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- Countries is log of number of host countries + 1. Assets is the log of total assets in constant 2010 US dollars. Loans is ratio of loans to total assets. Inflation is the rate of annual change in consumer prices. GDP growth is the rate of real GDP growth. GDP per capita is GDP per capita in thousands of constant 2000 dollars.
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- Figure 1. Growth rate of total assets for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of the growth rate of assets during 2000-2015 for international banks and domestic banks by blue and red lines, respectively.
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- Figure 2. Foreign liabilities of international banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of the foreign liabilities variable during 2000-2015 for international banks.
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- Figure 3. The number of foreign host countries of international banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of the number of foreign host countries variable during 2000-2015 for international banks.
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- Figure 4. Tobin’s Q for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of Tobin’s Q during 2000-2013 for international banks and domestic banks by blue and red lines, respectively. Tobin’s Q is the sum of market value of common equity, preferred equity, and total liabilities divided by total assets. Market-to-book is ratio of market value of equity to book value of equity. 2 4 6 8 10 12 Number of hosts 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year .98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 Tobin's Q 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic
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- Figure 5. Market-to-book for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of the market-to-book variable during 2000-2013 for international banks and domestic banks by blue and red lines, respectively. Market-to-book is ratio of market value of equity to book value of equity.
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- Figure 6. Z-score for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of the Z-score during 2000-2015 for international banks and domestic banks by blue and red lines, respectively Z-score is log of (ROA+CAR)/stddev(ROA), where ROA is return on assets, CAR is the ratio of capital to assets, and stddev(ROA) is the standard deviation of return on assets. It is calculated for 4-years rolling windows, normalized by total assets, and lagged one period. .5 1 1.5 2 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Bank z-score 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic
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- Figure 7. NPL ratio for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of the NPL ratio during 2000-2015 for international banks and domestic banks by blue and red lines, respectively. NPL ratio is log of ratio of non-performing loans to gross loans + 1 Figure 8. ROA for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of ROA during 2000-2015 for international banks and domestic banks by blue and red lines, respectively ROA is the return on average assets. .005 .01 .015 .02 .025 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic 0 .005 .01 .015 Return on assets 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic
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- Figure 9. ROE for international and domestic banks Note: This figure displays yearly means of ROE for international banks and domestic banks during 2000-2015 by blue and red lines, respectively ROE is ratio of equity to total assets Figure 10. Change in bank lending associated with a 1% increase in GDP growth Note: The figure shows marginal effects from regression 6 in Table 7 of bank lending on GDP per capita growth and a number of control variables and bank fixed effects. International bank values are evaluated at the average level of internationalization, here log of the number of countries in which the international bank is active. The coefficients are significant at the 10 percent significance level or better. 0 .05 .1 .15 .2 Return on equity 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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- Foreign liabilities is the sum of the liabilities of foreign subsidiary banks weighted by the parent bank’s ownership share divided by the parent bank’s consolidated liabilities. 0 5 10 15 Growth of assets 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year international domestic .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year
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- Foreign liabilities is the sum of the liabilities of foreign subsidiary banks weighted by the parent bank’s ownership share divided by the parent bank’s consolidated liabilities. Developing is a dummy variable that is one for a bank located in a low-income or middle-income country according to World Bank classification, and zero otherwise. After 2006 is a dummy variable that is one for years after 2006, and zero otherwise. Assets is the log of total assets in constant 2010 US dollars. Loans is ratio of loans to total assets. Inflation is the rate of annual change in consumer prices. GDP growth is the rate of real GDP growth.
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Galema, R., Koetter, M., and Liesegang, C. (2013). Cost leadership and bank internationalization, Discussion Paper No. 57/2013, Deutsche Bundesbank.
- GarcÃa-Herrero, A., and Vázquez, F. (2013). International diversification gains and home bias in banking. Journal of Banking and Finance 37, 2560-2571.
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- GDP per capita is GDP per capita in thousands of constant 2000 dollars. Countries is log of number of host countries + 1. Assets, Loans, Inflation, GDP growth, and GDP per capita are included, but not reported. Panel A reports regressions that include foreign liabilities, and Panel B reports regressions that include countries. Bank and year fixed effects are included. The sample period is 2000-2015. Robust standard errors are given in parentheses. *, ** and *** denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1%.
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- Gulamhussen, M., Pinheiro, C. M., and Pozzolo, A. F. (2017). Do multinational banks create or destroy shareholder value? A cross-country analysis. Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments 26, 295-313.
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Gulamhussen, M., Pinheiro, C., and Pozzolo, A. F. (2014). International diversification and risk of multinational banks: Evidence from the pre-crisis period. Journal of Financial Stability 13, 30-43.
Huizinga, H., Voget, J., and Wagner, W. (2014). International taxation and cross border banking, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6, 94-125.
- International Monetary Fund (2015). Global Financial Stability Report, Washington, April.
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Merz, J., and Overesch, M. (2016). Profit shifting and tax response of multinational banks. Journal of Banking and Finance, 68, 57-68.
World Bank (2018). Global Financial Development Report 2017/2018: Bankers without Borders. Washington, DC: World Bank.