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- Figure 2: Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition for UQR (1994-2015) Foreigners Naturalised Immigrants (a) Citizens of Turkey (d) Ethnic German repatriates (b) Citizens of southern European countries (e) Nat. immigrants without ethnic Germans (c) Citizens of the former Yugoslavia Survey weights are integrated to counteract sample bias. Covariates considered in the estimation include labour market experience, labour market experience squared, marital status, three skill levels, German writing skills, dummy variables for firm size, dummy variables for occupational class, dummy variables for industry, regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, region type, the regional share of the foreign population, regional real GDP per capita, and the regional unemployment rate.
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- Figure 4: Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition for UQR (1994-2015) – educational degree completed in Germany Foreigners Naturalised Immigrants Survey weights are integrated to counteract sample bias. Covariates considered in the estimation include labour market experience, labour market experience squared, marital status, three skill levels, dummy variables for firm size, dummy variables for occupational class, dummy variables for industry, regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, region type, the regional share of the foreign population, regional real GDP per capita, and the regional unemployment rate.
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- Figure 5: Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition for UQR (1994-2015) – Human Capital Quality Foreigners Naturalised Immigrants Economic distance Human Capital Index Survey weights are integrated to counteract sample bias. Covariates considered in the estimation include labour market experience, labour market experience squared, marital status, three skill levels, dummy variables for firm size, dummy variables for occupational class, dummy variables for industry, regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, region type, the regional share of the foreign population, regional real GDP per capita, and the regional unemployment rate.
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- Figure 6: Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition for UQR (2005-2015) – Personality Traits Sample with Big Five Sample without Big Five Foreigners Nat.
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- Figure 7: Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition for UQR (1994-2015) – Cultural Distance Foreigners Naturalised Immigrants Survey weights are integrated to counteract sample bias. Covariates considered in the estimation include labour market experience, labour market experience squared, marital status, three skill levels, dummy variables for firm size, dummy variables for occupational class, dummy variables for industry, regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, region type, the regional share of the foreign population, regional real GDP per capita, and the regional unemployment rate.
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- Figure B. 3: Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition for UQR (1994-2015) – full-time & part-time Foreigners Naturalised Immigrants Survey weights are integrated to counteract sample bias. Covariates considered in the estimation are labour market experience, labour market experience squared, marital status, three skill levels, dummy variables for firm size, dummy variables for occupational class, dummy variables for industry, regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, regional type, regional share of foreign population, regional real GDP per capita, and regional unemployment rate.
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- Figure C. 1: Foreigners and naturalised immigrants in Germany (1988 to 2015) * Break in series: Population data from 2011 to 2015 based on 2011 census.
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- See Schmidt (1997) for further detailed information. 3
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- Source: SOEP (2017). Own calculations. 77 81 79 81 88 81 88 113 135 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 ln(wage) difference quantile endow. coeff. gap N=9,845 35 47 52 57 59 74 85 100 91 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 ln(wage) difference quantile endow. coeff. gap N=6,487
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- Sources: Federal Bureau of Statistics (2017a) and Federal Office of Administration (2017) -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 percentage of the total population Foreign population in Germany Net migration of foreign population Ethnic German repatriates (accumulated since 1988) Naturalised Immigrants (accumulated since 1988)
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- Table 1: Means of select characteristics (pooled for 1994 to 2015) a Native Germans without mig.back Naturalised immigrants Foreigners d Naturalised immigrants w/o ethn.
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- Table A. 2: Number of observations by population group and years Source: SOEP (2017). Own calculations. Survey weights are not applied. Native. Ger. w/o migration backgr. Native Ger. with migration backgr. Ethnic Germans repatriates Naturalised Immigrants w/o eth.
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- The first movement took place in the last months of the war as well as in the post-war period and was characterised by war refugees and displaced persons from Eastern Europe towards Germany. Around 12.5 million citizens from Eastern provinces of the German Reich (Reichsdeutsche) and ethnic Germans living in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (Volksdeutsche) succeeded escaping to Germany’s “heartlandâ€. A large part of another 10-12 million displaced persons residing in the Western zones at the end of 1945 were able to return to their home country until 1946 (Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2005).
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- The main regions of origin currently are war stricken countries like Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq, but also eastern EU states and non-EU countries from Balkan (Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2017b). In 2014, 2015 and 2016 overall 1.6 million refugees more immigrated from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq to Germany than between 1994 and 2013 on average. The civil war in Syria started in 2011. 8
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- The net-migration reached its peak in 1993 with +600.000 persons (0.7 % of the population). In 1969 and 1970, the net-migration was +540.000 persons each (Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2017b). 5
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- The second movement was economically driven. Starting in the mid-1950s, West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, FRG) experienced a strong economic boom associated with a shortage of low-skilled labour. The German Federal Government consequently initiated an immigration policy targeting the recruitment of temporary workers from Turkey, southern European and northern African countries (Anwerbeabkommen).
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- The unrestricted freedom of travel was introduced in Hungary on January 1st , 1988 that enticed the citizens of the GDR to escape across the Hungarian-Austrian border (German Bundestag, 2014). 4
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- Three possible reasons for lower net migration between 1997 and 2010 are conceivable: (1) a new German law of asylum in 1993 with e.g. the implementation of “Drittstaatenregelung†that reduced the number of countries of origin those citizens have a right of asylum for Germany. (2) The Dublin Regulation (1997) states that the responsible member state will be the state through which the asylum seeker first entered the EU. (3) High unemployment rates in Eastern Germany (15-20 %) and Western Germany (6-12 %) (Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2017b). 7
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