Voiceless dental fricative
consonantal sound
The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨θ⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨T⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "th" in thing and thanks.
| Voiceless dental fricative | |
|---|---|
| θ | |
| IPA Number | 130 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | θ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+03B8 |
| X-SAMPA | T |
Features
change- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
Examples
change| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | thotë | [θɔtə] | 'says' | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | ثَوْب | 'a dress' | |
| Eastern Libya | ثِلاثة | [θɪˈlæːθæ] | 'three' | |
| Sanaa, Yemen | يِثَمَّن | [jɪˈθæmːæn] | 'it is priced' | |
| Iraq | ثمانْية | [θ(ɪ)ˈmæːnjæ] | 'eight' | |
| Khuzestan, Iran[2] | الثانْية | [ɪθˈθæːnjæ] | 'the second one' | |
| Arapaho | yoo3on | [jɔːθɔn] | 'five' | |
| Assyrian | ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa | [beːθa] | 'house' | |
| Avestan | 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 xšaθra | [xʃaθra] | 'kingdom' | |
| Bashkir | дуҫ / duθ | 'friend' | ||
| Berber | Ṯmaziɣṯ | [θmæzɪɣθ] | 'Berber (language)'(noun) | |
| Berta | [θɪ́ŋɑ̀] | 'to eat' | ||
| Burmese[3] | သုံး / thon: | [θòʊ̯̃] | 'three' | |
| Catalan | theta | [ˈθetɐ] | 'theta' | |
| Cornish | eth | [ɛθ] | 'eight' | |
| Emiliano-Romagnol[4] | fâza | [ˈfaːθɐ] | 'face' | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[5] | thin | [θɪn] | 'thin' |
| Western American English | ||||
| Galician | Most dialects[6] | cero | [ˈθɛɾo] | 'zero' |
| Greek | θάλασσα | [ˈθalasa] | 'sea' | |
| Gweno | [riθo] | 'eye' | ||
| Gwich’in | thał | [θaɬ] | 'pants' | |
| Halkomelem | θqet | [θqet] | 'tree' | |
| Hän | nihthän | [nihθɑn] | 'I want' | |
| Harsusi | [θəroː] | 'two' | ||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | עברית | [ʕibˈriːθ] | 'Hebrew language' |
| Yemenite | [ʕivˈriːθ] | |||
| Hlai | Basadung | [θsio] | 'one' | |
| Icelandic | það | [θaːð] | 'that' | |
| Italian | Tuscan[7] | i capitani | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' |
| Kabyle | ṯafaṯ | [θafaθ] | 'light'(noun) | |
| Karen | Sgaw | သၢ | [θə˧] | 'three' |
| Karuk | yiθa | [jiθa] | 'one' | |
| Kickapoo | neθwi | [nɛθwi] | 'three' | |
| Kwama | [mɑ̄ˈθíl] | 'to laugh' | ||
| Leonese | ceru | [θeɾu] | 'zero' | |
| Lorediakarkar | [θar] | 'four' | ||
| Malay | Selasa | [θəlaθa] | 'Tuesday' | |
| Massa | [faθ] | 'five' | ||
| Occitan | Gascon | macipon | [maθiˈpu] | '(male) child' |
| Vivaro-Alpine | chin | [θĩ] | 'dog' | |
| Early Old French | améṭ | [aˈmeːθ] | 'loved, beloved (masculine)' | |
| Old Persian | 𐏋 XŠ / xšāyaθiya | [xʃaːjaθija] | 'Shah' | |
| Saanich | TÁŦES | [teθʔəs] | 'eight' | |
| Sardinian | Nuorese | petha | [pɛθa] | 'meat' |
| Shark Bay | [θar] | 'four' | ||
| Shawnee | nthwi | [nθwɪ] | 'three' | |
| Sioux | Nakoda | ktusa | [ktũˈθa] | 'four' |
| Spanish | European Spanish[8] | cazar | [käˈθ̪͆är] | 'to hunt' |
| Swahili | thamini | [θɑˈmini] | 'value' | |
| Tanacross | thiit | [θiːtʰ] | 'embers' | |
| Toda | உஇனபஒத | [wɨnboθ] | 'nine' | |
| Turkmen | sekiz | [θekið] | 'eight' | |
| Tutchone | Northern | tho | [θo] | 'pants' |
| Southern | thü | [θɨ] | ||
| Upland Yuman | Havasupai | [θerap] | 'five' | |
| Hualapai | [θarap] | |||
| Yavapai | [θerapi] | |||
| Venetian | Eastern dialects | çinque | [ˈθiŋkwe] | 'five' |
| Wolaytta | shiththa | [ɕiθθa] | 'flower' | |
| Welsh | saith | [saiθ] | 'seven' | |
| Yi | [θɤjuja] | 'million' | ||
| Zhuang | saw | [θaːu˨˦] | 'language' | |
| Zotung | Standard dialect of Lungngo | kacciade | [kəˈθʲaːðɛ] | 'I go' |
Notes
change- ↑ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ↑ Versteegh (2001:159)
- ↑ Watkins (2001:291–292)
- ↑ Fig. 11 La zeta bolognese (in Italian)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
- ↑ Regueira (1996:119–120)
- ↑ Hall (1944:75)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
References
change- Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", Hispania, 63 (1), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 5–19, doi:10.2307/340806, JSTOR 340806
- Einhorn, E. (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-09838-6
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English", Journal of Linguistics, 20 (2): 233–250, doi:10.1017/S0022226700013876, S2CID 145672742
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen (2005), "Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English" (PDF), Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 3 (2): 377–413, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-25, retrieved 2022-02-24
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Pétursson, Magnus (1971), "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie", Phonetica, 33 (4): 203–216, doi:10.1159/000259344, S2CID 145316121
- Regueira, Xosé Luís (1996), "Galician", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26 (2): 119–122, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162, S2CID 241094214
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
- Versteegh, Kees (2001), The Arabic Language, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0748614363
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700
- Wells, John C (1982), Accents of English, vol. second, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X