Chad
Chad, kirasmi Jamhuri ya Chad (pia: Chadi), ni nchi huru iliyoko Afrika ya Kati. Imepakana na Libya, Sudan, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Kamerun, Nigeria na Niger.
| Jamhuri ya Chad | |
|---|---|
| جمهورية تشاد (Kiarabu) République du Tchad (Kifaransa) | |
| Kaulimbiu ya taifa: Unité, Travail, Progrès (Kifaransa) الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم (Kiarabu) "Umoja, Kazi, Maendeleo" | |
| Wimbo wa taifa: La Tchadienne (Kifaransa) نشيد تشاد الوطني (Kiarabu) "Wimbo wa Chad" | |
 Mahali pa Chad | |
 Ramani ya Chad | |
| Mji mkuu na mkubwa nchini | N'Djamena |
| Lugha rasmi | Kiarabu Kifaransa |
| Makabila (asilimia)[1] | 26.6 Wasara 12.9 Waarabu 8.5 Wakanembu 7.2 Wamasalit 6.9 Watebu 4.8 Wamasana 3.7 Wabidiyo 3.7 Wabilala 3.0 Wamaba 2.6 Wadaju 2.5 Wamundang 2.4 Wagabri 2.4 Wazaghawa 2.1 Wafulani 2.0 Watupuri 1.6 Watama 1.4 Wakaro 1.3 Wabagirmi 1.0 Wamasmaje 2.6 Wachad wengine 0.7 Wageni |
| Dini (asilimia)[2] | 55.1 Waislamu 41.1 Wakristo 2.4 Wakanamungu 1.3 dini asilia 0.1 wengine |
| Serikali | Jamhuri yenye baraza la majeshi |
| • Rais wa muda • Makamu wa Rais • Waziri Mkuu | Mahamat Déby Djimadoum Tiraina Succès Masra |
| Eneo | |
| • Eneo la jumla | km2 1 284 000[3] |
| • Maji (asilimia) | 1.9[3] |
| Idadi ya watu | |
| • Kadirio la 2023 | 18 523 165[3] |
| Pato la taifa | Kadirio la 2023 |
| • Jumla |  USD bilioni 12.596[4] |
| • Kwa kila mtu | USD 702[4] |
| Pato halisi la taifa | Kadirio la 2023 |
| • Jumla | USD bilioni 32.375[4] |
| • Kwa kila mtu | USD 1 806[4] |
| Maendeleo (2022) | 0.394[5] - duni |
Jiografia
haririSehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni jangwa na nchi yabisi. Kusini kuna kanda lenye hali ya hewa ya kitropiki, lakini ardhi yenye rutuba inayofaa kwa kilimo ni asilimia 3 tu za eneo lake lote .
Kaskazini kuna milima ya Tibesti.
Katikati liko beseni la ziwa Chad lililokuwa kati ya maziwa makubwa kabisa duniani lakini limepungua sana, hasa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20.
Historia
haririKatika milenia ya 7 KK kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo.
Katika historia kabla ya ukoloni watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia vita watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama watumwa. Hivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.
Tangu mwaka 2003 petroli imekuwa inaongoza kati ya bidhaa zinazopelekwa nje ya nchi badala ya pamba.
Tangu mwaka huo Mgogoro wa Darfur nchini Sudan umevuka mpaka na kuvuruga Chad pia. Ikiwa kati ya nchi zinazoongoza duniani kwa ufukara na ufisadi, ilipata shida kupokea wakimbizi kwa mamia elfu.
Ingawa kulikuwa na vyama vingi vya siasa na mapigano ya kisiasa pamoja na majaribio ya mapinduzi, mamlaka ilibaki imara mikononi mwa Rais Déby na chama chake, Patriotic Salvation Movement, hadi alipouawa mwaka 2021.
Watu
haririWakazi walikuwa 15,500,000 mwaka 2018.
Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za kanda la Sahel kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake:
- Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na utamaduni wa Uislamu (55% za wakazi wote[6], wengi wakiwa Wasuni[7]). Mifano ni Waarabu (12.3%), Wafulbe, Wahaussa, Wazaghawa na wengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa wafugaji na sehemu ya makabila inaendelea hadi leo maisha ya kuhamahama.
- Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata Ukristo (41%, Wakatoliki wakiwa wengi kidogo kuliko Waprotestanti[8]) au dini asilia za Kiafrika (1%) kama Wasara (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.
Kwa jumla leo kuna makabila zaidi ya 200 nchini, ambayo hutimia lugha na lahaja zaidi ya 100 (angalia orodha ya lugha hizo). Asili yao ni Afrika Mashariki, Afrika ya Kati, Afrika Magharibi na Afrika Kaskazini vilevile[9].
Lugha rasmi ni Kiarabu na Kifaransa.
Tazama pia
haririMarejeo
hariri- ↑ "Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population". Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 Desemba 2019. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Mei 2020.
{{cite web}}: More than one of|accessdate=na|access-date=specified (help); More than one of|archivedate=na|archive-date=specified (help); More than one of|archiveurl=na|archive-url=specified (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Oktoba 2022. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Agosti 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Chad". The World Factbook (kwa Kiingereza) (tol. la 2024). Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Machi 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 Oktoba 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (kwa Kiingereza). United Nations Development Programme. 13 Machi 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Machi 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pew Research Center. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Aprili 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 Agosti 2012. ku. 128–129. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 24 Oktoba 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Juni 2014.
{{cite web}}: More than one of|archivedate=na|archive-date=specified (help); More than one of|archiveurl=na|archive-url=specified (help) - ↑ "Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country". Pew Research Center. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2017-05-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Aprili 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 Desemba 2016). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations". The American Journal of Human Genetics (kwa Kiingereza). 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Marejeo mengine
hariri- (Kifaransa) Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); "Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir Archived 2013-09-28 at Archive.today}}", Tchad et Culture 214.
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- (Kifaransa) Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "[1]" Archived 30 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire Archived 30 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Archived 30 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", The South African Journal of Economics 60 (4): 246–255.
- Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2
- Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Chad". The World Factbook. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-04-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Januari 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
- "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
- "Chad". International Monetary Fund. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 Aprili 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Chad". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
- "Amnesty International Report 2006 Archived 13 Januari 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ". Amnesty International Publications.
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- "Chad Archived 14 Juni 2007 at the Wayback Machine. " (PDF). Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000
- ""Chad (2006)"". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-06-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.
- "Chad". Human Rights Instruments. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 12 December 1997.
- "Chad". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- "Chad, Lake". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000).
- "Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project" (PDF). 24 September 2002. World Bank.
- ""Chad: A Cultural Profile"" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2006-10-01. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16. (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. ISBN 0-7727-9102-3
- "Chad Urban Development Project" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.
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- "Chad Livelihood Profiles" (PDF). March 2005. United States Agency for International Development.
- "Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.
- "Chad (2006) Archived 12 Oktoba 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ". Country Report: 2006 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.
- ""Chad and Cameroon"". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2009-01-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. Energy Information Administration.
- "Chad leader's victory confirmed", BBC News, 14 May 2006.
- "Chad may face genocide, UN warns", BBC News, 16 February 2007.
- (Kifaransa) Chapelle, Jean (1981); Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-169-4
- Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); "Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2009-02-05. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. New York: United Nations. ISBN 92-1-104540-1
- Collelo, Thomas (1990); Chad: A Country Study, 2d ed. Washington: U.S. GPO. ISBN 0-16-024770-5
- (Kifaransa) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); "La decentralisation au Tchad". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-03-08. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.
- Decalo, Samuel (1987). Historical Dictionary of Chad (tol. la 2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1937-6.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
- Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6
- (Kifaransa) Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231
- La musique recherche son identité] Archived 30 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ", Tchad et Culture 214.
- "Chad: the Habré Legacy" Archived 13 Januari 2015 at the Wayback Machine. . Amnesty International. 16 October 2001.
- Lange, Dierk (1988). "The Chad region as a crossroad" (PDF), in UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, vol. 3: 436–460. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
- (Kifaransa) Lettre d'information (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004.
- Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
- (Kifaransa) Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236
- Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche] Archived 30 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ", Tchad et Culture 214.
- Manley, Andrew; "Chad's vulnerable president", BBC News, 15 March 2006.
- "Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice", BBC News, 9 September 2006.
- (Kifaransa) Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête Archived 12 Mei 2012 at the Wayback Machine. A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête Archived 12 Mei 2012 at the Wayback Machine. "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2012-05-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-07-18." (PDF). 4th PEP Research Network General Meeting. Poverty and Economic Policy.
- Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1995). Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1628-3.
- Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
- "Rank Order – Area Archived 9 Februari 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.
- "Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile Archived 14 Juni 2007 at the Wayback Machine." (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
- (Kifaransa) "République du Tchad – Circonscriptions administratives" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2007-07-03. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. Government of Chad.
- Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004);[1]
- "Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. FAO. 29 November – 1 December 1972.
- (Kifaransa) "Tchad". L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays. UNESCO, Education for All.
- (Kifaransa) "http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf Archived 5 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine." (PDF). International Crisis Group. 1 June 2006.
- Wolfe, Adam; "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 Januari 2007)., PINR, 6 December 2006.
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- World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
- "Worst corruption offenders named", BBC News, 18 November 2005.
- Young, Neil (August 2002); An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father").
Viungo vya nje
hariri- Vya serikali
- (Kifaransa) Serikali ya Chad Archived 4 Januari 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- (Kifaransa) Official presidency site Archived 26 Februari 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 27 Julai 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
- Vingine
- Chad entry at The World Factbook
- Chad country study from Library of Congress
- Chad katika Open Directory Project
- Chad profile from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Chad
- Key Development Forecasts for Chad from International Futures
| Nchi za Afrika | |
|---|---|
| Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya) | Afrika Kusini | Algeria | Angola | Benin | Botswana | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cabo Verde | Chad | Cote d'Ivoire | Eritrea | Eswatini | Ethiopia | Gabon | Gambia | Ghana | Guinea | Guinea Bisau | Guinea ya Ikweta | Jibuti | Kamerun | Kenya | Komori | Kongo (Jamhuri ya) | Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya) | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Madagaska | Malawi | Mali | Misri | Morisi (Visiwa vya) | Mauritania | Moroko | Msumbiji | Namibia | Niger | Nigeria | Rwanda | Sahara ya Magharibi | Sao Tome na Principe | Senegal | Shelisheli | Sierra Leone | Somalia | Sudan | Sudan Kusini | Tanzania | Togo | Tunisia | Uganda | Zambia | Zimbabwe | |
| Maeneo ya Afrika ambayo ni sehemu za nchi nje ya Afrika | |
| Hispania: Kanari · Ceuta · Melilla | Italia: Pantelleria · Pelagie | Ufaransa: Mayotte · Réunion | Uingereza: · St. Helena · Diego Garcia | Ureno: Madeira | |
| Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Afrika bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Chad kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
- ↑ ""Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-10-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-16.. United States Department of Commerce.