are statistically different following Duncan’s multiple range test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Expression of pathogenesis-related gene PR-8 in apple fruit in response to wounding, thyme essential oil, and <span class="html-italic">B. cinerea</span> at different time points (6 h, 24 h, and 48 h). Vertical lines represent the standard error for the average of three biological replicates. Different letters above the columns indicated a significant difference determined by Duncan’s multiple comparison test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Expression of pathogenesis-related gene PR-5 in apple fruit in response to wounding, thyme essential oil, and <span class="html-italic">B. cinerea</span> at different time points (6 h, 24 h, and 48 h). Vertical lines represent the standard error for the average of three biological replicates. Different letters above the columns indicated a significant difference determined by Duncan’s multiple comparison test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> Full article ">
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