- Aluminum Germany 1854-1975 Marks/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 263-5 1854-89: Continental European price, selling price of refined aluminum, Deville Co. France; 1858, 1860-3, 1865-73, 1875-7, 1879-83, 1887: linear trend; 1890-Mar 1958: Ingots, min. 99% metal cont., av. selling price of German primary aluminum; Apr 1958-75: Ingots, min. 99.5% metal cont., av. selling price of German primary aluminum; 1914: JanJul only; 1915-8, 1942-7: Official max. price.
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- Aluminum U.K. 1904-75 /mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 263-5 1913-45: Ingots, 99-99.5% metal cont., London market; 1946-75: Ingots, min. 99.5% metal cont., London market.
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- Aluminum U.S. 1895-1976 US-$/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 263-5 1895-1945: Ingots, min. 99% metal cont., New York market; 1946-76: Ingots, min. 99.5% metal cont., New York market.
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- Carter, S., Gartner, S., Haines, M., Olmstead, A., Sutch, R., and Wright, G., editors (2006). Historical statistics of the United States. Earliest time to the present. Millennial Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
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- Chandler, A. D. (1990). Scale and scope. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, M.A., and London.
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Considine, T. (1991). Economic and technological determinants of the material intensity of use. Land Economics, 67(1):99–115.
- Copper Germany 1845-57 Marks/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 270-2 Price of Mansfeld copper, Berlin market; 1847-50: linear trend.
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- Copper U.K. 1840-1976 /mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 268-72 1790-1879: Tough copper, fire-refined, av. 99.25% metal cont., London market; 1880-1914: Best selected copper, fire-refined, av. 99.75% metal cont., London market; 191576: Electrolytic wirebars, min. 99.9% metal cont., London market; 1939: Price av. Jan-Aug only as LME dealings were suspended; Sep 1940-Aug 53: controlled selling price of the Ministry of Supply.
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- Copper U.S. 1850-1976 US-$/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 268-72 1850-99: Lake copper, fire-refined, New York market, min. 99.9% metal cont.; 1900-1934: Electrolytic wirebars, min. 99.9% metal cont., New York market; 1935-1976: Electrolytic wirebars (domestic), net Atlantic seaboard refinery, min. 99.9% metal cont.; Sep 1967-Apr 68: U.S. producer strike, so 1967 is the average of Jan-June and 1968 is the average of May-Dec.
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- Country Currencies Time Source Notes Belgium British- per 1000 Guilders 1840-3 Denzel 2010, p. 21 British- per 1000 France 1844-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 21-3 France British- per 1000 Old Francs 1840-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 21-3 Italy British- per 1000 Piedmontese Lire Nuovo 1840-60 Denzel 2010, pp. 41-2 British- per 1000 Italian Lire 1861-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 42-3 Japan British- per 100 Yen 1862-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 533-4 No data available for 1872.
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- Country Currencies Time Source Notes Belgium Francs per U.S.-$ 1915-9 Bordo 2001 Francs per U.S.-$ 1920-99 Officer 2006 From 1927-40 the exchange rate is expressed in belgas.
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- Country Time Source Notes Belgium 1850-1988 Smits et al. 2009 GDP in current prices, total industry (incl. mining, manufacturing, energy, and construction). 1989-94 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, total industry (incl. mining, manufacturing, energy, and construction).
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- Country Time Source Notes Belgium 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Including Luxembourg.
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- Country Time Source Notes Belgium 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined copper.
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- Country Time Source Notes Belgium 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined tin, including Luxembourg. Finland No data available.
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- Country Time Source Notes Belgium 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined zinc; including Luxembourg.
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- Country Time Source Notes Belgium 1930-2010 BGR 2012 Refined aluminum; including Luxembourg.
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- Denzel, M. (2010). Handbook of world exchange rates, 1590-1914. Ashgate, Farnham.
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- Euro per U.S.-$ 2000-11 Officer 2011 Finland New Markaa per U.S.-$ 1911-70 Bordo 2001 Bordo et al (2001) transformed the original Old Markaa data into New Markaa.
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- Exports: linear trend. 1868-9 Hirth 1871, p. 567, Neumann 1904, pp. 251-3 Computed from imports and exports of tin in blocks etc, and the production of tin. 1870-1 Neumann 1904, pp. 251-3 Computed from imports and exports of tin in blocks etc, and the production of tin. Exports and Imports: linear trends. 1872-83 Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 1885, p. 144 Tin. 1884-5 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 66 Unwrought tin. 1886-1902 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 64 Unwrought tin. 1903-5 Metallgesellschaft 1913, p. 81 Unwrought tin. 1906-2010 BGR 2012 Refined tin, 1949-90: West-Germany.
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- Finland 1860-2001 Smits et al. 2009 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 2002-10 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing.
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- Finland 1929-2010 BGR 2012 France 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Germany 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Italy 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Japan 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Netherlands 1906-2010 BGR 2012 South Korea 1967-2010 BGR 2012 Spain 1909-2010 BGR 2012 Sweden 1927-2010 BGR 2012 U.K. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 U.S. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Table 14: Data sources for the usage of tin.
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- France 1850-1913 Smits et al. 2009 GDP in current prices, total industry (incl. mining, manufacturing, energy, and construction). 1920-38 Smits et al. 2009 GDP in current prices, total industry (incl. mining, manufacturing, energy, and construction). 1950-60 United Nations, Statistical Office 1963, p. 270 GDP in current prices, manufacturing (incl. also fishing and the quarring of building materials). 1961-9 United Nations, Statistical Office 1972 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 1970-98 Groningen Growth and Development Centre 2008 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 1999-2009 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 2010 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing.
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- France 1881-4 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 53 Unwrought copper including changes in apparent stocks. 1885-1902 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 51 Unwrought copper including changes in apparent stocks. 1903-12 Metallgesellschaft 1913, p. 50 Unwrought copper including changes in apparent stocks. 1913-2010 BGR 2012 Refined copper.
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- France 1889-96 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 68 Unwrought tin. 1897-1902 Metallgesellschaft 1907, p. 83 Unwrought tin. 1903-2010 BGR 2012 Refined tin.
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- France 1893-9 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 30 Computed from import, export, and production data for aluminum. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined aluminum.
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Gately, D. and Huntington, H. (2002). The asymmetric effects of changes in price and income on energy and oil demand. The Energy Journal, 23(1):19–55.
- Germany 1850-1949 Hoffmann 1965 NDP at factor costs in constant 1913 prices, Industry and handcraft (incl. no mining, but possibly energy and construction); 1914-24 and 1939-49: linear trends. 1950-90 Groningen Growth and Development Centre 2008 GDP at constant prices (base year = 1991); manufacturing; West Germany. 1991-2011 Statistisches Bundesamt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing.
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- Germany 1850-64 Bienengräber 1868, pp. 303-4, Schmitz 1979, p. 63 Computed from imports and exports of unwrought copper and brass (Bienengräber, 1868), and the production of primary copper (Schmitz, 1979). 1865-6 Schmitz 1979, p. 63 Exports and imports: linear trends; computed from imports and exports and the production of primary copper (Schmitz, 1979). 1867 Hirth 1869, p. 122, Schmitz 1979, p. 63 Computed from imports and exports of primary and secondary copper (Hirth, 1869), and the production of primary copper (Schmitz, 1979). 1868-71 Hirth 1871, p. 560 and 670, Schmitz 1979, p. 63 Computed from imports and exports of primary and secondary copper (Hirth, 1871), and the production of primary copper (Schmitz, 1979); imports in 1871: linear trend; exports in 1870-1: linear trend. 1872-5 Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 1890, p. 144 Computed from imports and exports of primary and secondary copper, and the production of primary copper of the German Reich, excluding Hamburg.
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- Germany 1850-64 Bienengräber 1868, pp. 337-8, Neumann 1904, pp. 251-3 Computed from imports and exports of tin in bars, blocks, and old tin, and the production of tin. 1865-6 Königlich Preussisches Statistisches Bureau 1868, p. 211, Neumann 1904, pp. 251-3 Computed from imports and exports of tin in bars, blocks, and old tin, and the production of tin. 1867 Hirth 1869, p. 130, Neumann 1904, pp. 251-3 Computed from imports and exports of tin in bars and blocks, and the production of tin.
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- Germany 1850-9 Bienengräber 1868, p. 310, Neumann 1904, p. 314 Computed from imports and exports of unwrought zin and the production of zinc. 1860-78 Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 1880, p. 136 Unwrought zinc. 1879-83 Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 1885, p. 144 Unwrought zinc. 1884-8 Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 1890, p. 131 Unwrought zinc. 1889-96 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 56 Unwrought zinc. 1897-9 Metallgesellschaft 1913, p. 65 Unwrought zinc, no scrap. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined zinc; 1945-90: West Germany.
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- Germany 1858 Marks/mt Ministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und öffentliche Arbeiten 1859, p. 14 Price of Mansfeld copper, Berlin market.
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- Germany 1859-1975 Marks/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 270-2 1859: lin. trend; 1860-1913: Mansfeld fire-refined copper ex-works; 1914-23: Source unknown; 1924-75: Electrolytic wirebars, FOB, av. selling price of German refineries; Oct 1939 - Jun 50 official max. price.
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- Germany 1892-5 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 30 Usage equals refined aluminum production; no imports and exports according to Metallgesellschaft; production includes Austria-Hungary and Switzerland as it is based on data of the Aluminium Industrie AG with production facilities in Neuhausen (Switzerland) , Rheinfelden (Germany), and Lend-Gastein (Austria). 1895-9 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 30 Computed from German exports and imports of refined aluminum and refined aluminum production for Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, and Germany, as it is based on data of the Aluminium Industrie AG with production facilities in Neuhausen (Switzerland), Rheinfelden (Germany), and Lend-Gastein (Austria). 1900-9 Metallgesellschaft 1910, p. 16 Aluminum; estimates by Metallgesellschaft. 1910-2 Metallgesellschaft 1913, p. 16 Aluminum. 1913 Metallgesellschaft 1927, p. 4 Aluminum. 1914-9 Metallgesellschaft 1922, p. 4 Aluminum. 1920-2010 BGR 2012 Refined aluminum. 1949-90: West Germany.
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- Germany 1976-2010 US-$/mt BGR 2011a 1976-Nov 78: Primary aluminum, cash, in LME warehouse Hamburg, min. 99.5% metal cont.; Dec 1978-Jul 87: Primary aluminum, cash, in LME warehouse Hamburg, min. 99.5% metal cont.; Aug 1987-2010: High grade primary aluminum, cash, in LME warehouse Hamburg, min. 99.7% metal cont.
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- Germany 1976-2010 US-$/mt BGR 2011a Grade A, cash, in LME warehouse Hamburg, min. 99.99% metal cont.
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- Germany 1976-8 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1980, p. 915 Standard tin, min. 99.75% metal cont., in LME warehouse Hamburg.
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- Germany 1977-2010 U.S.-$/mt BGR 2011a Min. 99.97% metal cont., cash, in LME warehouse Hamburg.
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- Germany 1977-8 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1980, p. 981 Prime Western grade, min. 98% metal cont., LME warehouse, Hamburg.
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- Germany 1979-2010 U.S.-$/mt BGR 2011a Min. 99.85% metal cont., in LME warehouse Hamburg, cash.
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- Germany 1979-2010 U.S.-$/mt BGR 2011a Special high grade, min. 99.995% metal cont., cash, LME warehouse, Hamburg.
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Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, C.T. Loayza, N. and Rancière, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth.
- Groningen Growth and Development Centre (2008). 10-sector database. Groningen Growth and Development Centre, Groningen.
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- Gupta, S. (1982). The world zinc industry. Lexington Books, Lexington, M.A. Hamilton, J. (2009a). Causes and consequences of the oil shock of 2007-08. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 40(1 (Spring)):215–283.
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Hamilton, J. (2009b). Understanding crude oil prices. The Energy Journal, 30(2):179–206.
- Hanes, C. (1998). Business cycles since 1820. New international perspectives from historical evidence. Consistent wholesale price series for the United States, 1860-1990. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
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Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6):1251–1271.
- Heal, G. and Chichilnisky, G. (1991). Oil and the international economy. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
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- Hicks, J. (1932). The theory of wages. Macmillan, London.
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- Hirth, G., editor (1869). Staatshandbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Statistik des Norddeutschen Bundes und des Deutschen Zollvereins. Commissions-Verlag von Stilke und van Muyen, Berlin.
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- Hirth, G., editor (1871). Annalen des Deutschen Reiches für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Statistik. Commissions-Verlag von Stilke und van Muyen, Berlin.
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- Hoffmann, W. (1965). Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
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- House of Commons (1852). Tables of the revenue, population, commerce, &c. of the United Kingdom and its dependencies. Part XX. 1950. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1853). Tables of the revenue, population, commerce, &c. of the United Kingdom and its dependencies. Part XXI. 1951. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1854a). Copper, &c. Account of the quantity of copper, tin, zinc, and zinc ore, imported and exported, in the year ending 5th January 1854. House of Commons, London.
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- House of Commons (1854b). Exports, imports, &c. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1854c). Tables of the revenue, population, commerce, &c. of the United Kingdom and its dependencies. Part XXII. 1952. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1855). Copper, &c. Account of the quantity of copper, tin, zinc, and zinc ore, imported and exported, in the year ending 5th January 1855. House of Commons, London.
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- House of Commons (1856). Imports and exports (Australia,&c). His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1859). Statistical tables relating to foreign countries. Part VI. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1862). Statistical tables relating to foreign countries. Part VIII. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1864). Statistical tables relating to foreign countries. Part IX. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1866). Statistical tables relating to foreign countries. Part X. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1868). Statistical tables relating to foreign countries. Part XI. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1870). Statistical tables relating to foreign countries. Part XII. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1874). Statistical abstract for the principal foreign countries in each year from 1860 to 1872. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1881). Statistical abstract for the principal and other foreign countries in each year from 1870 to 1879-80. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1882). Foreign trade, revenue, &c. House of Commons, London.
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- House of Commons (1884a). Mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the year 1882. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
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- House of Commons (1884b). Mines and minerals. Summaries of the reports of the inspectors of mines to Her Majesty’s secretary of state, and mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, including lists of mines and mineral works, for the year 1883. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
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- House of Commons (1885a). Foreign trade, revenue, &c. House of Commons, London.
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- House of Commons (1885b). Mining and mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, including lists of mines and mineral works, for the year 1884. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
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- House of Commons (1886). Mining and mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, including lists of mines and mineral works, for the year 1885. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
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- House of Commons (1887). Mining and mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, including lists of mines and mineral works, for the year 1886. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1888). Mining and mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, including lists of mines and mineral works, for the year 1887. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1891a). Mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man, for the years 1888 and 1889. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1891b). Mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man, for the years 1890. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1892a). Mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man, for the years 1891. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1892b). Statistical abstract for the principal and other foreign countries in each year from 1880 to 1889-90. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1894). Mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man, for the years 1893. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1896). Mineral statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man, for the years 1895. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1898). Mines and quarries: general report and statistics for 1897. Part III. Output. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1900). Mines and quarries: general report and statistics for 1899. Part III. Output. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1901). Statistical abstract for the principal and other foreign countries in each year from 1889 to 1898-99. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1914). Statistical abstract for the principal and other foreign countries in each year from 1901 to 1912. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1915). Accounts relating to the trade and commerce of certain foreign countries and British possessions. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1917). Accounts relating to the trade and commerce of certain foreign countries and British possessions. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1921). Accounts relating to the trade and commerce of certain foreign countries and British possessions. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- House of Commons (1922). Accounts relating to the trade and commerce of certain foreign countries and British possessions. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
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- IMF = International Monetary Fund (2012a). International financial statistics. International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. IMF = International Monetary Fund (2012b). World Economic Outlook. Growth resuming, dangers remain. International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. Japan Cabinet Office (2010). National accounts for 2008.
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- Italy 1861-69 Baffigi 2011 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 1970-2010 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing.
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- Italy 1881-4 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 55 Unwrought copper and copper alloys. 1885-1902 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 53 Unwrought copper and copper alloys. 1903-11 Metallgesellschaft 1913, p. 54 Unwrought copper. 1912-2010 BGR 2012 Refined copper.
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- Italy 1889-94 Metallgesellschaft 1898, p. 57 Unwrought zinc. 1895-1902 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 61 Unwrought zinc. 1903-2010 BGR 2012 Refined zinc.
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- Italy 1889-96 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 27 Unwrought tin. 1897-1902 Metallgesellschaft 1907, p. 84 Unwrought tin. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined tin.
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- Japan 1885-8 House of Commons 1892b, pp. 128-9, Mitchell 1998, p. 387 Computed from imports, exports (House of Commons, 1901), and the mine production of copper (Mitchell, 1998). 1886: linear trend. 1889-91 House of Commons 1901, pp. 156-7, Mitchell 1998, p. 387 Computed from imports, exports (House of Commons, 1901), and the mine production of copper (Mitchell, 1998). 1892-1900 House of Commons 1901, pp. 156-7, House of Commons 1914, p. 485 Computed from imports, exports (House of Commons, 1901), and the production of copper (House of Commons, 1914); Exports 1900: linear trend. 1901-10 House of Commons 1914, pp. 238-9, BGR 2012b Computed from imports and exports of unwrought copper and the domestic production of refined copper. 1911-2010 BGR 2012 Refined copper.
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- Jolly, J. (1992). Materials flow of zinc in the United States 1850-1990. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington D.C. Jolly, J. (1997). US zinc industry: a history, statistics, and glossary. American Literary Press, Baltimore.
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- Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt, editor (1880). Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Verlag von Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, Berlin.
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- Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt, editor (1885). Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Verlag von Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, Berlin.
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- Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt, editor (1890). Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Verlag von Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, Berlin.
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Kilian, L. (2009). Not all oil price shocks are alike: disentangling demand and supply shocks in the crude oil market. American Economic Review, 99(3):1053–69.
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- Königlich Preussisches Statistisches Bureau (1868). Zeitschrift des königlich Preussischen Statistischen Bureaus. Verlag von Ernst Kuehn, Berlin.
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- Krebs, R. (2006). The history and use of our earth’s chemical elements: a reference guide.
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- Lead Germany 1840-1976 Marks/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 274-8 1840-98: Silesian lead, ex-works at Tarnowitz; 1899-1918: Rhenish refined lead ex-smelter, min 99.9% metal cont.; 1924-39: Good soft pig lead, min. 99.9% metal cont., Berlin Metal Exchange; Oct 1939-Aug 50: Officially regulated price; 1950-76: Soft pig lead, min. 99.9% metal cont.
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- Lead U.K. 1840-1976 /mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 226-37 1790-1886: English pig lead, mostly prices in provincial markets pre-1850, then mainly London prices; 1887-1945: Good soft pig lead, London market; 1946-76: Refined pig lead, min. 99.97% metal cont., London market; 1914: Average Jan-July and Nov-Dec only; 1940-Sept 52: Fixed selling price, Ministry of Supply.
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- Lead U.S. 1840-1976 U.S.-$/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 274-8 1820-79: Pig lead, New York; 1880-1976: Common grade lead, min. 99.73% metal cont., New York.
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- Maddison, A. (2010). Historical statistics of the world economy: 1-2008 AD.
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- Malenbaum, W. (1978). World demand for raw materials in 1985 and 2000. McGraw-Hill, New York.
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Mardones, J., Silva, E., and Martinez, C. (1985). The copper and aluminum industries: a review of structural changes. Resources Policy, 11(1):3–16.
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics. Macmillan, London.
- Martin, R. (1939). National income in the United States. National Industrial Conference Board Inc, New York.
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- Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication of Japan (2012). Historical statistics of Japan. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication of Japan, Tokyo.
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- Mitchell, B. (1988). British historical statistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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- Mitchell, B. (1998). International historical statistics: Africa, Asia & Oceania, 1750–1993.
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Netherlands 1850-1912 Groningen Growth and Development Centre 2008 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 1913-39 Smits and Van der Bie 2001, pp. 90-3 GDP in current prices, manufacturing, data for the ceramic, glass, and diamonds sectors has been computed based on data from Smits et al. (2000). 1948-55 United Nations, Statistical Office 1963 GDP in current prices, manufacturing, 1949: linear trend. 1956-62 United Nations, Statistical Office 1966 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 1963-68 United Nations, Statistical Office 1977 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. 1964 and 1966: linear trend. 1969-2010 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing.
- Netherlands 1889-90 Metallgesellschaft 1897, p. 31 Unwrought zinc; estimate by Metallgesellschaft. 1891-9 Metallgesellschaft 1901, p. 27 Unwrought zinc; estimate by Metallgesellschaft. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined zinc.
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- Netherlands British- per 1000 Guilders 1840-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 21-3 Spain British- per 100 Pesos de Plata Antigua 1840-7 Denzel 2010, p. 34 British- per 100 Pesos Duros 1848-98 Denzel 2010, pp. 34-5 British- per 1000 Pesetas 1899-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 35-6 Sweden British- per 1000 Rixdollars Species 1840-57 Denzel 2010, pp. 346-7 British- per 1000 Rixdollars Rixmynt 1858-74 Denzel 2010, p. 347 British- per 1000 Crowns 1875-1914 Denzel 2010, pp. 347-8 Table 9: Data sources for the exchange rates between the U.S.-$ and other currencies.
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- Note: Parts of the data described in the table above are based on a revised and extended version of data used in figures in Stuermer and von Hagen (2012). Table 7: Data sources for the producer price indices.
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- Tin Japan 1950-86 Yen/mt Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication of Japan 2012 Computed from data on the quantity and value of tin ore.
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- Tin U.K. 1840-1976 /mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 240-1 1790-1837: Common refined tin, Cornwall; 1838-72: Standard tin, London market; 1873-1976: Standard tin, min. 99.75% metal cont., London market; 1914: Average price of Jan-July and Oct-Dec only; 1942-9: controlled price, Ministry of Supply.
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- Tin U.S. 1841-55 U.S.-$/mt House of Commons 1853, Computed from quantities and values of U.S. imports of tin in blocks and pigs; 1851-5: lin. trend.
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- ttp://www.esri.cao.go.jp/en/sna/h20-kaku/20fcm3n en.xls (accessed on August 26, 2010).
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- U.K. 1840-1919 Mitchell 2003a GDP in current prices, total industry. 1920-59 Mitchell 1988 GDP in current prices, total industry. 1960-2010 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, total industry.
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- U.K. 1840-9 Mitchell 1988, pp. 312-23 Computed from imports and exports of unmanufactured zinc. No domestic zinc production according to Neumann (1904) and Schmitz (1979) before 1855.
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- U.K. 1850-96 Mitchell 1988, pp. 313-21, Schmitz 1979, pp. 164-8, House of Commons 1884a, p. 120 Computed from imports and exports (including re-exports) of unmanufactured tin and the production of metallic tin (equiv. to mine production). 1897-9 Metallgesellschaft 1907, p. 81 Use of unwrougth tin including changes in apparent stocks. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined tin.
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- U.K. 1890-1 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 32 Usage equal to production of aluminum. No data on imports and exports available. I assume no considerable amounts of imports and exports. 1892-9 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 30 Usage equal to production of aluminum. No data on imports and exports available. I assume no considerable amounts of imports and exports. 1895: lin. trend. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined aluminum.
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- U.K. 1976-2010 US-$/mt BGR 2011a 1976-Nov 78: Primary aluminum, cash, in London Metal Exchange (LME) warehouse, min. 99.5% metal content; Dec 1978-Jul 87: Primary aluminum, cash, in LME warehouse, min. 99.5% metal cont.; Aug 1987-2010: High grade primary aluminum, cash, in LME warehouse, min. 99.7% metal cont.
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- U.K. 1977-2010 U.S.-$/mt BGR 2011a Lead, min. 99.97% metal cont., cash, in LME warehouse.
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- U.K. 1977-2010 US-$/mt BGR 2011a Grade A, cash, in LME warehouse, min. 99.99% metal cont.
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- U.K. 1977-8 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1980, p. 915 Standard tin, min. 99.75% metal cont., London market.
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- U.K. 1977-8 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1980, p. 981 Prime Western grade, min. 98% metal cont., London market.
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- U.K. 1979-2010 U.S.-$/mt BGR 2011a Min. 99.85% metal cont., in LME warehouse, cash.
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- U.K. 1979-2010 U.S.-$/mt BGR 2011a Special high grade, min. 99.995% metal cont., cash, LME warehouse.
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- U.S. 1847-9 House of Commons 1854b, p. 2, Carter et al. 2006 Computed from imports of unwrought copper from the U.K., and smelter production from domestic ores. No imports or exports from other countries declared. 1850-5 House of Commons 1856, p. 351, Carter et al. 2006 do. 1856-62 Secretary of the Treasury 1864, pp. 44-8, Carter et al. 2006 Computed from imports of copper from the U.K., exports of copper to different countries and smelter production from domestic ores. No imports from other countries declared. 1863 House of Commons 1866, p. 357, Carter et al. 2006 Computed from imports of pig copper and smelter production from domestic ores. No exports declared. 1864-8 Weed 1916, p. 1315, House of Commons 1868, p. 377, Carter et al. 2006 Computed from imports of pig copper, exports of refined copper, and smelter production from domestic ores. Imports 1866-8: linear trend.
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- U.S. 1849-51 House of Commons 1853, p. 109 Usage equal to imports of British zinc or spelter. No production according to Mitchell (1988, p. 366) and Schmitz (1979, p. 184). No export data available. I suppose there have not been considerable amounts of exports.
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- U.S. 1856-1962 U.S.-$/mt Secretary of the Treasury 1864, pp. 46-8 Computed from quantities and values of U.S. imports of tin in blocks and pigs.
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- U.S. 1864-9 U.S.-$/mt House of Commons 1868, p. 378 Computed from quantities and values of U.S. imports of tin in blocks and pigs; 1866-9: lin. trend.
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- U.S. 1869-89 Smits et al. 2009 GNP in current prices, manufacturing, 1870-8 and 1880-8: linear trend. 1890-8 Linear trend. 1899-1937 Martin 1939 GNP in current prices, manufacturing. 1938-46 Linear trend. 1947-97 Groningen Growth and Development Centre 2008 GNP in current prices, manufacturing. 1998-2010 OECD, 2012 GDP in current prices, manufacturing. Table 11: Data sources for the usage of aluminum.
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- U.S. 1870-1976 U.S.-$/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 293-8 1869-80: Block tin, New York; 1881-1919: Ordinary brands, min. 99% metal cont., New York; 1920-76: Straits tin, Grade A, min. 99.85% metal cont., New York; 1918: median price; 1976: av. Jan, Jul, & Dec.
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- U.S. 1875-1976 U.S.-$/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 300-3 1875-99: Prime Western spelter, min. 98% metal cont., New York; 1900-76: Prime Western spelter, Saint Louis, min. 98% metal cont.
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- U.S. 1890-1 Metallgesellschaft 1899, p. 32 Computed from imports and domestic production of aluminum. No export data available. 1892-9 Metallgesellschaft 1905, p. 30 Computed from imports and domestic production of aluminum. Export data only in U.S.-$ terms. According to this data, quantities seem to be not considerable. 1900-2010 BGR 2012 Refined aluminum.
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- U.S. 1977-90 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1981, 1987, 1993 1977-9: Prime Western spelter, delivered, min. 98% metal cont.; 1980-90: High grade, min. 99.9% metal cont., delivered.
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- U.S. 1977-90 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1981, 1987, 1993 Cathode, min. 99.99% metal cont., U.S. producer price.
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- U.S. 1977-90 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1981, 1987, 1993 Contained tin, New York market.
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- U.S. 1977-90 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1981, 1987, 1993 Min. 99.97% metal cont., North American producer price, delivered.
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- U.S. 1977-98 US-$/mt Sachs 1999, p. 3 1977-82: New York market, 1983-98: New York market, 99.7% pure aluminum ingot.
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- U.S. 1991-2010 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Geological Survey 1996, 2001, 2007, 2011b Cathode, min. 99.99% metal cont., U.S. producer price.
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- U.S. 1991-2010 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Geological Survey 1996, 2001, 2007, 2011b Contained tin, New York market.
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- U.S. 1991-2010 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Geological Survey 1996, 2001, 2007, 2011b Min. 99.97% metal cont., North American producer price, delivered.
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- U.S. 1991-2010 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Geological Survey 1996, 2001, 2007, 2011b Special high grade, delivered, min. 99.99% metal cont.
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- U.S. 1999-2000 US-$/mt U.S. Geological Survey 2001 New York market, 99.7% pure aluminum ingot.
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- Zinc Germany 1840-1975 Marks/mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 299-303 1840-1914: Upper Silesian zinc ex-works at Breslau; 192434: Berlin Metal Exchange quotation for primary zinc, min. 97% metal cont.
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- Zinc U.K. 1840-1976 /mt Schmitz 1979, pp. 299-303 1823-1951: Ordinary brands zinc, London market; 1940-4: controlled price, U.K. Ministry of Supply; 1952-76: virgin zinc, min. 98% metal cont., London market.
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- Zinc U.S. 1872-4 U.S.-$/mt U.S. Bureau of Mines 1883 U.S. import price of zinc in blocks or pigs.
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