Uhamisho wa Babeli

Uhamisho wa Babeli (pia: Utumwa wa Babeli) unamaanisha kipindi cha historia ya Wayahudi ambapo idadi yao kubwa kutoka Ufalme wa Yuda walilazimishwa na Wababuloni kuishi ugenini hasa baada ya Yerusalemu kutekwa na kuangamizwa na mfalme Nebukadreza II.

Wayahudi walipelekwa uhamishoni kwa awamu tatu: 597 KK, 586 KK na 582 KK. Ingawa wengine tena walikimbilia Misri, baadhi waliweza kubaki nchini Yuda.

Uwezekano wa kurudi ulipatikana tena Babuloni yenyewe ilipotekwa na Koreshi Mkuu, mfalme wa Uajemi (539 KK). Huyo aliwaruhusu warudi kwao na kujenga upya hekalu la Yerusalemu.

Hata hivyo waliokubali hawakuwa wengi, nao walirudi vilevile kwa awamu. Kati yao kulikuwa na asilimia ya makuhani na Walawi kuliko kawaida, kutokana na uhusiano wao na ibada hekaluni.

Wayahudi wengine waliona maisha huko Mesopotamia yamekuwa na maendeleo kuliko yale ya awali nchini kwao.

Vitabu mbalimbali vya Biblia vinahusika na matukio hayo kama ifuatavyo.

Utabiri wake unapatikana hasa katika kitabu cha Yeremia, lakini pia katika Kitabu cha Ezekieli, bila kusahau Kumbukumbu la Sheria ambamo Musa alihimiza Waisraeli kushika masharti ya Agano la Mlima Sinai ili wapate baraka na kukwepa laana.

Uchungu uliofuata unaelezwa kishairi na Kitabu cha Maombolezo.

Sababu zinafafanuliwa hasa na Vitabu vya Wafalme, Mambo ya Nyakati, Kitabu cha Ezra na Kitabu cha Nehemia.

Vyote vinalaumu dhambi kama chanzo cha maangamizi hayo.

Hata hivyo vinatia tumaini kwa kusisitiza uaminifu wa Mungu ambao ni wa milele.

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Uhamisho wa Babeli

Ramani

• Yehud Medinata map, CET – Center For Educational technology
• Yehud Medinata Border map, CET – Center For Educational technology

Vitabu

• Peter R. Ackroyd, "Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C." (SCM Press, 1968)
• Rainer Albertz, Bob Becking, "Yahwism after the Exile" Van Gorcum, 2003)
• Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase: the place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the origins of Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2009)
• Nodet, Étienne, "A search for the origins of Judaism: from Joshua to the Mishnah" (Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, original edition Editions du Cerf, 1997)
• Becking, Bob, and Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds), "The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic & Post-Exilic Times" (Brill, 1999)
• Bedford, Peter Ross, "Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah" (Brill, 2001)
• Berquist, Jon L., "Approaching Yehud: new approaches to the study of the Persian period" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)
• Grabbe, Lester L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period", vol.1 (T&T Clark International, 2004)
• Levine, Lee I., "Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.-70 C.E.)" (Jewish Publication Society, 2002)
• Lipschitz, Oded, "The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem" (Eisenbrauns, 2005)
• Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period" (Eisenbrauns, 2006)
• Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the fourth century B.C.E." (Eisenbrauns, 2006)
• Middlemas, Jill Anne, "The troubles of templeless Judah" (Oxford University Press, 2005)
• Stackert, Jeffrey, "Rewriting the Torah: literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code" (Mohr Siebeck, 2007)
• Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2001)

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