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- Significance level: *** 1 percent, ** 5 percent, * 10 percent. Data sources: PISA student achievement test, 2012; own elaboration of Facebook data.
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- Table A11: Patience and Reading Achievement: Analysis of U.S. States 4 PCs 7 PCs 10 PCs (1) (2) (3) Patience 0.228*** 0.141* 0.227** (0.074) (0.077) (0.103) Wave fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Observations 153 153 153 States 51 51 51 R2 0.385 0.375 0.396 Notes: Dependent variable: NAEP eighth-grade reading test score in all NAEP waves 2015-2019. Least squares regressions with wave fixed effects. Unit of observation: state-wave combination. Col. 1-3 use the patience measure computed with 4, 7, and 10 principal components (PCs), respectively. Regressions control for risk-taking computed with the equivalent number of PCs. Robust standard errors adjusted for clustering at the state level in parentheses. Significance level: *** 1 percent, ** 5 percent, * 10 percent. Data sources: NAEP mathematics achievement test, 2015-2019; own elaboration of Facebook data.
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Woessmann, Ludger (2010). Institutional Determinants of School Efficiency and Equity: German States as a Microcosm for OECD Countries. Journal of Economics and Statistics 230 (2): 234-270. Figure 1: Word Cloud of Facebook Interests Notes: Word cloud of 1,000 Facebook interests with largest worldwide audience. Larger font sizes indicate larger audience. Figure 2: Measure of Patience Derived from Facebook Interests for Italian Regions and U.S. States A. Italian Regions B. U.S. States Notes: The figures show maps of the Facebook-derived measure of patience obtained with 4 PCs for Italian regions (Panel A) and U.S. states (Panel B), respectively. Each color corresponds to a decile of the distribution of patience within each country. Darker colors denote higher levels of patience.