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About: Papal appointment

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Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting a pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers, however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by their predecessors. The later procedures of the papal conclave are in large part designed to constrain the interference of secular rulers which characterized the first millennium of the Roman Catholic Church, and persisted in practices such as the creation of crown-cardinals and the jus exclusivae. Appointment might have taken several forms, with a variety of roles for the laity and civic leaders, Byzantine and Germanic emperors, and noble Roman families. The role of the election vis-a-vis the general population and the clergy was prone to vary

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  • El nomenament papal era un mètode medieval per elegir el papa. Els papes sempre han estat seleccionats a través d'un concili de sacerdots de l'Església; no obstant, les eleccions papals abans del 1059 sovint es caracteritzaven per la confirmació o nomenament per part o bé dels governants europeus seculars, o bé dels seus predecessors. Els procediments posteriors al conclave en gran manera foren dissenyats per limitar la interferència dels governants seculars que va caracteritzar el primer mil·lenni de l'Església Catòlica Romana, i va persistir amb pràctiques com la creació de i el jus exclusivae. El nomenament es podia fer de diverses maneres, amb rols que diferien entre els laics i líders civils, els emperadors romans d'Orient i alemanys, i les famílies romanes nobles. El paper que tenia la cita vis-a-vis de la població general i el clergat era procliu a variar considerablement, i el seu pes tant podia ser definitiu com considerar-se un mer suggeriment o ratificació d'una elecció prèvia. La institució es va originar a l'antiga Roma, on en més d'una ocasió l'emperador va intervenir per resoldre disputes sobre la legitimitat dels candidats papals. Un precedent important d'aquest període és l'edicte de l'emperador Flavi Honori, que va ser emès després d'un sínode que ell havia convocat per destituir l'antipapa Eulali I. El poder va passar al rei dels Ostrogots, després a l'emperador romà d'Orient o el seu delegat, l'exarca de Ravenna). Després d'un interregne, els reis francs i l'emperador romà generalment assumien el paper de confirmar els resultats de les eleccions papals. Durant un període que es coneix com el saeculum obscurum, el poder va passar de l'emperador als poderosos nobles romans Crescentii i després als comtes de Túsculum. En molts casos, la coronació papal es va retardar fins que l'elecció es confirmava. Diversos antipapes es van nomenar de manera similar. Aquesta pràctica es va acabar amb la Lluita de les Investidures, en gran part a causa dels esforços del Cardenal Hildebrand (futur Papa Gregori VII), que va tenir un paper important en l'elecció dels seus quatre predecessors, i la butlla papal de 1059 In Nomine Domini del papa Nicolau II. Tot i que la pràctica va ser prohibida pel (341) i el (465), els bisbes de Roma, així com altres bisbes, sovint van exercir una forta influència sobre el seu successor, fins i tot després del segle vi. La majoria dels papes des del segle IV al segle xii van ser nomenats o confirmats pel poder secular. (ca)
  • Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting a pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers, however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by their predecessors. The later procedures of the papal conclave are in large part designed to constrain the interference of secular rulers which characterized the first millennium of the Roman Catholic Church, and persisted in practices such as the creation of crown-cardinals and the jus exclusivae. Appointment might have taken several forms, with a variety of roles for the laity and civic leaders, Byzantine and Germanic emperors, and noble Roman families. The role of the election vis-a-vis the general population and the clergy was prone to vary considerably, with a nomination carrying weight that ranged from near total to a mere suggestion or ratification of a prior election. The institution has its origins in late antiquity, where on more than one occasion the emperor stepped in to resolve disputes over the legitimacy of papal contenders. An important precedent from this period is an edict of Emperor Honorius, issued after a synod he convoked to depose Antipope Eulalius. The power passed to (and grew with) the King of the Ostrogoths, then the Byzantine Emperor (or his delegate, the Exarch of Ravenna). After an interregnum, the Kings of the Franks and the Holy Roman Emperor (whose selection the pope also sometimes had a hand in), generally assumed the role of confirming the results of papal elections. For a period (today known as the "saeculum obscurum"), the power passed from the Emperor to powerful Roman nobles—the Crescentii and then the Counts of Tusculum. In many cases, the papal coronation was delayed until the election had been confirmed. Some antipopes were similarly appointed. The practice ended with the conclusion of the Investiture Controversy (c.f. confirmation of bishops) due largely to the efforts of Cardinal Hildebrand (future Pope Gregory VII), who was a guiding force in the selection of his four predecessors, and the 1059 papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II; some writers consider this practice to be an extreme form of "investiture" in and of itself. Although the practice was forbidden by the Council of Antioch (341) and the Council of Rome (465), the bishops of Rome, as with other bishops, often exercised a great deal of control over their successor, even after the sixth century. In addition, most popes from the fourth to twelfth century were appointed or confirmed by a secular power. (en)
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  • "In the autumn of 1046 the King of Germany, Henry III, crossed the Alps at the head of a large army and accompanied by a brilliant retinue of the secular and ecclesiastical princes of the empire, for the twofold purpose of receiving the imperial crown and of restoring order in the Italian Peninsula. The condition of Rome in particular was deplorable. In St. Peter's, the Lateran, and St. Mary Major's, sat three rival claimants to the papacy. [...] Two of them, Benedict IX and Sylvester III, represented rival factions of the Roman nobility [...] Gregory VI, was peculiar. [...] It was decided that he should summon a synod to meet at Sutri near Rome, at which the entire question should be ventilated. [...] Of the three papal claimants, Benedict refused to appear; he was again summoned and afterwards pronounced deposed at Rome. Sylvester was "stripped of his sacerdotal rank and shut up in a monastery". Gregory [...] deposed himself [...] the papal chair was declared vacant. As King Henry was not yet crowned emperor, he had no canonical right to take part in the new election; but the Romans had no candidate to propose and begged the monarch to suggest a worthy subject. (en)
  • "We have reached the turning-point in Papal history. There had been a Duke of Rome, resident of the Imperial house on the Palatine; an exercitus Romanus, which comprised the nobles who, however mixed their blood, fabled a descent from the Cornelii and the other Patricians of classic renown; last, but greatest, the Pontifex Maximus held his court with its array of clerics about the Church of the Saviour. And how did he stand to Dukes and nobles? While the Emperor governed, he was a subject, his election not valid till confirmed from the Golden Horn; and the "army," which claimed to be the Roman People, shared in his naming with the "venerable clergy." Now, was the Duke to continue when the Emperor has ceased? If not, the whole of Italy might be absorbed into the Lombard Kingdom, and the Pope, exercising a purely spiritual jurisdiction, would still have been a subject, liable to the military chief at Pavia, whose government he would consecrate but never share." (en)
  • [...] Short-sighted reformers [...] who saw in this surrender of the freedom of papal elections to the arbitrary will of the emperor the opening of a new era, lived long enough to regret the mistake that was made." (en)
  • "Soon after the German Emperors were seated on the throne, the political subjection of the Pope is, as a matter of history, unquestionable. [...] For a time this doctrine was a formidable instrument in the hands of the Emperor. The great Protector of the Church, in the exercise of his office, watched over the interests of the Roman See, convened general councils, and claimed the tremendous prerogative of nominating, or at least confirming, the Pope. Such a prerogative was exercised from the times of Otho the Great to that of Henry IV. Henry III deposed three schismatical Popes, and nominated more than one German Pope." (en)
dbp:source
  • J.P. Kirsch, 1913 (en)
  • James F. Loughlin, 1913 (en)
  • Robert Phillimore, 1855 (en)
  • William Francis Barry, 1902 (en)
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  • El nomenament papal era un mètode medieval per elegir el papa. Els papes sempre han estat seleccionats a través d'un concili de sacerdots de l'Església; no obstant, les eleccions papals abans del 1059 sovint es caracteritzaven per la confirmació o nomenament per part o bé dels governants europeus seculars, o bé dels seus predecessors. Els procediments posteriors al conclave en gran manera foren dissenyats per limitar la interferència dels governants seculars que va caracteritzar el primer mil·lenni de l'Església Catòlica Romana, i va persistir amb pràctiques com la creació de i el jus exclusivae. El nomenament es podia fer de diverses maneres, amb rols que diferien entre els laics i líders civils, els emperadors romans d'Orient i alemanys, i les famílies romanes nobles. El paper que tenia (ca)
  • Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting a pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers, however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by their predecessors. The later procedures of the papal conclave are in large part designed to constrain the interference of secular rulers which characterized the first millennium of the Roman Catholic Church, and persisted in practices such as the creation of crown-cardinals and the jus exclusivae. Appointment might have taken several forms, with a variety of roles for the laity and civic leaders, Byzantine and Germanic emperors, and noble Roman families. The role of the election vis-a-vis the general population and the clergy was prone to vary (en)
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  • Nomenament papal (ca)
  • Papal appointment (en)
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