© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Conceptual Physics 11 th Edition Chapter 3: LINEAR MOTION.

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1 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Conceptual Physics 11 th Edition Chapter 3: LINEAR MOTION

2 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. This lecture will help you understand: Motion Is Relative Speed : Average and Instantaneous Velocity Acceleration Free Fall

3 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Motion Is Relative Motion of objects is always described as relative to something else. For example: You walk on the road relative to Earth, but Earth is moving relative to the Sun. So your motion relative to the Sun is different from your motion relative to Earth.

4 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Speed Defined as the distance covered per amount of travel time. Units are meters per second. In equation form: Example: A girl runs 4 meters in 2 sec. Her speed is 2 m/s.

5 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Average Speed The entire distance covered divided by the total travel time –Doesn’t indicate various instantaneous speeds along the way. In equation form: Example: Drive a distance of 200 km in 2 h and your average speed is 100 km/h.

6 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The average speed of driving 30 km in 1 hour is the same as the average speed of driving A.30 km in 1/2 hour. B.30 km in 2 hours. C.60 km in 1/2 hour. D.60 km in 2 hours. Average Speed CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

7 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The average speed of driving 30 km in 1 hour is the same as the average speed of driving A.30 km in 1/2 hour. B.30 km in 2 hours. C.60 km in 1/2 hour. D.60 km in 2 hours. Average Speed CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: Average speed = total distance / time So, average speed = 30 km / 1 h = 30 km/h. Now, if we drive 60 km in 2 hours: Average speed = 60 km / 2 h = 30 km/h Same

8 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Instantaneous Speed Instantaneous speed is the speed at any instant. Example: –When you ride in your car, you may speed up and slow down. –Your instantaneous speed is given by your speedometer.

9 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Velocity A description of –the instantaneous speed of the object –what direction the object is moving Velocity is a vector quantity. It has –magnitude: instantaneous speed –direction: direction of object’s motion

10 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Speed and Velocity speedConstant speed is steady speed, neither speeding up nor slowing down. velocityConstant velocity is –constant speed and –constant direction (straight-line path with no acceleration). Motion is relative to Earth, unless otherwise stated.

11 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Acceleration Formulated by Galileo based on his experiments with inclined planes. Rate at which velocity changes over time

12 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Acceleration Involves a change in speed, or change in direction, or both. Example: Car making a turn

13 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Acceleration In equation form: Unit of acceleration is unit of velocity / unit of time. Example: You car’s speed right now is 40 km/h. Your car’s speed 5 s later is 45 km/h. Your car’s change in speed is 45 – 40 = 5 km/h. Your car’s acceleration is 5 km/h/5 s = 1 km/h/s.

14 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. An automobile is accelerating when it is A.slowing down to a stop. B.rounding a curve at a steady speed. C.Both of the above. D.Neither of the above. Acceleration CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

15 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. An automobile is accelerating when it is A.slowing down to a stop. B.rounding a curve at a steady speed. C.Both of the above. D.Neither of the above. Acceleration CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: Change in speed (increase or decrease) is acceleration, so slowing is acceleration. Change in direction is acceleration (even if speed stays the same), so rounding a curve is acceleration.

16 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Acceleration and velocity are actually A.the same. B.rates but for different quantities. C.the same when direction is not a factor. D.the same when an object is freely falling. Acceleration CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

17 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Acceleration and velocity are actually A.the same. B.rates but for different quantities. C.the same when direction is not a factor. D.the same when an object is freely falling. Acceleration CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: Velocity is the rate at which distance changes over time, Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes over time.

18 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Acceleration Galileo increased the inclination of inclined planes. Steeper inclines gave greater accelerations. When the incline was vertical, acceleration was max, same as that of the falling object. When air resistance was negligible, all objects fell with the same unchanging acceleration.

19 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Free Fall Falling under the influence of gravity only - with no air resistance Freely falling objects on Earth accelerate at the rate of 10 m/s/s, i.e., 10 m/s 2 (more precisely, 9.8 m/s 2 ).

20 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Free Fall—How Fast? The velocity acquired by an object starting from rest is So, under free fall, when acceleration is 10 m/s 2, the speed is 10 m/s after 1 s. 20 m/s after 2 s. 30 m/s after 3 s. And so on.

21 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A free-falling object has a speed of 30 m/s at one instant. Exactly 1 s later its speed will be A.the same. B.35 m/s. C.more than 35 m/s. D.60 m/s. Free Fall—How Fast? CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

22 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A free-falling object has a speed of 30 m/s at one instant. Exactly 1 s later its speed will be A.the same. B.35 m/s. C.more than 35 m/s. D.60 m/s. Free Fall—How Fast? CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: One second later its speed will be 40 m/s, which is more than 35 m/s.

23 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Free Fall—How Far? The distance covered by an accelerating object starting from rest is So, under free fall, when acceleration is 10 m/s 2, the distance is 5 m/s after 1 s. 20 m/s after 2 s. 45 m/s after 3 s. And so on.

24 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the distance covered of a freely falling object starting from rest after 4 s? A.4 m B.16 m C.40 m D.80 m Free Fall—How Far? CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

25 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the distance covered of a freely falling object starting from rest after 4 s? A.4 m B.16 m C.40 m D.80 m Free Fall—How Far? CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: Distance = (1/2) x acceleration x time x time So: Distance = (1/2) x 10 m/s 2 x 4 s x 4 s So:Distance = 80m