Open AccessArticle

Optimization Design of the Bending-Vibration Resistance of Magnetorheological Elastomer Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sandwich Sheets

Guangbin Wang

¹,

Yangyang Yan

²,

Wenyu Wang

³,

Zelin Li

^3,*,

Zhengwei Zhang

³,

Zhanbin Sun

³,

Zhou Qiao

³,

Jinan Li

³ and

Hui Li

School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China

Facility Horticulture Laboratory of Universities in Shandong, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062349

Submission received: 14 February 2023 / Revised: 12 March 2023 / Accepted: 13 March 2023 / Published: 15 March 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration and Thermodynamic Studies of Advanced Materials)

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Figure 1
A model for analysis of bending and vibration parameters of the MECFRPSSs: (a) coordinate and dimension, (b) deformation with three-point bending forces, and (c) dynamic response with a pulse load. "> Figure 2
Deformation map of the MECFRPSS structure subjected to three-point bending forces when the concentrated line force was 20N. "> Figure 3
A flowchart of the ABC algorithm. "> Figure 4
A surface colormap of an estimation function with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>. "> Figure 5
Objective function values calculated for the minimum optimization of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> with different iteration numbers. "> Figure 6
The calculated results of the MECFRPSS structure with different iteration numbers related to (a) bending and (b) vibration resistances. "> Figure 7
Pareto-optimal front when the two-objective optimization of the MECFRPSS structure is considered. "> Figure 8
Pareto-optimal solutions when the multi-objective optimization of the MECFRPSS structure is considered. ">

Versions Notes

Abstract

An optimization design of the bending-vibration resistance of magnetorheological elastomer carbon fibre reinforced polymer sandwich sheets (MECFRPSSs) was studied in this paper. Initially, by adopting the classical laminate theory, the Reddy’s high-order shear deformation theory, the Rayleigh-Ritz method, etc., an analytical model of the MECFRPSSs was established to predict both bending and vibration parameters, with the three-point bending forces and a pulse load being considered separately. After the validation of the model was completed, the optimization design work of the MECFRPSSs was conducted based on an optimization model developed, in which the thickness, modulus, and density ratios of magnetorheological elastomer core to carbon fibre reinforced polymer were taken as design variables, and static bending stiffness, the averaged damping, and dynamic stiffness parameters were chosen as objective functions. Subsequently, an artificial bee colony algorithm was adopted to execute single-objective, dual-objective, and multi-objective optimizations to obtain the optimal design parameters of such structures, with the convergence effectiveness being examined in a validation example. It was found that it was hard to improve the bending, damping, and dynamic stiffness behaviours of the structure simultaneously as the values of design variables increased. Some compromised results of design parameters need to be determined, which are based on Pareto-optimal solutions. In further engineering application of the MECFRPSSs, it is suggested to use the corresponding design parameters related to a turning point to better exert their bending-vibration resistance.

Keywords:

multi-objective optimization; optimization design; bending-vibration resistance; composite sheet; magnetorheological elastomer core

1. Introduction

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets are commonly employed as fundamental mechanical components in the aerospace, ship, and other industries [1,2,3]. They can be easily led by large structural deformation [4], violent vibration [5], and delamination damage [6], due to the frequent service in harsh static and dynamic harsh load environments. Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is a new smart material that has a good controllable capability of stiffness and damping effect [7], which can be utilized to improve the mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomer carbon fibre reinforced polymer sandwich sheets (MECFRPSSs). Based on our previous studies, several efforts were devoted to modelling and analysing the static and dynamic properties of composite sandwich sheet structures with local or overall MRE material or core [8,9,10]. However, it is still a question of how to obtain optimal design results for such structures with better bending-vibration resistance.

Over the past two decades, extensive studies were conducted on static or dynamic resistance of the CFRP sandwich plate structures with MRE cores or other soft materials. However, static and dynamic issues are often investigated separately. For instance, by using an oscillatory rheometry technique, Sun et al. [11] studied the relationship between the magnetic field and the complex shear modulus of MRE materials in the pre-yield regime. Based upon the experimental and numerical results, Ramesh et al. [12] and Aguib et al. [13] evaluated the dynamic behaviours of different MRE sandwich structures under an external magnetic field. They proved that the loss factors of MRE sandwich structure could be increased with increasing the applied magnetic field energy. Babu and Vasudevan [14] performed numerical simulations and experimental tests to estimate the effects of the magnetic field, taper angle of the top and bottom layers, aspect ratio, ply orientations, and various end conditions on the dynamic properties of tapered laminated composite MRE sandwich plates. Kozlowska et al. [15] experimentally investigated the free vibration responses of the CFRP/MRE adaptive beams at different fixed magnetic field levels. They found that the vibration amplitudes of such beams were effectively reduced when the non-homogeneous magnetic field was applied. Aguib et al. [16] and Settet et al. [17] proposed an analytical model of an MRE sandwich beam to predict the static behaviour. They highlighted that the bending resistance decreased as the magnetic field increased. By adopting different experimental methods, Eloy et al. [18,19] examined the dynamic behaviours of the MRE sandwich structures subjected to free and forced vibrations. They found that the natural frequencies and response amplitudes were reduced due to the increase in magnetic field energy. Based on the modified Fourier–Ritz method, Zhang et al. [20] developed an analytical model of porous functionally graded sandwich plates with a viscoelastic core, which had a good prediction capability of vibration and damping properties. Taking the transverse shear in sandwich plates into account, Garbowski et al. [21,22] presented both analytical and experimental investigations into the bending property of sandwich panels with a corrugated core. They found that the transverse shear effect had a big influence on the mechanical behaviour of such panels. Based on the strain energy equivalence, Staszak et al. [23] proposed a shell-to-beam homogenization method to determine the equivalent stiffness of a beam with different cross sections or holes along the length direction.

For the past few years, many optimization design studies were conducted on the bending resistance of composite sandwich sheets regardless of whether the MRE core or other smart material was embedded or not. For example, Theulen and Peijs [24] conducted the optimization design of the bending stiffness and strength of composite sandwich panels with a foam core and verified the optimization results with the four-point bending test data. They used a 2D sandwich model of truss-cored sandwich plates subjected to bending, transverse shear, and in-plane compression loads, Liu et al. [25] proposed an optimization method to determine the minimum structural weights with various failure constraints. Li et al. [26] developed a minimum weight optimization method for composite sandwich sheets subjected to combined torsion and bending loads. Based on a two-level optimisation strategy, Catapano and Montemurro [27] proposed a novel least-weight optimum design method for honeycomb sandwich panels, which could maintain a good bending stiffness of the panel. Hao et al. [28] performed a strength-to-weight optimization strategy for wood-based sandwich sheets with a paper honeycomb core. They also validated the optimization results using a quasi-static three-point bending test method. Using the finite element method and multi-objective optimization of design variables, Uzay et al. [29] proposed an optimal design method for the CFRP sheets with a polymer foam core to obtain the optimal solutions of structural mass and bending bearing capacity.

The optimization design studies on vibration resistance of various composite sandwich sheets with and without cores were also reported. For example, using the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing approach, Karakaya and Soykasap [30] performed an optimization design of the stacking sequence for maximizing natural frequencies and buckling resistance of laminated hybrid composite plates. Based on the genetic algorithm and the layer-wise optimization concept, Honda and Narita [31] investigated a single optimization issue of composite sheets with a locally anisotropic structure, where the maximized fundamental frequency was taken as the object function and fibre shapes were design variables. For minimizing weight and material cost and maximizing modal damping, Madeira et al. [32] carried out a multi-objective optimization analysis of viscoelastic-laminated composite sandwich sheets. Additionally, the trade-off Pareto-optimal solutions were discussed in detail. Based on an analytical model of sandwich panels with a multi-cellular core, Alfouneh et al. [33] studied the multi-objective optimal design of the core to minimize the structural dynamic response under harmonic excitation. Wang et al. [34] proposed a high-efficiency optimization procedure to obtain the optimal structural stiffness and vibration attenuation of laser-welded corrugated-core sandwich panels with polyurea-metal skins. By combing the response surface optimization method with finite element models established in ANSYS software, Njim et al. [35] conducted the optimization design of functionally graded (FG) porous sandwich sheets, in which the maximized fundamental frequencies and the minimized mass of the FG core were considered.

To fulfil the increasing demand of engineering industry, both the bending and vibration-resistant capabilities of composite sandwich sheets need to be considered. However, rare optimization design work was carried out on bending-vibration resistance. Thankfully, considerable studies [36,37,38,39,40] have reported on the research progress on the vibration and bending characteristics of composite structures. For instance, based on a finite element model with a nine-noded plate element, Tu and Quoc [36] performed the bending and free vibration analysis of composite and sandwich laminate sheets. By using an edge-based smoothing approach, Cui et al. [37] estimated the natural frequencies and bending deformation of composite sheets. Natarajan and Manickam [38] explored the static bending and free vibration behaviours of functionally graded material sheets based on the proposed QUAD-8 shear flexible element to consider the realistic variation of displacements along the thickness direction. To predict and evaluate the vibration and bending responses of double-core sandwich panels with a harmonic patch pressure load, Kapuria and Nath [39] created a new zigzag local theory with nine primary variables. Khiloun et al. [40] presented a new high-order shear and normal deformation theory for the static bending and free vibration analysis of FG sheets. Additionally, they used a number of numerical examples to verify the accuracy of their theory.

According to the literature review presented in this study, no research work was undertaken on the optimal design of the bending-vibration resistance of composite sandwich sheets with an MRE core. To cover this research gap, a theoretical model of the MECFRPSSs is established in Section 2, which can be utilized to predict both bending and vibration parameters. Then, an optimization model of the MECFRPSSs is developed in Section 3 and an artificial bee colony algorithm is adopted to execute single-objective, dual-objective, and multi-objective optimizations to obtain the optimal design parameters in Section 4. The current study offers an effective route for improving the bending-vibration resistant performance of the MECFRPSSs, which will help in promoting the application of composite MRE sandwich structures in a wide range of engineering sectors.

2. Analysis of Bending and Vibration Resistances

2.1. Model Description

A rectangle MECFRPSS with top and bottom composite panels and an MRE core (MREC) was investigated, as illustrated in Figure 1a. The MREC contains two copper wire layers, two inner metal layers, and one MRE layer. Here, an overall coordinate o-xyz was supposed to be prepared at the mid-plane of the MREC. L_g, h, and W_d represent the overall length, thickness, and width of the structure, respectively, and h_a, h_w, h_m, and h_M denote the thickness of the panels, copper wire layers, two inner metal layers, and MRE layer. To analyse its bending behaviour, the three-point bending forces were assumed to be applied on the top and bottom panels, as demonstrated in Figure 1b, where a concentrated line force F was applied to the upper panel with maximum deformation d_max, and x₀, x₁, and x₂ were the coordinates of the line force and two support reaction forces about the x-axis of the structure. In addition, to analyse the vibration parameters of the MECFRPSS structure, at the excitation point F_d(a₀, b₀), a pulse load was assumed to be applied on the structure, and the relevant dynamic response was located at the point R(a₁, b₁), as displayed in Figure 1c.

In addition, the following assumptions were adopted in the modelling process:

(1): There is no slippage between the layers of the MECFRPSS structure since each layer is securely bound;
(2): The internal magnetic field only affects the MRE materials and the magnetic field effect in the z direction is ignored because thin copper wire layers are adopted in the MECFRPSS structure;
(3): The heating effect of the magnetic field is ignored because the related current is small;
(4): The bending deflection of the MECFRPSS structure is supposed to be elastic, i.e., the structure can be recovered as the bending force is removed;
(5): When the bending problem is solved, the change of material parameters of MRE affected by the inside magnetic field is ignored due to its weak influence on static bearing stiffness.

2.2. Material Properties of MRE Core

By combining the complex modulus method [41,42] with Jolly theory [43], the equivalent moduli

E_{C 1}^{*}

E_{C 2}^{*}

G_{C 12}^{*}

, and

G_{C 23}^{*}

of the MRE materials can be considered as a function of magnetic induction intensity M_a, which is generated by the copper coils in the MECFRPSS structure. As a result,

E_{C 1}^{*}

E_{C 2}^{*}

G_{C 12}^{*}

, and

G_{C 23}^{*}

can be defined as:

E_{C 1}^{*} = (E_{C 1} + d_{1} M_{a}^{e_{1}}) (1 + i η_{C 1} f_{1} M_{a}^{g_{1}})

(1a)

E_{C 2}^{*} = (E_{C 2} + d_{2} M_{a}^{e_{2}}) (1 + i η_{C 2} f_{2} M_{a}^{g_{2}})

(1b)

G_{C 12}^{*} = [G_{C 12} + d_{3} M_{a}^{e_{3}} (v_{c} p_{c} χ_{0}^{2} / 2 p_{m} p_{v}^{2} g_{c}^{3})] [1 + i η_{C 12} f_{3} M_{a}^{g_{3}} (v_{c} p_{c} χ_{0}^{2} / 2 p_{m} p_{v}^{2} g_{c}^{3})]

(1c)

G_{C 23}^{*} = (G_{C 23} + d_{4} M_{a}^{e_{4}}) (1 + i η_{C 23} f_{4} M_{a}^{g_{4}})

(1d)

where

E_{C 1}

E_{C 2}

, G_C12, and G_C23 are the normal elastic moduli of MRE when the magnetorheological effect is ignored;

η_{C 1}

η_{C 2}

η_{C 12}

, and

η_{C 23}

are the corresponding loss factors; i is the imaginary unit; d_i, e_i, f_i_, and g_i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) are the magnetic field coefficients that can be determined on the basis of the tested frequency response function (FRF) data under different magnetic levels [44]; v_c is the volume fraction of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs); p_v, p_c, and p_m represent the permeabilities of the vacuum, CIPs and MRE, respectively; g_c is the mutual gap in the CIPs. v_c p_v, p_c p_m, and g_c are the related parameters when the magnetorheological effect is considered [45].

2.3. Analysis of Bending Resistance

To solve the bending stiffness of the MECFRPSS structure, the longitudinal, transverse and shear moduli of each layer should be treated equivalently, which means that it is necessary to consider the deformations of constituted layers or parts of the structure studied in the main directions in the o-xyz coordinate system. To achieve this purpose, the equivalent Young’s moduli of composite panels

{\bar{E}}_{f}

, copper wire layers

{\bar{E}}_{w}

, inner metal layers

{\bar{E}}_{IM}

, and MRE layer

{\bar{E}}_{C}

in the x direction are firstly defined as:

\begin{matrix} {\bar{E}}_{f} = 12 \sum_{k = 1}^{n_{f}} \int_{h_{k}^{f}} [Q_{11}^{f} \cos^{4} θ^{k} + Q_{22}^{f} \sin^{4} θ^{k} + 2 (Q_{12}^{f} + 2 Q_{66}^{f}) \sin^{2} θ^{k} \cos^{2} θ^{k}] z^{2} d z / h_{f}^{3} \\ {\bar{E}}_{w} = 12 \sum_{k = 1}^{n_{w}} \int_{h_{k}^{w}} [Q_{11}^{w} \cos^{4} θ^{k} + Q_{22}^{w} \sin^{4} θ^{k} + 2 (Q_{12}^{w} + 2 Q_{66}^{w}) \sin^{2} θ^{k} \cos^{2} θ^{k}] z^{2} d z / h_{w}^{3} \\ {\bar{E}}_{IM} = E_{IM} \\ {\bar{E}}_{C} = E_{C 1} \end{matrix}

(2)

where

n_{f}

and

n_{w}

are the total layer number of the panels and copper wire layers, respectively;

h_{k}^{f}

and

h_{k}^{w}

are the thicknesses of the k-th layer of the panels and copper wire layers, respectively;

θ^{k}

is the angle between the directions of the x-axis and k-th layer in the panels;

E_{IM}

is the Young’s modulus of inner metal layers;

Q_{i j}^{f}

and

Q_{i j}^{w}

(i, j = 1, 2, 6) represents the reduced stiffness coefficients of the panels and copper wire layers, respectively, with the detailed expressions being [46]:

[Q_{11}^{f}, Q_{12}^{f}, Q_{22}^{f}, Q_{66}^{f}] = [\frac{E_{1}^{f}}{1 - υ_{12}^{f} υ_{21}^{f}}, \frac{υ_{12}^{f} E_{1}^{f}}{1 - υ_{12}^{f} υ_{21}^{f}}, \frac{E_{2}^{f}}{1 - υ_{12}^{f} υ_{21}^{f}}, G_{12}^{f}]

(3a)

[Q_{11}^{w}, Q_{12}^{w}, Q_{22}^{w}, Q_{66}^{w}] = [\frac{E_{1}^{w}}{1 - υ_{12}^{w} υ_{21}^{w}}, \frac{υ_{12}^{w} E_{1}^{w}}{1 - υ_{12}^{w} υ_{21}^{w}}, \frac{E_{2}^{w}}{1 - υ_{12}^{w} υ_{21}^{w}}, G_{12}^{w}]

(3b)

where

E_{1}^{f}

and

E_{1}^{w}

are the longitudinal Young’s moduli of the composite panels and copper wire layer, respectively;

E_{2}^{f}

and

E_{2}^{w}

are the corresponding transverse Young’s moduli;

G_{12}^{f}

and

G_{12}^{w}

are the corresponding shear moduli;

v_{12}^{f}

v_{21}^{f}

v_{12}^{w}

, and

v_{21}^{w}

are the corresponding Poisson’s ratios, respectively.

The bending stiffness parameter D_P of the MECFRPSSs can be derived as [47]:

D_{P} = {\bar{E}}_{f} {h^{3} - {[2 (h_{w} + h_{m}) + h_{M}]}^{3}} W_{d} / 12 + D_{C}

(4)

where D_C is the bending stiffness of the MREC, which has the following form:

D_{C} = \frac{W_{d}}{12} {{\bar{E}}_{w} {[2 (h_{w} + h_{m}) + h_{M}]}^{3} + ({\bar{E}}_{IM} - {\bar{E}}_{w}) {(h_{M} + 2 h_{m})}^{3} + ({\bar{E}}_{C} - {\bar{E}}_{IM}) h_{M}^{3}}

(5)

Since the MRE material has a low shear stiffness behaviour, its deformation effect must be taken into account. Hence, the shear stiffness S_C of MRE layer in the MECFRPSS structure can be defined as:

S_{C} = G_{C 12} W_{d} h_{M}

(6)

Furthermore, the maximum deformation d_max of the structure subjected to three-point bending forces is determined as:

d_{\max} = d_{b} + d_{s} = \frac{F {(x_{2} - x_{1})}^{3}}{12 D_{P}} [\frac{3}{4} (\frac{x_{0} - x_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}) - {(\frac{x_{0} - x_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}})}^{3}] + \frac{F (x_{0} - x_{1})}{2 S_{C}}

(7)

where d_s and d_b are the deformations related to shear and bending forces, respectively.

The shear stiffness K_s and the bearing stiffness K_b of the MECFRPSS structure are stated as:

K_{s} = \frac{F}{d_{s}} = \frac{2 S_{C}}{x_{0} - x_{1}}

(8a)

K_{b} = \frac{F}{d_{b}} = \frac{12 D_{P}}{[3 (x_{0} - x_{1}) {(x_{2} - x_{1})}^{2} / 4 - {(x_{0} - x_{1})}^{3}]}

(8b)

Finally, the static bending stiffness

\bar{K}

of the MECFRPSSs subjected to the three-point bending forces can be obtained as:

\bar{K} = \frac{F}{d_{b} + d_{s}} = \frac{K_{b} K_{s}}{K_{b} + K_{s}} = 1 / [\frac{{(x_{2} - x_{1})}^{3}}{12 D_{P}} [\frac{3}{4} (\frac{x_{0} - x_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}) - {(\frac{x_{0} - x_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}})}^{3}] + \frac{x_{0} - x_{1}}{2 S_{C}}]

(9)

2.4. Analysis of Vibration Resistance

To obtain the vibration solution of the MECFRPSS structure with a high accuracy, the classical laminate theory [48] (applied to the top and bottom panels) and the Reddy’s high-order shear deformation theory [49] (applied to the MREC) were adopted in this paper. As a result, the displacement field functions of the structure studied can be given as:

[u_{c}, v_{c}, w_{c}] = [u_{0} - z \frac{\partial w}{\partial x}, v_{0} - z \frac{\partial w}{\partial y}, w_{0}]

(10a)

[u_{h}, v_{h}, w_{h}] = [u_{0} + z ψ_{x} - \frac{4 z^{3}}{3 h^{2}} (\frac{\partial w}{\partial x} + ψ_{x}), v_{0} + z ψ_{y} - \frac{4 z^{3}}{3 h^{2}} (\frac{\partial w}{\partial y} + ψ_{y}), w_{0}]

(10b)

where u_c, v_c, and w_c are the displacement components of the panels; u_h, v_h, and w_h are the displacement components of the MREC; u₀, v₀, and w₀ are the displacement components of the mid-plane of the structure along with the x, y, and z directions, respectively;

ψ_{x}

and

ψ_{y}

are the transverse normal rotation variables in the xoz and yoz planes.

According to the Rayleigh–Ritz approach [50], u₀, v₀, w₀,

ψ_{x}

, and

ψ_{y}

of the MECFRPSS are assumed as:

\begin{array}{l} u_{0} = e^{i ω t} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} A_{m n} P_{m} (ξ) P_{n} (η) \\ v_{0} = e^{i ω t} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} B_{m n} P_{m} (ξ) P_{n} (η) \\ w_{0} = e^{i ω t} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} C_{m n} P_{m} (ξ) P_{n} (η) \\ ψ_{x} = e^{i ω t} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} D_{m n} P_{m} (ξ) P_{n} (η) \\ ψ_{y} = e^{i ω t} \sum_{m = 1}^{M} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} E_{m n} P_{m} (ξ) P_{n} (η) \end{array}

(11)

where ω is the excitation frequency when the pulse load is applied on the structure;

A_{m n}, B_{m n}, C_{m n}, D_{m n}, E_{m n}

(m = 1, \dots, M; n = 1, \dots, N)

are the Ritz vectors; N and M are the truncation values; and P_m(ξ) and P_n(η) are the orthogonal polynomials which can be determined based on the selected boundary constraints [51].

The kinetic energy T_C and strain energy U_C of the MREC are, respectively, determined as:

\begin{matrix} T_{C} = ρ_{w} \int_{A} \int_{h_{w}} ({(\frac{\partial u_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial v_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial w_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2}) d z d A + ρ_{IM} \int_{A} \int_{h_{m}} ({(\frac{\partial u_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial v_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial w_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2}) d z d A \\ + \frac{1}{2} ρ_{M} \int_{A} \int_{h_{M}} ({(\frac{\partial u_{h}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial v_{h}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial w_{h}}{\partial t})}^{2}) d z d A \end{matrix}

(12a)

\begin{matrix} U_{C} = \int_{A} [(M_{x}^{w} + M_{x}^{m}) κ_{x} + (M_{y}^{w} + M_{y}^{m}) κ_{y} + (M_{x y}^{w} + M_{x y}^{m}) κ_{x y}] d A \\ + \frac{1}{2} \int_{A} \int_{- \frac{h_{M}}{2}}^{\frac{h_{M}}{2}} (σ_{x}^{c} ε_{x}^{c} + σ_{y}^{c} ε_{y}^{c} + σ_{x y}^{c} ε_{x y}^{c} + σ_{x z}^{c} ε_{x z}^{c} + σ_{y z}^{c} ε_{y z}^{c}) d z d A \end{matrix}

(12b)

where

ρ_{w}

ρ_{IM}

, and

ρ_{M}

are the densities of the copper wire layers, inner metal layers, and MRE layer, respectively;

M_{x}^{w}

M_{y}^{w}

, and

M_{x y}^{w}

are the internal moments of the copper wire layers;

M_{x}^{m}

M_{y}^{m}

, and

M_{x y}^{m}

are the internal moments of the inner metal layers;

κ_{x}

κ_{y}

, and

κ_{x y}

are the related curvature coefficients of the MREC;

σ_{x}^{c}

and

σ_{y}^{c}

are the normal stresses in the x-axis and y-axis, respectively;

σ_{x y}^{c}

σ_{x z}^{c}

, and

σ_{y z}^{c}

are the shear stresses at the xoy, xoz, yoz planes, respectively;

ε_{x}^{c}

ε_{y}^{c}

ε_{x y}^{c}

ε_{x z}^{c}

, and

ε_{y z}^{c}

are the corresponding strains of the structure.

Then, the total kinetic energy T and strain energy U can be determined as:

T = ρ_{f} \int_{A} \int_{h_{f}} [{(\frac{\partial u_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial v_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2} + {(\frac{\partial w_{c}}{\partial t})}^{2}] d z d A + T_{C}

(13a)

U = \int_{A} (M_{x}^{f} κ_{x} + M_{y}^{f} κ_{y} + M_{x y}^{f} κ_{x y}) d A + U_{C}

(13b)

where

ρ_{f}

is the density of the composite panels;

M_{x}^{f}

M_{y}^{f}

, and

M_{x y}^{f}

are the internal moments of the composite panels.

Using the Rayleigh–Ritz approach, the Lagrangian function L can be obtained as:

L = U - T

(14)

By minimizing L with regard to A_mn, B_mn, C_mn, D_mn, and E_mn, one has:

\frac{\partial L}{\partial A_{m n}} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial B_{m n}} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial C_{m n}} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial D_{m n}} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial E_{m n}} = 0

(15)

Equation (15) can be written in the following matrix forms:

\begin{matrix} C = diag [\frac{\partial U_{i}}{\partial A_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{i}}{\partial B_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{i}}{\partial C_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{i}}{\partial D_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{i}}{\partial E_{m n}}] \\ K = diag [\frac{\partial U_{r}}{\partial A_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{r}}{\partial B_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{r}}{\partial C_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{r}}{\partial D_{m n}}, \frac{\partial U_{r}}{\partial E_{m n}}] \\ M = diag [\frac{\partial T}{\partial A_{m n}}, \frac{\partial T}{\partial B_{m n}}, \frac{\partial T}{\partial C_{m n}}, \frac{\partial T}{\partial D_{m n}}, \frac{\partial T}{\partial E_{m n}}] / ω_{q}^{2} \end{matrix}

(16)

where C, K, and M are the damping, stiffness, and mass matrices of the MECFRPSS structure; ω_q is the q-th natural frequency concerned;

U_{i}

and

U_{r}

, respectively, are the imaginary and real parts of U.

The free vibration equations of the MECFRPSS structure are stated as:

(K - ω_{r}^{2} M) e = 0

(17)

where e is the eigenvector. After the q-th natural frequency and eigenvector are solved, each modal shape can be determined by substituting e into Equation (11).

To solve the damping ratio of the structure, the dissipated energy ΔU_q and strain energy U_q with the q-th mode are determined as:

\begin{matrix} Δ U_{q} = 2 π e_{q}^{T} C e_{q} \\ U_{q} = e_{q}^{T} K e_{q} \end{matrix}

(18)

Furthermore, the damping ratio

ξ_{q}

associated with the q-th mode can be solved as:

ξ_{q} = \frac{Δ U_{q}}{4 π U_{q}}

(19)

By applying the orthogonality principle of mode shape [52], the following expressions between K, C, and M can be obtained:

\begin{matrix} K + i C = {(e^{T})}^{- 1} diag (ω_{q}^{2} (1 + i 2 ξ_{q})) e^{- 1} \\ M = {(e^{T})}^{- 1} e^{- 1} \end{matrix}

(20)

Then, the FRF matrix H(ω) can be expressed as [53]:

H (ω) = {[K + i C - ω^{2} M]}^{- 1} = {[{(e^{T})}^{- 1} diag (ω_{q}^{2} (1 + i 2 ξ_{q}) - ω^{2}) e^{- 1}]}^{- 1} = \sum_{q = 1}^{M N} \frac{e_{q}^{T} e_{q}}{ω_{q}^{2} (1 + i 2 ξ_{q}) - ω^{2}}

(21)

Finally, the dynamic stiffness K_d of the MECFRPSS at the point R(a₁, b₁) under pulse excitation force can be obtained as:

K_{d} (ω) = {[H (ω)]}^{- 1} = {[\sum_{q = 1}^{M N} \frac{W_{q} (a_{0}, b_{0}) W_{q} (a_{1}, b_{1})}{ω_{q}^{2} (1 + i 2 ξ_{q}) - ω^{2}}]}^{- 1}

(22)

where

H (ω)

is the FRF of the MECFRPSS structure; W_q(a₀, b₀) and W_q(a₁, b₁) are the q-th shape functions with respect to the excitation and response points.

2.5. Validation of Theoretical Model

First, the experimental results from Ref. [10] were used to verify the current model in predicting the vibration resistances of the MECFRPSSs. The cantilever boundary conditions of the specimens were achieved by a set of clamping fixtures. The material and geometric parameters of panels, copper wire layers, inner metal layers, and MRE layer were provided by Ref. [10], as shown in Table 1. Note that the magnetic field coefficients were obtained from the FRF data tested under different magnetic levels, as listed in Table 2. Additionally, Table 3 and Table 4 show the comparison results of the dynamic stiffness values and damping ratios obtained by our model and Ref. [10] with different magnetic induction amplitudes. Here, a good agreement was observed, as there were only small relative deviations in the dynamic stiffness and damping ratios with the corresponding maximum values being 4.7 and 9.0 %, respectively, which proves that the proposed model was capable of predicting the vibration resistances of the MECFRPSSs. The above deviations may be caused by: (1) the neglect of the interlayer stress effect between two panels and MREC in the current model; (2) the neglect of the temperature effect of the copper wire due to continuous application of the internal current.

In addition, the finite element (FE) results calculated based on ANSYS workbench software were also utilized to validate our model when the bending deformation of the MECFRPSS structure was predicted. Here, the identical material and geometric parameters listed in Table 1 were adopted with a concentrated line force F being set as 20, 30, and 40 N, and x₀ = 0.1 m, x₁ = 0.05 m, x₂ = 0.15 m, respectively.

By taking the concentrated line force that was equal to 20 N as an example, Figure 2 provides the FE deformation map of the MECFRPSS structure subjected to three-point bending forces, where the maximum deformation value was also extracted for further analysis. After that, Table 5 presents a comparison of the maximum deformations and static bending stiffness values calculated by ANSYS workbench software and the current model with different line forces. A reasonably good agreement between the calculations and measurements was clearly observed, as the related discrepancies in the calculated maximum deformations and static bending stiffness values were less than 4.6 and 4.4 %, respectively. Thus, the current model can keep a good accuracy in the prediction of the bending resistance of the MECFRPSS structure. The above calculation deviations may be from the following factors: (1) the plastic deformation effect was ignored in the present model; (2) the different simulation methods were adopted in the present study and FE software when three-point bending forces were considered to apply to the MECFRPSS structure.

3. Optimal Design Formulation

3.1. Optimization Model

The main purpose of the present study was to realize the optimal design of bending-vibration resistance for the MECFRPSSs. Thus, the static bending stiffness, averaged damping, and average dynamic stiffness were considered as the objective functions.

The first objective was maximizing the static bending stiffness

\bar{K}

of the MECFRPSSs. Here, to facilitate optimization operation, the maximization problem was further turned into a minimization one by solving its opposite counterpart value. Therefore, the first objective function

ϕ_{1}

was defined as

ϕ_{1} = - \bar{K}

(23)

To maximize the averaged damping of the MECFRPSSs, the second objective function

ϕ_{2}

was defined as:

ϕ_{2} = - \sum_{q = 1}^{X} a_{q} ξ_{q}

(24)

where X is the mode order considered, and

a_{q}

is the q-th weighting coefficient for damping ratio.

Considering the objective of maximizing the averaged dynamic stiffness of the MECFRPSSs, the third objective function

ϕ_{3}

is written as:

ϕ_{3} = - \sum_{q = 1}^{N} b_{q} K_{d}^{q}

(25)

where

K_{d}^{q}

is the q-th dynamic stiffness, and

b_{q}

is the q-th weighting coefficient for dynamic stiffness.

Moreover, suppose

h_{s}

is the thickness ratio of MRE to panels with the following expression:

h_{s} = h_{M} / h_{a}

(26)

Assume that

E_{s}

is the modulus ratio of MRE to panels with the following expression:

E_{s} = E_{C 1} / E_{1}^{f}

(27)

Similarly, assume that

ρ_{s}

is the density ratio of MRE to panels with the following expression:

ρ_{s} = ρ_{M} / ρ_{f}

(28)

Then,

h_{s}

E_{s}

, and

ρ_{s}

are determined as design variables, which need to meet the following constraint conditions:

h_{s}_{\min} \leq h_{s} \leq h_{s}_{\max}

(29)

E_{s}_{\min} \leq E_{s} \leq E_{s}_{\max}

(30)

ρ_{s}_{\min} \leq ρ_{s} \leq ρ_{s}_{\max}

(31)

where

h_{s}_{\min}, h_{s}_{\max}

E_{s}_{\min}, E_{s}_{\max}

, and

ρ_{s}_{\min}, ρ_{s}_{\max}

are the upper and lower constraint boundary values for

h_{s}

E_{s}

, and

ρ_{s}

respectively.

Finally, with combination of Equations (23)–(31), the multi-objective optimization model of the MECFRPSSs can be constructed as:

\begin{matrix} \min ϕ_{1} (h_{s}, E_{s}, ρ_{s}), ϕ_{2} (h_{s}, E_{s}, ρ_{s}), ϕ_{3} (h_{s}, E_{s}, ρ_{s}) \\ s . t . h_{s}_{\min} \leq h_{s} \leq h_{s}_{\max} \\ E_{s}_{\min} \leq E_{s} \leq E_{s}_{\max} \\ ρ_{s}_{\min} \leq ρ_{s} \leq ρ_{s}_{\max} \end{matrix}

(32)

3.2. Optimization Algorithm

The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm [54,55] was as simple and flexible as genetic algorithms, differential evolution, evolutionary strategy, and particle swarm optimization algorithms. However, the ABC algorithm employed fewer control parameters. Thus, this algorithm was used in this work to execute the optimization design owing to the fast convergence and high accuracy. Assume that

X P

is the initial population vector and NP is the population size of employed bees, and

X P

has the following expression:

X P = [x p_{1}, x p_{2}, \dots, x p_{D}]

(33)

where

x p_{i}

(

i = 1, 2, \dots, D

) is the i-th nectar position. Note that in the ABC algorithm, the nectar position and employed bee corresponded to each other.

In this way, if the

t_{r}

-th iteration is conducted smoothly, the i-th nectar position vector

X P^{t_{r}}

after this iteration can be obtained as:

X P^{t_{r}} = [x p_{1}^{t_{r}}, x p_{2}^{t_{r}}, \dots, x p_{D}^{t_{r}}]

(34)

where

x p_{i}^{t_{r}}

(

i = 1, 2, \dots, D

) is the i-th nectar position via the

t_{r}

-th iteration.

In Equation (34), the corresponding initialization value of

x p_{i}^{t_{r}}

is formulated as:

x p_{i}^{t_{r}} = L_{i} + rand (0, 1) (U_{i} - L_{i})

(35)

where

L_{i}

and

U_{i}

represent the up and low limits of search space of employed bees, respectively.

Furthermore, the employed bees will update the nectar positions. When the i-th nectar position is updated, one has:

v p_{i} = x p_{i} + φ (x p_{i} - x p_{j}) a_{c}

(36)

where

j = 1, 2, \dots, N P (j \neq i)

represents a number that is randomly selected among all of nectar sources but it should not be equal to

i

, and

φ

is the random number uniformly distributed in the range of [−1, 1], which can be determined by disturbance amplitude in the ABC algorithm [55],

a_{c}

is acceleration coefficient with the expressions being provided in Ref. [56].

When the fitness value of new nectar position vector

V P = [v p_{1}, v p_{2}, \dots, v p_{D}]

is better than the one of

X P

, the Greedy evolutionary law (GEL) [55] is adopted to replace

X P

with

V P

. Otherwise,

X P

is reserved in the search process of nectar source.

Then, after all employed bees complete the corresponding nectar location search in Equation (36), they fly back to the information exchange area to share nectar position information. According to iteration principle of the ABC algorithm [55], the onlooker bees will follow them with the probability function

P_{i}

, which can be defined as:

P_{i} = f i t_{i} / \sum_{i = 1}^{N P} f i t_{i}

(37)

where

f i t_{i}

is the fitness evaluation function. Assuming that

ϕ (x p_{i})

is the related objective function value of

x p_{i}

, then

f i t_{i}

in the ABC algorithm can be expressed as

f i t_{i} = {\begin{cases} 1 / [1 + ϕ (x p_{i})] ϕ (x p_{i}) > 0 \\ 1 + | ϕ (x p_{i}) | ϕ (x p_{i}) \leq 0 \end{cases}

(38)

Following that, each onlooker bee adopts a roulette method to choose the corresponding employed bee, which means a uniformly distributed random number will be constructed in the range of [0, 1]. If

P_{i}

is greater than this random value, each onlooker bee will generate a new nectar position around the previous nectar source according to Equation (36). Meanwhile, the similar GEL was applied to determine the reserved nectar position.

In this way, the iterative calculations were started. If

X P^{t}^{r}

reaches the threshold

l_{i m}

corresponding to the pre-defined constraint condition, but employed bees fail to find better nectar positions, those nectar positions will be abandoned with the corresponding employed bees being transformed into onlooker bees. Subsequently, the onlooker bees will randomly generate new nectar sources in the search space to replace the abandoned ones. Here, the new nectar positions will be determined by employing the following equations until the optimal nectar position is outputted:

x p_{i}^{t_{r} + 1} = {\begin{array}{l} L_{i} + rand (0, 1) (U_{i} - L_{i}) & , t_{r} \geq l_{im} \\ x p_{i}^{t_{r}} & , t_{r} < l_{im} \end{array}

(39)

Finally, determine whether the ABC algorithm meets the termination requirement. If this is true, the interactive computations will be fulfilled, and the corresponding trade-off Pareto-optimal solutions will be found. Otherwise, new nectar spots will be generated, and the interactive computations will be continued. To better illustrate the iterative principle, Figure 3 gives the corresponding flowchart of the ABC algorithm.

3.3. Validation of Optimal Algorithm

Here, an estimation function was utilized to validate the effectiveness of the ABC algorithm, which has the following form:

f (x, y) = - x \sin (4 π x) + y \sin (4 π y + π) - 1 x, y \in [- 2, 2]

(40)

Figure 4 illustrates the surface colormap of

f (x, y)

with

x, y \in [- 2, 2]

, which contains many local maximum points but only a global maximum point, i.e.,

f_{\max} = 2.753

with

x = y = 1.878

The ABC algorithm was used to carry out iterative calculations with the goal of achieving the smallest optimization result of

f_{0} (x, y)

, where

f_{0} (x, y) = - f (x, y)

. Figure 5 displays the corresponding objective function values with different iteration numbers in the optimization process. One can find that the iteration result converges quickly to the minimal value of −2.753 from the original value as the iteration number increases, which takes about 8.1 s, with a maximum iteration number of 18. Therefore, this algorithm can be utilized in the optimization design of bending and vibration resistant properties of the MECFRPSSs. It should be noted that since the effectiveness of the ABC algorithm was already confirmed in many studies [54,55,56,57], it was employed directly in the single-objective or multi-objective optimization design process.

4. Optimization Analysis

4.1. Single-Objective Optimization

Using the ABC algorithm described in Section 3, the optimization design of bending or vibration resistance of the MECFRPSS structure was performed using a single-objective function

ϕ_{1}

and

ϕ_{3}

. Figure 6 illustrates the calculated results of the structure with different iteration numbers related to

ϕ_{1}

and

ϕ_{3}

. In the iterative calculations, the input parameters of the ABC algorithm in Table 6 were employed. Additionally, the corresponding optimization results are provided in Table 7 and Table 8. It is worth mentioning that the mode order N was set as 3, and the first three weighting coefficients for dynamic stiffness were set as 0.7, 0.2, and 0.1, respectively.

It can be observed from Figure 6 that as the iteration number increased, the optimization results of bending and vibration resistances eventually became stable, regardless of the initial value chosen in the ABC algorithm. Thus, adopting the ABC algorithm can help the model to obtain the concerned optimal design variables, e.g., the geometric and material parameters (such as h_s and ρ_s), with high efficiency. In addition, based on the optimization analysis results in Table 7 and Table 8, it was not difficult to understand the physical mechanism behind the above optimization findings. Because a small value of

E_{s}

and an appropriate value of

h_{s}

all contribute to a high stiffness property of the structure studied, this will further lead to good bending and vibration suppression performance of the MECFRPSS structure.

4.2. Two-Objective Optimization

Furthermore, optimization calculation with two-objective functions was performed on the MECFRPSS structure based on the iterative calculation process of the ABC algorithm described in Section 3. Here, the objective functions include the maximum values of static bending stiffness and averaged damping parameters linked to the first three modes. Meanwhile, the thickness, modulus, and density ratios of MRE to panels were taken as the design variables. Figure 7 displays the Pareto-optimal front in which the corresponding critical points were also marked. Meanwhile, the final optimal design variables related to different critical points in this iterative calculation process are given in Table 9.

From the results in Figure 7 and Table 9, it was found out that at the points A₁ and A₂, the static bending stiffness and the averaged damping parameter reached their respective extremes. So, when the two objective functions

ϕ_{1}

and

ϕ_{2}

were taken into account, a compromise design variable must be considered. That is the reason why the optimal thickness, modulus, and density results associated with the turning point A₃ were between the related counterparts related to the points A₂ and A_1. As a result, according to the principle of Pareto-optimal solutions, it was suggested to adopt the optimal design variables that were closely related to point A_3. In this way, the MECFRPSS structure will possess the optimal bending-vibration resistance.

4.3. Multi-Objective Optimization

Here, by taking the minimum values of static bending stiffness, averaged damping and dynamic stiffness parameters linked to the first three modes as the objective functions, the multi-objective optimization was undertaken on the MECFRPSS structure. Note that the same geometric and material parameters, design variables, and iteration parameters of the ABC algorithm listed in Table 6 were used in the iterative process. Figure 8 illustrates the corresponding Pareto-optimal solutions in this iterative calculation process, in which the corresponding critical points were also marked. Meanwhile, the final optimal design variables related to different critical points are shown in Table 10.

The observation of Figure 8 and Table 10 indicate that the static bending stiffness was the largest at point B₁, but the averaged dynamic stiffness was the smallest. At point B₂, the damping parameter of the structure studied was the largest, but the static bending stiffness was the smallest. In addition, the averaged dynamic stiffness was the largest at point B₃, but the structure did not have the best bending resistance and damping effect. Hence, it was difficult to find a perfectly optimal solution at the points B₁, B₂, and B₃. To achieve the optimal bending and vibration suppression performances of the structure, a compromise decision must be made. Here, complying with the Pareto-optimal distribution, the optimal design variable results at the turning point B₄ were suggested for such a structure in further engineering applications.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, the optimization design of bending and vibration resistances of the MECFRPSSs was conducted using the ABC algorithm, in which the thickness, modulus, and density ratios of MRE to panels were taken as the design variables with single-objective, dual-objective, and multi-objective optimizations being considered. Based on the optimization analysis results, it was proved that the ABC algorithm adopted in this study was reliable for performing the optimization design of bending- and vibration-resistant properties of the MECFRPSSs. When two-objective optimization was analysed with consideration of static bending stiffness and averaged damping parameters as objective functions, it was difficult to improve bending resistance and damping performance of the structure simultaneously as the values of three design variables increased continuously. For instance, increasing the thickness ratio only lead to the improvement of static bending stiffness rather than damping property. Therefore, it is recommended to choose the optimal design variables that are closely related to point A₃ to obtain the optimum bending-vibration resistance. In addition, when multi-objective optimization work was finished, in which the static bending stiffness and averaged damping and dynamic stiffness parameters were taken as the objective functions, it was found that some compromise results of design variables need to be determined, which should also comply with the Pareto-optimal solutions. As a result, to better exert the bending-vibration suppression performance of the MECFRPSSs, the optimal design variables at the turning point B₄ are suggested for such structures in further engineering applications.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L.; methodology, G.W. and Z.L.; software, G.W. and Y.Y.; validation, Y.Y. and W.W.; formal analysis, W.W. and J.L.; investigation, Z.Z. and J.L.; resources, H.L. and G.W.; data curation, Z.Q. and Z.S.; writing—original draft preparation, G.W. and W.W.; writing—review and editing, Z.L. and Z.Z.; visualization, Z.S. and Z.Q.; supervision, H.L. and Z.L.; project administration, H.L.; funding acquisition, H.L. and G.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52175079, and 11972204); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. N2103026); the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M680990).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. A model for analysis of bending and vibration parameters of the MECFRPSSs: (a) coordinate and dimension, (b) deformation with three-point bending forces, and (c) dynamic response with a pulse load.

Figure 2. Deformation map of the MECFRPSS structure subjected to three-point bending forces when the concentrated line force was 20N.

Figure 3. A flowchart of the ABC algorithm.

Figure 4. A surface colormap of an estimation function with

x, y \in [- 2, 2]

Figure 4. A surface colormap of an estimation function with

x, y \in [- 2, 2]

Figure 5. Objective function values calculated for the minimum optimization of

f_{0} (x, y)

with different iteration numbers.

Figure 5. Objective function values calculated for the minimum optimization of

f_{0} (x, y)

with different iteration numbers.

Figure 6. The calculated results of the MECFRPSS structure with different iteration numbers related to (a) bending and (b) vibration resistances.

Figure 7. Pareto-optimal front when the two-objective optimization of the MECFRPSS structure is considered.

Figure 8. Pareto-optimal solutions when the multi-objective optimization of the MECFRPSS structure is considered.

Table 1. Material and geometric parameters of the MECFRPSSs specimens.

Type	Value /mm	Type	Value /GPa	Type	Value/GPa	Type	Value	Type	Value/kg/m³
$L_{g}$	200	$E_{1}^{f}$	115	$E_{C 2}$	7.8	$η_{C 1}$	0.15	$ρ_{f}$	1370
$W_{d}$	80	$E_{1}^{w}$	163	$G_{12}^{f}$	7.1	$η_{C 2}$	0.15
$h_{a}$	0.60	$E_{IM}$	72	$G_{12}^{w}$	47.5	$η_{C 12}$	0.15
$h_{m}$	0.30	$E_{C 1}$	7.8	$G_{C 12}$	4.5	$η_{C 23}$	0.15	$ρ_{M}$	3300
$h_{M}$	2.00	$E_{2}^{f}$	9.5	$G_{C 23}$	2.8	$v_{12}^{f}$	0.32
$h_{w}$	0.31	$E_{2}^{w}$	143	$G_{C 23}$	2.8	$v_{12}^{w}$	0.35

Table 2. Magnetic coefficients of MRE material.

Type	Value	Type	Value	Type	Value	Type	Value
$d_{1}$	2.564 $\times$ 10¹	$e_{1}$	1.838	$f_{1}$	8.508 $\times$ 10⁻¹	$g_{1}$	1.769 $\times$ 10⁻¹
$d_{2}$	1.284 $\times$ 10⁻¹	$e_{2}$	3.163	$f_{2}$	8.508 $\times$ 10⁻¹	$g_{2}$	1.769 $\times$ 10⁻¹
$d_{3}$	5.196	$e_{3}$	2.305	$f_{3}$	7.217 $\times$ 10⁻¹	$g_{3}$	3.269 $\times$ 10⁻¹
$d_{4}$	8.807 $\times$ 10⁻⁴	$e_{4}$	2.926 $\times$ 10⁻¹	$f_{4}$	2.454 $\times$ 10⁻⁸	$g_{4}$	3.365 $\times$ 10⁻¹

Table 3. Comparison of dynamic stiffness values calculated by the current model and Ref. [10] subjected to different magnetic induction amplitudes.

Magnetic Induction Intensity/mT	Mode	Present/N/m	Ref. [10]/N/m	Relative Deviation/%
0	1st	5322	5150	3.3
0	2nd	27,820	27,760	0.2
16	1st	6279	6220	0.9
16	2nd	30,420	29,670	2.5
35	1st	6900	6590	4.7
35	2nd	31,110	30,840	0.9
62	1st	7276	7321	0.6
62	2nd	31,540	32,200	2.0

Table 4. Comparison of damping ratios calculated by the current model and Ref. [10] subjected to different magnetic induction amplitudes.

Magnetic Induction Intensity/mT	Mode	Present/%	Ref. [10]/%	Relative Deviation/%
0	1st	5.98	6.50	8.0
0	2nd	6.67	7.27	8.3
16	1st	5.99	6.53	8.3
16	2nd	7.07	7.67	7.8
35	1st	6.03	6.58	8.4
35	2nd	7.39	8.12	9.0
62	1st	6.05	6.62	8.6
62	2nd	7.76	8.47	8.4

Table 5. Comparison of the maximum deformations and static bending stiffness values of the MECFRPSS structure calculated by ANSYS workbench software and the present model.

Force/N	Present d_max/mm	ANSYS d_max/mm	Relative Deviation/%	Present $\bar{K}$ /N/m	ANSYS $\bar{K}$ /N/m	Relative Deviation/%
20	0.686	0.656	−4.6	29,154.5	30,487.8	4.4
30	1.082	1.049	−3.1	27,726.4	28,598.7	3.0
40	1.536	1.487	−3.3	26,041.7	26,899.8	3.2

Table 6. Iteration parameters of the ABC algorithm.

Iteration Parameter	Value
Size of population	50~300
Maximum iteration number	50
Acceleration coefficient upper bound	1
Abandonment limit parameter	150

Table 7. Optimization results of bending resistant performance of the MECFRPSS structure.

Iteration	ϕ₁	h_s	E_s × 10⁻⁵	ρ_s
1	−24,527	0.72	6.27	2.51
5	−24,531	0.72	6.24	2.51
10	−24,635	0.74	6.16	2.51
25	−24,956	0.78	6.06	2.52
50	−25,599	0.79	5.89	2.52

Table 8. Optimization results of vibration resistant performance of the MECFRPSS structure.

Iteration	ϕ₃	h_s	E_s × 10⁻⁵	ρ_s
1	−19,845	0.28	6.26	2.95
5	−20,921	0.28	6.25	2.96
10	−21,802	0.29	6.17	2.95
25	−23,053	0.31	5.44	2.94
50	−23,054	0.31	5.44	2.95

Table 9. Optimal design variables related to different critical points in the two-objective optimization of the MECFRPSS structure.

Type	h_s	E_s × 10⁻⁵	ρ_s	Equivalent Damping Parameter/%	Static Bending Stiffness /N∙m⁻¹
A₁	0.79	5.89	2.52	3.50	2.56 × 10⁴
A₂	0.21	38.24	2.46	5.17	0.64 × 10⁴
A₃	0.75	38.71	2.48	4.60	2.40 × 10⁴

Table 10. Optimal design variables related to different critical points in the multi-objective optimization of the MECFRPSS structure.

Type	h_s	E_s × 10⁻⁵	ρ_s	Equivalent Damping Parameter/%	Equivalent Dynamic Stiffness/N∙m⁻¹	Static Bending Stiffness/N∙m⁻¹
B₁	0.79	5.29	2.48	3.40	1.53 × 10⁴	2.56 × 10⁴
B₂	0.21	38.24	2.64	5.17	1.90 × 10⁴	0.64 × 10⁴
B₃	0.31	5.34	2.99	2.85	2.30 × 10⁴	0.98 × 10⁴
B₄	0.62	14.61	2.58	4.20	1.92 × 10⁴	1.97 × 10⁴

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Wang, G.; Yan, Y.; Wang, W.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, Z.; Qiao, Z.; Li, J.; Li, H. Optimization Design of the Bending-Vibration Resistance of Magnetorheological Elastomer Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sandwich Sheets. Materials 2023, 16, 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062349

AMA Style

Wang G, Yan Y, Wang W, Li Z, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Qiao Z, Li J, Li H. Optimization Design of the Bending-Vibration Resistance of Magnetorheological Elastomer Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sandwich Sheets. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062349

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Guangbin, Yangyang Yan, Wenyu Wang, Zelin Li, Zhengwei Zhang, Zhanbin Sun, Zhou Qiao, Jinan Li, and Hui Li. 2023. "Optimization Design of the Bending-Vibration Resistance of Magnetorheological Elastomer Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sandwich Sheets" Materials 16, no. 6: 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062349

APA Style

Wang, G., Yan, Y., Wang, W., Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Sun, Z., Qiao, Z., Li, J., & Li, H. (2023). Optimization Design of the Bending-Vibration Resistance of Magnetorheological Elastomer Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sandwich Sheets. Materials, 16(6), 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062349

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Optimization Design of the Bending-Vibration Resistance of Magnetorheological Elastomer Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sandwich Sheets

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Analysis of Bending and Vibration Resistances

2.1. Model Description

2.2. Material Properties of MRE Core

2.3. Analysis of Bending Resistance

2.4. Analysis of Vibration Resistance

2.5. Validation of Theoretical Model

3. Optimal Design Formulation

3.1. Optimization Model

3.2. Optimization Algorithm

3.3. Validation of Optimal Algorithm

4. Optimization Analysis

4.1. Single-Objective Optimization

4.2. Two-Objective Optimization

4.3. Multi-Objective Optimization

5. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of Interest

References

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