Ionosphere
The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/)[1][2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth. Closest to the surface of Earth, the ionosphere is about 48 km (30 mi) away. It goes on up to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level.[3]
The outer limits of the ionosphere
changeMuch research has been done on Plasma fountain (or Polar wind).[5] Satellites have been used (since the 1960's), when doing research.[5] Some of them are ISIS-2, Dynamics Explorer, the Akebono satellite, and the Polar satellite.[5] That research has covered different places above the surface of Earth.[5] Those places are at different altitudes and latitudes.[5] Research has also been done at different times of [one or more] solar cycles.[5]
In 2007, a research paper said that Plasma fountain (or Polar wind) is "an ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma from the [the ionosphere near the North pole and South pole, or] high-latitude ionosphere"; That plasma moves from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere.[6]
Decades of research has led to a body of scientific work; A thing that it says, is that there is at least one electric field on the outer limits (of the ionosphere).
The electric field gets called different things, such as
- polarization field (and polarization electric field)
- ambipolar field (and ambipolar electric field)
Causes of the plasma fountain (or polar wind)
changeAbout 30 years of research [as of the 2020s], says that the cause of the plasma fountain (or polar wind) is ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma: ion acceleration by a polarization electric field at high altitudes.[7]: 451 The polarization electric field or ambipolar electric field was originally proposed in the 1920s for ionized stellar atmospheres.[8]: 1927
The field is very small but, unlike other forces, it points away from gravity.[8]: 1927 In low-density plasma at high altitude (above Earth), it overwhelms gravity for light ions.
Related pages
changeSources
change- ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917]. "ionosphere". In Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
- ↑ "Ionosphere". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ↑ Zell, Holly (2 March 2015). "Earth's Atmospheric Layers". NASA. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ↑ Plasma fountain Source, press release: Carlowicz, Mike; "Solar Wind Squeezes Some of Earth's Atmosphere into Space", December 1998
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Yau, Andrew W.; Abe, Takumi; Peterson, W. K. (2007-11-01). "The polar wind: Recent observations". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Recent Advances in the Polar Wind Theories and Observations. 69 (16): 1936–1983. Bibcode:2007JASTP..69.1936Y. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.010. ISSN 1364-6826.
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364682607002416. Retrieved 2024-10-11
- ↑ Cite error: The named reference
SchunkNagy2000was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page). - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: The named reference
Lemaire2007was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).