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- Fort Holmes is a fortified earthen redoubt located on the highest point of Mackinac Island. Originally built in 1814 by British forces during the War of 1812, the redoubt was improved by that army throughout the course of the war (1812–1814) to help defend the adjacent Fort Mackinac from a possible attack by the U.S. Army. The British named the redoubt Fort George and reinforced it with cannon, a blockhouse, and a magazine for gunpowder and other munitions. However, Fort Holmes never functioned as an independent military fortification. It was always a dependent outpost of nearby Fort Mackinac. When United States armed forces reoccupied Mackinac Island in 1815 under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent, they took possession of Fort George. They surveyed and measured their prize, which they renamed Fort Holmes in honor of Major Andrew Holmes, a casualty in the 1814 Battle of Mackinac Island. However, the American army soon abandoned Fort Holmes. The earthworks and buildings of the former redoubt slowly eroded and disappeared over the course of more than a century. In 1936, as part of its mission to provide employment through public works projects during the nationwide Great Depression, the Works Progress Administration used the original 1817 American survey to rebuild Fort Holmes to its War of 1812 appearance. As of 1984, however, most of the reconstructed buildings of Fort Holmes had again disappeared, except for the redoubt's earthen walls. In 2015 the Mackinac Island State Park completed a second reconstruction of Fort Holmes that resumes the appearance that the redoubt had in 1817. The blockhouse includes interpretive panels inside, and is open in the summer. Many visitors come to the fort site for a view of the Straits of Mackinac, much of which is visible from this lookout point approximately 320 feet (98 m) above the surface of Lake Huron and 890 feet (271 m) above sea level. The redoubt and blockhouse can be rented for special occasions. (en)
- Le Fort Holmes était un fort de type redoute situé au sommet de l'île Mackinac. Construit à l'origine en 1812 par les forces britanniques durant la guerre de 1812, le fort fut amélioré durant la guerre pour améliorer la défense du proche fort Mackinac d'une attaque des forces américaines. Les Britanniques nomment le lieu Fort George et l'équipent de canons, d'une casemate et d'un magasin pour stocker la poudre à canons et les munitions. Le fort ne servit jamais en tant que fort indépendant mais seulement en tant que support au fort Mackinac. Durant la guerre, malgré plusieurs attaques américaines, les deux forts de l'île ne seront jamais capturés. Après la Guerre de 1812, les forces américaines investissent le fort qui est situé dans les zones cédées par le Royaume-Uni à la suite du traité de Gand. Ils renommèrent le fort en Fort Holmes, en hommage au Major qui avait été tué en 1814 durant la guerre lors de la Bataille de l'Île Mackinac. Le fort fut toutefois rapidement abandonné par les américains et celui-ci tomba lentement en ruines. Durant les années 1930, durant la Grande Dépression, des travailleurs du Civilian Conservation Corps eurent pour missions de reconstruire le fort sous sa forme de 1812 grâce à des plans d'époque. Au début du XXIe siècle, le fort est de nouveau en ruines mis-à-part quelques installations comme l'entrée en bois et quelques murs. De nombreux visiteurs visitent le lieu qui permet grâce à sa position en hauteur d'apercevoir le Détroit de Mackinac et le lac Huron. (fr)
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- Michigan State Historic Site (en)
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- Fort Holmes is a fortified earthen redoubt located on the highest point of Mackinac Island. Originally built in 1814 by British forces during the War of 1812, the redoubt was improved by that army throughout the course of the war (1812–1814) to help defend the adjacent Fort Mackinac from a possible attack by the U.S. Army. The British named the redoubt Fort George and reinforced it with cannon, a blockhouse, and a magazine for gunpowder and other munitions. However, Fort Holmes never functioned as an independent military fortification. It was always a dependent outpost of nearby Fort Mackinac. (en)
- Le Fort Holmes était un fort de type redoute situé au sommet de l'île Mackinac. Construit à l'origine en 1812 par les forces britanniques durant la guerre de 1812, le fort fut amélioré durant la guerre pour améliorer la défense du proche fort Mackinac d'une attaque des forces américaines. (fr)
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- Fort Holmes (en)
- Fort Holmes (fr)
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