in-
Енглески
Етимологија 1
Од Средњи Енглески in-, од Стари Енглески in- (“in, into”, prefix), од Пра-Германски *in, од Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in.
Алтернативни облици
Префикс
in-
Антоними
Повезани термини
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Преводи
Етимологија 2
Од Средњи Енглески in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Латински in-, од Латински in, од Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from Француски in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Латински in.
Префикс
in-
Корисне белешке
In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.
Антоними
Повезани термини
Lua грешка in Модул:columns at line 273: frame:expandTemplate: invalid type table for arg 'lang'. Lua грешка in Модул:columns at line 273: frame:expandTemplate: invalid type table for arg 'lang'.
Етимологија 3
Од Средњи Енглески in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) од Латински in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Compare un-.
Префикс
in-
- (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning
- Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
Повезани термини
Lua грешка in Модул:columns at line 273: frame:expandTemplate: invalid type table for arg 'lang'.
Преводи
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Повезани термини
Видите такође
Анаграми
Catalan
Etymology
Borrowed from Латински in- (“un-, not”).
Prefix
in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)
Derived terms
Dutch
Pronunciation
- (deprecated use of
|lang=
parameter)Audio: (file)
Prefix
in-
- from the adverb in
- prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
- prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-
French
Etymology
Borrowed from Латински in- (“un-, not”).
Pronunciation
Prefix
in-
Derived terms
Gothic
Romanization
in-
- Romanization of 𐌹𐌽-
Irish
Etymology 1
Prefix
in-
Etymology 2
Prefix
in-
Alternative forms
- ion- (broad)
Derived terms
Mutation
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
in- | n-in- | hin- | t-in- |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "in-" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- Entries containing “in-” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Italian
Alternative forms
- im- (assimilated form before b-/m-/p-)
- il- (assimilated form before l-)
- ir- (assimilated form before r-)
Pronunciation
- (before f or v)
- (before c or g)
Etymology 1
From Латински in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.
Prefix
in-
Usage notes
- The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:
- Examples:
- in- + arido (“dry”, “arid”) → inaridire (“to parch”, “to dry up”)
- in- + fiamma (“flame”) → infiammare (“to enflame”, “to kindle”)
- When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:
- Example:
- In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:
- Example:
- in- + carcere (“jail”, “prison”) → incarcerare (“to imprison”, “to incarcerate”)
Etymology 2
From Латински in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.
Prefix
in-
Usage notes
- The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):
- Examples:
- in- + coerente (“coherent”, “consistent”) → incoerente (“incoherent”, “inconsistent”)
- in- + abile (“able”, “capable”) → inabile (“unable”, “incapable”)
- in- + felice (“happy”) → infelice (“unhappy”)
- in- + desiderabile (“desirable; advisable”) → indesiderabile (“undesirable, unwelcome”)
- More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:
Derived terms
Latin
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Italic *en-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.
Prefix
in-
Usage notes
Affixed primarily to adjectives.
The spelling of the prefix changes in some situations:
- Before b or p, it becomes im-.
- Before l, m, or r, it becomes il-, im-, or ir-, respectively.
- in- + labōrātus (“worked, toilsome”) → illabōrātus (“unworked, uncultivated”)
- in- + mātūrus (“mature”) → immātūrus (“immature”)
- in- + reverēns (“reverent”) → irreverēns (“irreverent”)
- Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes ig- (pronounced [ɪŋ-]).
- Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced [ĩː-]).
Derived terms
Descendants
- → Каталонски: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
- → Француски: in-
- → Италијански: in-
- → Средњи Енглески: in-
- → Португалски: in-, im- before p, b and m)
- → Шпански: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
Etymology 2
Prefixation of in.
Alternative forms
Prefix
in-
Usage notes
Affixed primarily to verbs.
Not to be confused with in- (“not”).
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “in-”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 301
Northern Ndebele
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni *ín-, from Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-ǹ-.
Prefix
in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).
Old English
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Prefix
in-
Descendants
Etymology 2
From
*in- (“strong”, adj), from
*indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).
Prefix
in-
- (intensifying) very
Old Irish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *eni-. Prefix form of i.
Alternative forms
Prefix
in-
Usage notes
Very frequently replaced by ad- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
- ad·cota from *in-com-tá-
- ad·fét from *in-fét-
- ad·greinn from *in-grenn-
- ad·snádi from *in-snádi-
Sometimes replaced by as- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
- as·dloing from *in-dlong-
Derived terms
References
Etymology 2
Prefix
in- (class C infixed pronoun)
- (deprecated use of
|lang=
parameter) Alternative form of id-
Portuguese
Alternative forms
Etymology
Borrowed from Латински in- (“un-, not”).
Prefix
in-
Derived terms
Spanish
Etymology
Borrowed from Латински in- (“un-, not”).
Prefix
in-
- not (negation)
Derived terms
Swazi
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni *ín-, from Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-ǹ-.
Prefix
in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).
Xhosa
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni *ín-, from Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-ǹ-.
Prefix
in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).
Zulu
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni *ín-, from Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-ǹ-.
Prefix
in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes i-.
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “im-, in-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “im-, in-”
in- (српски)
Префикс: in-
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