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- institutional indicator - Corruption Perception Index. population size System GMM All countries Global: + BGM biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology: 0 EN engineering: ++ MS materials science: 0 MTH mathematics: + PA physics and astronomy: + Low income countries High income countries Global: 0 BGM: 0 EN: 0 MS: +++ MTH: 0 PA: +++ Global: +++ BGM: +++ EN: +++ MS: +++ MTH: +++ PA: +++ 44 Table A3: The scientific impact of articles published relative to the World (from the highest to the lowest) and countries’ level of technology and ICT development Country The scientific impact of articles published relative to the world Ranking of most technologi cally advanced countries ICT Develop ment Index 2017 Income Group Causality from RO to EG Causality from EG to RO Mutual causality No causality from RO to EG Switzerland 1.62120 11 3 High income Zaman et al. (2018)* Lee et al. (2011); Ntuli et al. (2015) United States 1.57775 5 16 High income Inglesi-Lotz et al.
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