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Dermatopathology, Volume 11, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 15 articles

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6 pages, 18285 KiB  
Article
Potential Pitfalls of IgG4 Immunohistochemical Staining on Lesional Tissue in Cutaneous Acantholytic Disorders
by Carla Stephan and Linglei Ma
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 377-382; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040041 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 247
Abstract
The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections in bullous disorders is useful when frozen tissue is not available. In pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus, an intercellular lace-like staining pattern of IgG4 on lesional tissue by immunohistochemistry has been described, with a comparable [...] Read more.
The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections in bullous disorders is useful when frozen tissue is not available. In pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus, an intercellular lace-like staining pattern of IgG4 on lesional tissue by immunohistochemistry has been described, with a comparable sensitivity and specificity to direct immunofluorescence on perilesional tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the staining pattern of IgG4 in non-immunobullous disorders to highlight the potential pitfalls when using this stain. In this study, we conducted a retrospective review of our institution’s database of non-immunobullous disorders where immunohistochemistry of IgG4 was performed to rule out pemphigus. We identified 27 cases where IgG4 immunohistochemistry was performed and observed intercellular IgG4 staining in some cases of Grover disease, bullous impetigo, irritated dermal hypersensitivity reaction, acantholytic actinic keratosis, and graft versus host disease. Our results indicate that the interpretation of IgG4 staining by immunohistochemistry in cutaneous acantholytic disorders should be approached with caution. Confirmation on cryosections with direct immunofluorescence study results is important in these settings. Full article
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Figure 1
<p>(<b>A</b>) H&amp;E image of a skin biopsy of bullous impetigo (100×); (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Immunohistochemical staining for IgG4 displaying focal intercellular staining in the lower half of the epidermis in one case ((<b>B</b>)—100×) and both upper and lower epidermis in another case ((<b>C</b>)—200×).</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>) H&amp;E images of a skin biopsies of Grover disease (100×); (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Immunohistochemical staining for IgG4 displaying focal intercellular staining in the lower half ((<b>B</b>)—200×) and upper half of the epidermis ((<b>C</b>)—200×).</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>) H&amp;E image of a skin biopsy of acantholytic actinic keratosis (100×); (<b>B</b>) Immunohistochemical staining for IgG4 displaying diffuse intercellular epidermal staining in both upper and lower half of the epidermis (100×).</p>
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<p>Immunohistochemical staining for IgG4 in a skin biopsy of IgA pemphigus (100×).</p>
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3 pages, 174 KiB  
Editorial
New Insights in Paediatric Dermatopathology—2nd Edition
by Sylvie Fraitag
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 374-376; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040040 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 448
Abstract
Paediatric dermatology is still an expanding subspeciality, which is well illustrated by the growing number of books and articles that have been published on this subject in recent years [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Paediatric Dermatopathology (2nd Edition))
10 pages, 1966 KiB  
Article
PRAME Staining of Adnexal Lesions and Common Skin Cancer Types: Biomarker with Potential Diagnostic Utility
by Hisham F. Bahmad and John Alexis
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 364-373; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040039 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 361
Abstract
PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma) is a tumor-associated antigen first identified in tumor-reactive T-cell clones derived from a patient with metastatic melanoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PRAME is useful for diagnostic purposes to support a suspected diagnosis of melanoma. Anecdotally, PRAME has been [...] Read more.
PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma) is a tumor-associated antigen first identified in tumor-reactive T-cell clones derived from a patient with metastatic melanoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PRAME is useful for diagnostic purposes to support a suspected diagnosis of melanoma. Anecdotally, PRAME has been observed to stain sebaceous units in glands in background skin. We examined the expression of PRAME in adnexal lesions and common skin cancers to determine whether it is of potential diagnostic utility in supporting the differentiation between sebaceous and non-sebaceous lesions. IRB approval from Mount Sinai Medical Center (MSMC) was obtained. This is a single-center retrospective cohort analysis over a ten-year period (1 January 2012, and 31 December 2023). We used the pathological database of skin lesions, including sebaceous, sweat gland, and follicular lesions, in addition to basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), from 81 patients who underwent shave/punch biopsies or surgical excisions. We evaluated the IHC staining percentage positivity and intensity for PRAME. Staining intensity was subcategorized into negative, weak, moderate, and strong, whereas expression percentage positivity was subcategorized into 0%, 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, and 76–100%. Most sebaceous versus non-sebaceous lesions exhibited cytoplasmic staining of moderate to strong intensity in >75% of cells. PRAME has a sensitivity and specificity of 100.0% and 86.7%, respectively, to support distinguishing between sebaceous and non-sebaceous adnexal lesions (regardless of whether they are benign or malignant). BCCs and SCCs showed weak to moderate nuclear staining for PRAME in >75% of cells. None of the 13 lesions of hair follicle origin showed any staining. A total of 26 of the 32 lesions of sweat gland origin were negative while 6 (18.75%) showed positive staining. In conclusion, we confirm the potential utility of PRAME for supporting the distinction between sebaceous and non-sebaceous adnexal lesions on one hand, and on the other, distinguishing BCC and SCC that may show nuclear staining from sebaceous carcinoma that shows cytoplasmic staining. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Dermatopathology)
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<p>PRAME IHC staining in sebaceous lesions. The images show examples of benign and malignant sebaceous lesions which stained positively with PRAME (cytoplasmic staining).</p>
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<p>PRAME IHC staining in follicular lesions. The images show examples of follicular lesions which did not stain with PRAME.</p>
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<p>PRAME IHC staining in sweat gland lesions. The images show examples of sweat gland lesions which did not stain with PRAME.</p>
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<p>PRAME IHC staining in SCC and BCC. In the upper panel (squamous cell carcinoma), the neoplastic cells demonstrated weak nuclear staining for PRAME while the internal control sebaceous glands stained strongly positive for PRAME (cytoplasmic staining pattern). In the lower panel (basal cell carcinoma), the neoplastic cells demonstrated moderate nuclear staining for PRAME in &gt;75% of cells.</p>
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10 pages, 2493 KiB  
Case Report
A Rare Case of a Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor: A Molecular Study Harboring Potential Therapeutic Significance and a Review of Literature
by Mokhtar H. Abdelhammed, Hanna Siatecka, A. Hafeez Diwan, Christie J. Finch, Angela D. Haskins, David J. Hernandez and Ya Xu
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 354-363; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040038 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 450
Abstract
Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumors (MPTTs), arising from the external root sheath of hair follicles, are exceptionally rare, with limited documentation of their genetic alterations. We present a case of a 64-year-old African American woman who initially presented with a gradually enlarging nodule on [...] Read more.
Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumors (MPTTs), arising from the external root sheath of hair follicles, are exceptionally rare, with limited documentation of their genetic alterations. We present a case of a 64-year-old African American woman who initially presented with a gradually enlarging nodule on her posterior scalp. An initial biopsy at an outside hospital suggested metastatic adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of an uncertain origin. A subsequent wide local excision revealed a 2.0 cm tumor demonstrating characteristic trichilemmal keratinization, characterized by an abrupt transition from the nucleated epithelium to a laminated keratinized layer, confirming MPTT. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffuse p53 expression, patchy CD 34 expression, focal HER2 membranous expression, and patchy p16 staining (negative HPV ISH). A molecular analysis identified TP53 mutation and amplifications in the ERBB2 (HER2), BRD4, and TYMS. Additional gene mutations of uncertain significance included HSPH1, ATM, PDCD1 (PD-1), BARD1, MSH3, LRP1B, KMT2C (MLL3), GNA11, and RUNX1. Assessments for the homologous recombination deficiency, PD-L1 expression, gene rearrangement, altered splicing, and DNA mismatch repair gene expression were negative. The confirmation of ERBB2 (HER2) amplification in the MPTT through a molecular analysis suggests potential therapeutic avenues involving anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies. The presence of the TP53 mutation, without the concurrent gene mutations typically observed in SCC, significantly aided in this differential diagnosis. Full article
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<p>Clinical presentation and histologic examination of malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumors (MPTT) on a hematoxylin and eosin stain (H and E). The tumor presented as a 2.0 cm mass on the left occipital scalp (<b>A</b>). Microscopically, a histological examination revealed a solid and cystic dermal neoplasm, with smaller cystic spaces (<b>B</b>) 20X and a larger cyst exhibiting infolding bands of tumor cells with calcification indicated by an arrow (<b>C</b>) 20X. The tumor displayed an abrupt transition from the nucleated epithelium to a densely laminated keratinized layer without an intermediate granular layer (<b>D</b>) higher magnification of the squared area in (<b>C</b>) 200X. There were areas with invasive irregular tumor nests in the desmoplastic stroma, composed of nonkeratinizing tumor cells (<b>E</b>) 40X, showing moderate nuclear pleomorphism, frequent mitoses (indicated by narrow arrows), and occasional necrosis (indicated by wide arrow) (<b>F</b>) higher magnification of the squared area in (<b>E</b>) 200X.</p>
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<p>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor. IHC revealed diffuse expression of CK17 (<b>A</b>) 40X and p53 (<b>C</b>) 100X in the tumor, along with patchy positivity for CD34 (<b>B</b>) 40X. The Ki-67 proliferative index was approximately 30% in the hottest spots (<b>D</b>) 100X. Focal HER2 overexpression with a complete membranous staining pattern was observed (<b>E</b>) 100X. Additionally, patchy p16 staining was noted (<b>F</b>) 40X, whereas high risk HPV RNA in situ hybridization was negative.</p>
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6 pages, 2211 KiB  
Case Report
Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma Is HPV-42-Associated and BRAFV600E Negative: Perspectives for Diagnostic Practice
by Tassilo Dege, Arno Rütten, Matthias Goebeler and Hermann Kneitz
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 348-353; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040037 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 990
Abstract
Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAC) is a rare, low-grade sweat gland carcinoma primarily found on the hands, fingers, or toes and predominantly affecting males. Distinguishing DPAC from benign sweat gland tumors can be challenging. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a [...] Read more.
Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAC) is a rare, low-grade sweat gland carcinoma primarily found on the hands, fingers, or toes and predominantly affecting males. Distinguishing DPAC from benign sweat gland tumors can be challenging. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a progressive tumor on the finger initially misdiagnosed as a viral wart. Histological examination revealed a cytologically basophilic sweat gland tumor with tubular structures, papillary protrusions, and a characteristic immunohistochemical staining pattern for CK 7 and Actin. HPV-42 positivity and molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis of DPAC. HPV-42 has been strongly associated with DPAC. Additionally, p16 positivity and BRAFV600E negativity were observed. These findings aid in the differential diagnosis of acral sweat gland tumors and guide clinical management, including with respect to the potential for recurrence and metastasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinico-Pathological Correlation in Dermatopathology)
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<p>(<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>): Left middle finger distal phalanx with a centrally ulcerated, skin-colored tumor measuring 1.8 cm × 1.1 cm. (<b>C</b>–<b>E</b>): Hemotoxylin–Eosin stain showing an adnexal tumor (<b>C</b>, overview, 25×) with solid proliferations of pleomorphic, basophilic cells (<b>D</b>, 40×) and tubular structures with signs of decapitation secretion (<b>E</b>, 40×).</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>): Hemotoxylin–Eosin stain (<b>A</b>, 40×), correlated with immunostains, showing tumor cell complexes with heterogeneous expression of CK7 (*) (<b>B</b>, 40×). An outer actin-positive (+) myoepithelial layer (<b>C</b>, 40×) surrounds tumor cells. (<b>D</b>): Sequence of tumor DNA matching HPV-42.</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>): Tumor cells stain strongly positive for p16. (<b>B</b>): Tumor cells immunohistochemically negative for BRAFV600E.</p>
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6 pages, 4718 KiB  
Case Report
Atypical Presentation of Spindle Cell Lipoma in a Young Male with a History of Malignant Melanoma
by Ty Theriot, John David Cattar, Lacey Falgout, Nicholas Culotta and Christopher Haas
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 342-347; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040036 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is a benign adipocytic tumor usually found in the subcutis of the posterior neck, upper back, and shoulder, predominantly in middle-aged males. This case report describes an atypical presentation of SCL in a 26-year-old male with a history of [...] Read more.
Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is a benign adipocytic tumor usually found in the subcutis of the posterior neck, upper back, and shoulder, predominantly in middle-aged males. This case report describes an atypical presentation of SCL in a 26-year-old male with a history of malignant melanoma. The patient presented with an erythematous plaque with central hyperpigmentation on the right upper arm, an uncommon location and presentation for SCL. Histopathological examination revealed an atypical myxoid spindle cell neoplasm with CD34 positivity and an overlying mildly atypical compound melanocytic nevus. The unusual clinical and histological features, combined with the patient’s melanoma history, complicated the differential diagnosis, which included dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs). A wide local excision with 2 cm margins was performed, and subsequent pathology confirmed clear margins, supporting the diagnosis of SCL. This case highlights the importance of including SCL in the differential diagnosis of CD34-positive spindle cell tumors, even when clinical and histological presentations are atypical, and underscores the need for thorough histopathological evaluation and a broad differential diagnosis in patients with a history of melanoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinico-Pathological Correlation in Dermatopathology)
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<p>Clinical photograph of an erythematous plaque with central hyperpigmentation to the right upper arm in proximity to the shoulder.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 2× magnification biopsy showing the proliferation of spindle cells in the dermis arranged in fascicles, mildly atypical melanocytic proliferation overlying.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 4× magnification showing mildly atypical melanocytic proliferation and spindle cells in the dermis arranged in fascicles. A small amount of mucin is appreciable between the collagen bundles.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 10× magnification showing interface between mildly atypical nevus and spindle cell proliferation.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 10× magnification showing spindle cell proliferation surrounding adipocytes and adnexa.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 20× magnification showing spindle cell proliferation with mucin deposition.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 10× magnification showing slight acanthosis with mild elongation of the rete ridges with melanocytic nests present at the dermoepidermal junction. Some bridging is present. Some melanocytes are noted in the superficial dermis.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 20× magnification showing slight acanthosis with a mild elongation of the rete ridges. Melanocytes are present within the epidermis with small nuclei. Some melanocytes are noted in the superficial dermis.</p>
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<p>Punch biopsy at 4× magnification showing slight acanthosis with a mild elongation of the rete ridges. Some bridging is present. Few melanocytes are noted in the superficial dermis. Symmetric architecture is present.</p>
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9 pages, 4793 KiB  
Review
“Chasing Rainbows” Beyond Kaposi Sarcoma’s Dermoscopy: A Mini-Review
by Emmanouil Karampinis, Olga Toli, Georgia Pappa, Anna Vardiampasi, Melpomeni Theofili, Efterpi Zafiriou, Mattheos Bobos, Aimilios Lallas, Elizabeth Lazaridou, Biswanath Behera and Zoe Apalla
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 333-341; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040035 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 681
Abstract
The dermoscopic rainbow pattern (RP), also known as polychromatic pattern, is characterized by a multicolored appearance, resulting from the dispersion of polarized light as it penetrates various tissue components. Its separation into different wavelengths occurs according to the physics principles of scattering, absorption, [...] Read more.
The dermoscopic rainbow pattern (RP), also known as polychromatic pattern, is characterized by a multicolored appearance, resulting from the dispersion of polarized light as it penetrates various tissue components. Its separation into different wavelengths occurs according to the physics principles of scattering, absorption, and interference of light, creating the optical effect of RP. Even though the RP is regarded as a highly specific dermoscopic indicator of Kaposi’s sarcoma, in the medical literature, it has also been documented as an atypical dermoscopic finding of other non-Kaposi skin entities. We aim to present two distinct cases—a pigmented basal cell carcinoma (pBCC) and an aneurysmatic dermatofibroma—that exhibited RP in dermoscopy and to conduct a thorough review of skin conditions that display RP, revealing any predisposing factors that could increase the likelihood of its occurrence in certain lesions. We identified 33 case reports and large-scale studies with diverse entities characterized by the presence of RP, including skin cancers (Merkel cell carcinoma, BCC, melanoma, etc.), adnexal tumors, special types of nevi (blue, deep penetrating), vascular lesions (acroangiodermatitis, strawberry angioma, angiokeratoma, aneurismatic dermatofibromas, etc.), granulation tissue, hypertrophic scars and fibrous lesions, skin infections (sporotrichosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis), and inflammatory dermatoses (lichen simplex and stasis dermatitis). According to our results, the majority of the lesions exhibiting the RP were located on the extremities. Identified precipitating factors included the nodular shape, lesion composition and vascularization, skin pigmentation, and lesions’ depth and thickness. These parameters lead to increased scattering and interference of light, producing a spectrum of colors that resemble a rainbow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Dermoscopy and Dermatopathology)
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<p>Dermoscopic (<b>A</b>) and histopathology (<b>B</b>) (H&amp;E, 4Χ magnification) images of a nodular pBCC, which displayed PR during the dermoscopy examination.</p>
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<p>Dermoscopy of a hemosiderotic dermatofibroma, displaying RP in the center of the lesion: (<b>A</b>) histopathology of the tumor showed dense fibrohistiocytic proliferation, scattered hemosiderin deposition, and a vessel filled with erythrocytes (<b>B</b>) (H&amp;E 20X magnification).</p>
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<p>(<b>A</b>) Dermoscopy of Lichen planus in an Indian patient exhibiting PR (blue arrow) and peripheral pigmentation. (<b>B</b>) Dermoscopy of a post-burn hypertrophic scar presenting multiple iridescent areas.</p>
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3 pages, 2197 KiB  
Case Report
A Case of Basal Cell Carcinoma Exacerbated with Akatsuki Disease
by Yuji Ohara, Issei Kido and Kozo Nakai
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 330-332; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040034 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 424
Abstract
Akatsuki disease (also known as pomade crust) is characterized by skin lesions resulting from inadequate skin hygiene. It is sometimes influenced by underlying psychological factors. Akatsuki disease sometimes mimics cutaneous horn or skin cancer. However, there are no previous reports of skin cancer [...] Read more.
Akatsuki disease (also known as pomade crust) is characterized by skin lesions resulting from inadequate skin hygiene. It is sometimes influenced by underlying psychological factors. Akatsuki disease sometimes mimics cutaneous horn or skin cancer. However, there are no previous reports of skin cancer accompanied with Akatsuki disease. Herein, we report a 79-year-old woman who was referred to our department with a tumor on her left cheek. Before performing a biopsy, we recommended that her family assist with regular facial cleansing. Two months later, the scales and crusts on her entire face had disappeared and the tumor on the left cheek had reduced. Skin biopsy was performed, and histological examination revealed ulcerative basaloid lobules consisting of cells with a small cytoplasm and large hyperchromatic nuclei. Peripheral palisading and tumor-stroma clefting were observed. A diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma was made. Full article
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<p>(<b>A</b>) Clinical presentation at first visit. A black mass of 80 mm in size is observed on the face. (<b>B</b>) Two months later, a black ulcerative nodule of 20 mm in size is observed. (<b>C</b>) Histological examination showing ulcerative basaloid lobules consisting of cells with a small cytoplasm and large, hyperchromatic nuclei (hematoxylin and eosin; left: ×40, right: ×100). Peripheral palisading and tumor-stroma clefting are observed.</p>
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15 pages, 6196 KiB  
Article
Image-Guided Radiation Therapy Is Equally Effective for Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Erin M. McClure, Clay J. Cockerell, Stephen Hammond, Evelyn S. Marienberg, Bobby N. Koneru, Jon Ward and Jeffrey B. Stricker
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 315-329; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040033 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 598
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are highly prevalent and a significant cause of morbidity. Image-guided superficial radiation therapy (IGSRT) uses integrated high-resolution dermal ultrasound to improve lesion visualization, but it is unknown whether efficacy [...] Read more.
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are highly prevalent and a significant cause of morbidity. Image-guided superficial radiation therapy (IGSRT) uses integrated high-resolution dermal ultrasound to improve lesion visualization, but it is unknown whether efficacy varies by histology. This large retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the effect of tumor histology on freedom from recurrence in 20,069 biopsy-proven NMSC lesions treated with IGSRT, including 9928 BCCs (49.5%), 5294 SCCs (26.4%), 4648 SCCIS cases (23.2%), and 199 lesions with ≥2 NMSCs (1.0%). Freedom from recurrence at 2, 4, and 6 years was 99.60%, 99.45%, and 99.45% in BCC; 99.58%, 99.49%, and 99.49% in SCC; and 99.96%, 99.80%, and 99.80% in SCCIS. Freedom from recurrence at 2, 4, and 6 years following IGSRT did not differ significantly comparing BCC vs. non-BCC or SCC vs. non-SCC but were slightly lower among SCCIS vs. non-SCCIS (p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in freedom from recurrence when stratifying lesions by histologic subtype. This study demonstrates that there is no significant effect of histology on freedom from recurrence in IGSRT-treated NMSC except in SCCIS. These findings support IGSRT as a first-line therapeutic option for NMSC regardless of histology. Full article
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<p>Histological examples of nodular BCC (<b>A</b>), superficial BCC (<b>B</b>), squamous differentiation BCC (<b>C</b>), infiltrative (<b>D</b>), and morpheaform BCC (<b>E</b>).</p>
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<p>Histological examples of SCCIS (<b>A</b>) and well-differentiated SCC (<b>B</b>).</p>
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<p>Freedom from recurrence over time of non-melanoma skin cancers treated with image-guided superficial radiation therapy in patients with basal cell carcinoma versus non-basal cell carcinoma skin cancers.</p>
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<p>Freedom from recurrence over time of non-melanoma skin cancers treated with image-guided superficial radiation therapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma versus non-squamous cell carcinoma skin cancers.</p>
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<p>Freedom from recurrence over time of non-melanoma skin cancers treated with image-guided superficial radiation therapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma in situ versus non-squamous cell carcinoma in situ skin cancers.</p>
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<p>Freedom from recurrence over time of basal cell carcinoma subtypes treated with image-guided superficial radiation therapy.</p>
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<p>Freedom from recurrence over time of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma treated with image-guided superficial radiation therapy.</p>
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<p>Case 1. Complete response of nodular basal cell carcinoma to IGSRT. Top panels demonstrate the ultrasound images of the IGSRT device before treatment (simulation), mid-treatment, and at final follow-up. The bottom panels demonstrate the clinical response at these same time points.</p>
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<p>Case 2. Complete response of squamous cell carcinoma to IGSRT. Top panels demonstrate the ultrasound images of the IGSRT device before treatment (simulation), mid-treatment, and at final follow-up. The bottom panels demonstrate the clinical response at these same time points.</p>
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<p>Recurrence of nodular basal cell carcinoma after IGSRT treatment. Top panels demonstrate the ultrasound images of the IGSRT device before treatment (simulation), mid treatment, and at final follow-up. The bottom panels demonstrate the clinical response at these same time points.</p>
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12 pages, 7198 KiB  
Article
Collision of Basal Cell Carcinoma with Apocrine–Sebaceous–Follicular Unit Neoplasms
by Enric Piqué-Duran
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 303-314; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040032 - 25 Oct 2024
Viewed by 849
Abstract
Background: Tumor collision is a rare event, with an estimated incidence of 0.0017%. Seborrheic keratosis, melanocytic nevi, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are by far the most common entities involved in collisions. Most authors consider collision to be an incidental event. I planned [...] Read more.
Background: Tumor collision is a rare event, with an estimated incidence of 0.0017%. Seborrheic keratosis, melanocytic nevi, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are by far the most common entities involved in collisions. Most authors consider collision to be an incidental event. I planned a retrospective study comparing BCC/apocrine–sebaceous–follicular unit (ASFu) neoplasm collisions with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)/ASFu neoplasm collisions. Materials and methods: Files from 2005 to 2017 from Dr. José Molina Orosa Hospital were assessed; in the review, cases of collisions between BCCs or SSCs and ASFu tumors, including cysts, were identified. Results: Out of 3247 BCC cases, 12 biopsies were retrieved. Of 825 biopsies, none belonged to the SCC group. The ASFu tumors that collided with a BCC were as follows: four hidrocystomas, three infundibular cysts, two steatocystomas, two trichilemmomas, one spiradenoma, and one clear-cell hidradenoma (one patient had two cysts associated with a BCC). These cases correspond to seven female patients and five male patients aged between 26 and 91 years old. A quarter of these patients were immunosuppressed. Most ASFu neoplasms were found to be located beneath the BCC (8/12). Discussion: To the best of my knowledge, this report describes three new collisions of BCCs with ASFu neoplasms (infundibular cysts, steatocystomas, and a spiradenoma). My results also suggest that immunosuppression could be a factor that predisposes a patient to these collisions. I review current hypotheses in an effort to explain these collisions and contribute some new theories. Full article
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<p>Hidrocystoma cases. (<b>a</b>) Case 1: An empty space beneath a nodular BCC corresponding to a hidrocystoma; this could be confused with a detached BCC nest., (H&amp;E ×20). (<b>b</b>) Case 1: Conversely to BCCs, the hidrocystoma is negative for BerEP4 (BerEP4 ×100). (<b>c</b>) Case 8: CEA stain highlights hidrocystoma, while BCC remains negative (CEA ×10).</p>
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<p>Infundibular cysts. (<b>a</b>) Case 2: A cystic structure filled with basket-woven keratin that could be confused with a keratotic BCC, corresponding to an infundibular cyst beneath a nodular BCC (H&amp;E ×20). (<b>b</b>) BerpEP4 clearly distinguishes the infundibular cyst from the BCC (BerAp4 ×20).</p>
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<p>Steatocystoma cases. (<b>a</b>) Case 6: A cystic structure in connection with a sebaceous gland beneath a BCC (H&amp;E ×20). (<b>b</b>) Case 6: Detail of a BCC in close relationship with a cystic structure, a steatocystoma, that shows a cuticula in the luminal layer. This case could be confused with necrosis in the mass inside a BCC nest (H&amp;E ×100). (<b>c</b>) Case 6: BerEP4 stain shows positivity for BCC and negativity for steatocystoma. A sebaceous lobule is connected with the cyst. (BerEP4 ×20). (<b>d</b>) SMA shows the presence of a pili erector muscle in contact with steatocystoma. In this case, SMA shows focal positivity in BCC (Actin ×20).</p>
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<p>Trichilemmoma cases. (<b>a</b>) Case 10: Dermatoscopic picture; here, there are two different structures—the left one corresponds to a trichilemmoma, while the right one is a BCC. (<b>b</b>) Case 11: Around the pale squamous tumor, there is a thick basal membrane; here, the lesion corresponds to a trichilemmoma—on the left side, some small basaloid nests can be seen hanging from the epidermis, and these are superficial BCCs. Between both lesions, a reactive ductal hyperplasia exists (H&amp;E ×20). (<b>c</b>) Case 11: Another field shows a clearer BCC in this panoramic view without a trichilemmoma (H&amp;E ×10). (<b>d</b>) Case 11: BerEp4 highlights BCC nests (BerEP4 ×20).</p>
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<p>Spiradenoma. (<b>a</b>) Case 4: A basaloid nodule in the fat beneath a BCC with pseudo-cystic mucin-filled spaces (H&amp;Ex10). (<b>b</b>) Case 4: Detail of the spiradenoma; here, a basaloid nodule with basal membrane and lymphocytes is intermingled with the tumoral cells (H&amp;E ×40). (<b>c</b>) Case 4: Spiradenoma shows SMA positivity in the center and the peripheral layer, while SMA stains the stroma and focal areas of the BCC (SMA ×20).</p>
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<p>Clear-cell hidradenoma. (<b>a</b>) Case 9: A clear-cell hidradenoma on the right, composed of different types of cells; in the picture, clear cells predominate, while nests of squamoid cells that contain some cystic structures are closer to the epidermis; on the left side, there is a micronodular BCC (H&amp;E ×20). (<b>b</b>) Case 9: BerEP4 highlights BCC. The clear cells of the clear-cell hidradenoma are weakly positive (BerEp4 ×20). (<b>c</b>) Case 9: The presence of ducts is demonstrated by CEA (CEA ×20). (<b>d</b>) Case 9: The squamoid cells show positivity with EMA stain (EMA ×20).</p>
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10 pages, 1423 KiB  
Article
Expression of TRPS1 in Metastatic Tumors of the Skin: An Immunohistochemical Study of 72 Cases
by Kassiani Boulogeorgou, Christos Topalidis, Triantafyllia Koletsa, Georgia Karayannopoulou and Jean Kanitakis
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 293-302; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040031 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 885
Abstract
TRPS1 (Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1) is a GATA transcriptional activator gene encoding for a protein used as a sensitive immunohistochemical marker of breast carcinomas. In dermatopathology, TRPS1 is used as a marker of mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease and is also expressed by a [...] Read more.
TRPS1 (Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1) is a GATA transcriptional activator gene encoding for a protein used as a sensitive immunohistochemical marker of breast carcinomas. In dermatopathology, TRPS1 is used as a marker of mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease and is also expressed by a variety of primary cutaneous tumors, mostly of adnexal origin. So far, very limited data exist on the expression of TRPS1 in metastatic skin tumors. We studied the immunohistochemical expression of TRPS1 in 72 cutaneous metastatic tumors from the breast (n: 19) and other origins (n: 53) in order to assess its diagnostic usefulness. The intensity of TRPS1 immunostaining was expressed as a histoscore: the product of the percentage of positive cells (scored semi-quantitatively 0–4) and the staining intensity (scored 0–3). In normal skin, nuclear TRPS1 expression was predominantly observed in cells of adnexal structures (pilosebaceous follicles and sweat glands). Eighteen (18/19, 94.7%) metastatic breast carcinomas showed diffuse and strong TRPS1 positivity (histoscore 12). Lower reactivity was found in some other metastases, including from the lung (11/22), the female genital tract (3/4), and the kidney (2/4), whereas most (20/22) metastases from the digestive system and peritoneum, along with a case of metastatic prostate carcinoma, were negative. These results suggest that a high histoscore for TRPS1 is in favor of the mammary origin of metastatic cutaneous carcinoma. Although TRPS1 is not absolutely specific or sensitive to a particular primary, we consider that it can be added to a panel of other markers when investigating the origin of a cutaneous metastasis, namely when this is the first manifestation of the neoplastic disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Experimental Dermatopathology)
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<p>Nuclear TRPS1 expression in normal skin. TRPS1 is strongly expressed in a sweat gland coil, consisting of a secretory and an excretory segment (<b>A</b>). TRPS1 is expressed by cells of the hair follicle sheath (<b>B</b>), the sebaceous gland (<b>C</b>), and fibroblasts of the hair bulb (<b>D</b>). TRPS1 expression allows us to visualize the intraepidermal parts of the sweat ducts/acrosyringia (<b>E</b>) and the hair follicles (<b>F</b>). Immunoperoxidase revealed with diaminobenzidine, counterstaining with Mayer’s hematoxylin.</p>
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<p>Expression of TRPS1 by metastatic skin tumors. Diffuse and strong TRPS1 expression (histoscore 12) in a metastatic breast carcinoma (<b>A</b>) and a pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (<b>B</b>). Note the weak TRPS1 expression by epidermal keratinocytes. Variable, weaker TRPS1 expression is seen in cases of metastases from renal cell carcinoma ((<b>C</b>), histoscore 8), ovarian carcinoma ((<b>D</b>), histoscore 8), and lung carcinoma ((<b>E</b>), histoscore 3). (<b>F</b>): TRPS1-negative colon adenocarcinoma (histoscore 0). Immunoperoxidase revealed with diaminobenzidine, counterstaining with Mayer’s hematoxylin.</p>
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7 pages, 3355 KiB  
Case Report
Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma with Reactive Eccrine Syringofibroadenoma: A Case Report
by Navinda Donsakul, Suthep Jerasutus, Ittipon Tubtieng, Ravion Assavanatenapa and Voraphol Vejjabhinanta
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 286-292; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040030 - 20 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1032
Abstract
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with a poor prognosis. The patients are usually found to have metastasis when the primary tumor is diagnosed. Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA) is a rare cutaneous adnexal lesion of eccrine duct origin. There are [...] Read more.
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with a poor prognosis. The patients are usually found to have metastasis when the primary tumor is diagnosed. Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA) is a rare cutaneous adnexal lesion of eccrine duct origin. There are five subtypes, one of which is reactive ESFA, known to occur in reaction to an inflammatory or neoplastic process. In this article, we report a case of the co-existence of both UPS and ESFA in a 70-year-old male patient, presenting with a painless, erythematous, irregular surface nodule with a peripherally extended brownish hyperkeratotic plaque on the right palm. The histologic findings revealed an ill-defined dermal tumor of atypical epithelioid and spindle-shaped cells with large pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Some of those cells were multinucleated giant cells in the stroma with vascular proliferation and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. The tumor cells, which were only positive for vimentin, supported the diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). Meanwhile, the overlying epidermis demonstrated hyperkeratosis, papillated epidermal hyperplasia, and proliferation of anastomosing slender cords and strands of cuboid cells within loose fibrovascular stroma. These findings are the characteristics of eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA). We describe here a patient in whom reactive ESFA occurred on and surrounded the UPS tumor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinico-Pathological Correlation in Dermatopathology)
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<p>A firm, faint erythematous verrucous nodule size of 1 × 1 cm, surrounded by a brownish infiltrative plaque on the right palm.</p>
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<p>Two weeks after the excision of the nodule with some part of the brownish hyperkeratotic plaque on the right palm.</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Scanning view demonstrating an ill-defined, densely cellular dermal tumor affecting the entire dermis without any connection to the overlying epidermis (Hematoxylin and Eosin, ×20). (<b>b</b>) Medium-power view demonstrating the tumor composed of atypical epithelioid and spindle-shaped cells with marked pleomorphic hyperchromatic or vesicular nuclei (Hematoxylin and Eosin, ×100).</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Tumor cells show pleomorphic nuclei and abundant cytoplasm as well as multinucleated giant cells (black arrow). (<b>b</b>) Tumor cells exhibit marked pleomorphic bizarre-shaped nuclei; some atypical mitotic figures are occasionally observed (black arrow) (Hematoxylin and Eosin, ×400).</p>
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Scanning view demonstrating hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and proliferation of thin anastomosing slender cords and strands of epithelial cells from multiple foci of the epidermis, enclosing loose fibrovascular stroma (Hematoxylin and Eosin, ×20). (<b>b</b>) High-power view demonstrating the epithelial strands, which consist of uniform poroid cells with ductal differentiation (Hematoxylin and Eosin, ×200).</p>
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14 pages, 1374 KiB  
Review
Keratoacanthoma versus Squamous-Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Features and Molecular Markers
by Hisham F. Bahmad, Kalin Stoyanov, Teresita Mendez, Sally Trinh, Kristy Terp, Linda Qian and John Alexis
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 272-285; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040029 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Considerable controversy exists within the field of dermatopathology in differentiating keratoacanthoma (KA) from squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). KAs are rapidly growing, benign squamous tumors that are typically well differentiated. This controversy stems from the diverging perspectives on the management, classification, and diagnosis of each [...] Read more.
Considerable controversy exists within the field of dermatopathology in differentiating keratoacanthoma (KA) from squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). KAs are rapidly growing, benign squamous tumors that are typically well differentiated. This controversy stems from the diverging perspectives on the management, classification, and diagnosis of each entity. Many believe that KAs are benign neoplasms in which intervention may be unnecessary since they are self-limiting and resolve on their own. On the other hand, SCC needs to be treated, as it carries significant morbidity and mortality risks. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to prevent serious consequences of SCC. Nevertheless, KAs may resemble SCC grossly and microscopically. Various ancillary tests, including immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, have been proposed to differentiate between these entities, though mixed patterns of expression can limit the diagnostic utility of these techniques. Research into this topic is ongoing, with newer genetic and molecular findings illuminating the previously difficult-to-understand aspects of KA and increasing our understanding of this entity. In this review, KA and SCC will be compared along the lines of histological features, genetic, immune, and molecular markers, differential diagnosis, and management to clarify the similarities, differences, and misconceptions about both entities. Full article
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<p>Histopathologic features of keratoacanthoma. <span class="html-italic">Developing keratoacanthoma</span> includes two phases: the proliferation phase (where the tumor is small, primarily solid, with distinct infundibulocystic structures that have not yet coalesced into a central keratin plug, containing islands of laminated keratin with a ground-glass appearance) and the maturation phase (which demonstrates an exo–endophytic squamous proliferation with a central keratin plug, overhanging epithelial lips, and compact keratinization). <span class="html-italic">Regressing keratoacanthoma</span> shows a “hollowing out” lesion with loss of central keratin plug, perilesional lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, and increasing fibrosis (H&amp;E; magnification: (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>): 40×, (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>): 100×).</p>
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<p>Schematic drawing of a skin tumor being sampled to make a histopathologic diagnosis of keratoacanthoma versus squamous-cell carcinoma.</p>
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6 pages, 3271 KiB  
Clinicopathological Challenge
A Rapidly Growing Nodule on the Eyebrow of a Pediatric Patient
by Italo Francesco Aromolo, Michela Brena, Nicola Adriano Monzani, Fabio Caviggioli, Emilio Berti, Donata Micello and Riccardo Cavalli
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 266-271; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040028 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 902
Abstract
A 11-year-old Caucasian girl presented to our Dermatology Unit with a 2-month history of an erythematous nodule, localized to the medial portion of her left eyebrow, rapidly growing in the two weeks before presentation. The histopathological examination revealed a dermal multi-nodular epithelial neoplasm [...] Read more.
A 11-year-old Caucasian girl presented to our Dermatology Unit with a 2-month history of an erythematous nodule, localized to the medial portion of her left eyebrow, rapidly growing in the two weeks before presentation. The histopathological examination revealed a dermal multi-nodular epithelial neoplasm composed of clear cells, squamous cells, and glandular cells, characterized by cytologic atypia, high mitotic activity, and an infiltrative deep growth pattern. The immunohistochemical profile of the lesion was as follows: CKAE1/AE3+, EMA+, CK8/18+, CK7+, CK19+, AR negative, p63 focally +, Ki67 25%, rare cells GCDFP15+, p53+. Full article
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<p>Erythematous nodule at the medial root of the left eyebrow arch (<b>a</b>). A dermal multi-nodular epithelial neoplasm (H&amp;E, 0.5×) (<b>b</b>). An infiltrative growth pattern with clear cells and duct-like glandular structures (<b>c</b>) and squamous cells with hemorrhages (<b>d</b>) (H&amp;E, 12× and 10×).</p>
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<p>Infiltrative neoplastic growth composed of atypical cells, sometimes lining tubular structures. Areas of squamoid differentiation are appreciable (H&amp;E, 16×) (<b>a</b>). A detail where clear cells are appreciable (H&amp;E, 20×) (<b>b</b>). EMA staining highlights ductal structures (EMA, 12×) (<b>c</b>). Ki67 is about 25% in the “hotspot” areas (Ki67, 15×) (<b>d</b>).</p>
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<p>CK7 is positive (<b>a</b>) and CK8/18 is also positive (<b>b</b>), confirming adnexal differentiation. p63 is positive only in areas with squamoid differentiation but negative in most of the neoplasm (<b>c</b>). The androgen receptor is negative (<b>d</b>). Magnification: (<b>a</b>) 1×; (<b>b</b>) 5×; (<b>c</b>) 2.5×; (<b>d</b>) 2.5×.</p>
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13 pages, 271 KiB  
Review
Ethical Issues Regarding Dermatopathology Care for Service-Members: A Review
by Samir Kamat, Ross O’Hagan, Catherine Brahe, Curtis L. Hardy, Vikas Shrivastava, Jane M. Grant-Kels and Angela M. Crotty
Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 253-265; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040027 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 855
Abstract
Dermatologic care within the military faces unique ethical challenges. Service members are stationed across nationally and globally diverse settings, and therefore, dermatologic care rendered ranges from within resource-rich, advanced military medical treatment facilities to austere, resource-limited, deployed field environments. Additionally, military service members [...] Read more.
Dermatologic care within the military faces unique ethical challenges. Service members are stationed across nationally and globally diverse settings, and therefore, dermatologic care rendered ranges from within resource-rich, advanced military medical treatment facilities to austere, resource-limited, deployed field environments. Additionally, military service members are often at unique risk for dermatologic disease, given occupational, environmental, and geographic exposures not commonly faced by their civilian counterparts. This review explores topics in dermatoethics via case analyses of ethical considerations within the scope of dermatologic care for military service members. Full article
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