Mars Pathfinder

NASA’s Mars Pathfinder successfully demonstrated a new way to safely land on the Red Planet and deliver the first-ever robotic rover, Sojourner, to the Martian surface.

past Mission

mission Type

Lander, Rover

Launch

Dec. 4, 1996

objective

Land a rover on Mars

landing

July 4, 1997

Mars Pathfinder launched Dec. 4, 1996 and landed on Mars' Ares Vallis on July 4, 1997. It successfully delivered an instrumented lander and the Sojourner rover, the first-ever robotic rover to land and operate on the Martian surface. Pathfinder also returned a then-unprecedented amount of data and outlived its primary design life. At a time when the Internet was still in its infancy, the mission's activities captured millions of eyes as people remained glued to their computers to watch anxious and excited engineers and scientists in Mission Control, and to view Mars images transmitted down to Earth.

This is the "gallery" or "presidential" panorama taken by the Pathfinder lander. Roughly 100 frames have been stitched manually to produce this seamless image. The color has been processed to retain as much of the dynamic range of the original color filters as possible while still keeping the hues in the color space of JPL's calibrated color images. The goal of the color balancing was to provide a view of the terrain that as clearly as possible showed differentiations in rock and soil types. The sky and a small area near the low-gain antenna have been retouched.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Key Facts

Launch	Dec. 4, 1996 UTC
Launch Location	Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida
Rocket	Delta II 7925
Mars Landing	July 4, 1997
Landing Site:	Ares Vallis, Mars
End of Mission	Sept. 27, 1997

360-Degree view

NASA's Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner Rover

Explore the landing site of NASA's Pathfinder mission to Mars with your mouse or mobile device. This 360-degree panorama includes the lander's companion rover, Sojourner, and top science targets.
NOTE: Not all browsers support viewing 360 videos/images.

Mars Pathfinder Lander

Mars Pathfinder was originally designed as a technology demonstration to deliver an instrumented lander and a free-ranging robotic rover to the surface of the Red Planet.

Both the lander and the 23-pound (10.6 kilogram) rover, Sojourner, carried instruments for scientific observations and to provide engineering data on the new technologies being demonstrated. Included were scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, geology, and the composition of its rocks and soil. Mars Pathfinder used an innovative method of directly entering the Martian atmosphere and landing.

From landing until the final data transmission on Sept. 27, 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 2.3 billion bits of information, including more than 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from the rover, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors. Findings from the investigations carried out by scientific instruments on both the lander and the rover suggest that Mars was at one time in its past warm and wet.

Airbag Landing

Pathfinder used an innovative method of directly entering the Martian atmosphere, assisted by a parachute to slow its descent through the thin Martian atmosphere and a giant system of airbags to cushion the impact. It was the first time this airbag technique had been used.

At a speed of 31 mph (14 meters per second) and measuring 19 feet (5.8 meters) in diameter, Pathfinder bounced like a giant beach ball about 15 times, as high as 50 feet (15 meters), before coming to rest 2-1/2 minutes later about six-tenths of a mile (1 kilometer) from the point of initial impact.

A man dressed in dark slacks and a white shirt stands outdoors at image left, examining a giant airbag composed of large, fabric balloons, each about as large as the man, all attached to each other, with more than a dozen visible. Another man in blue jeans and black shirt, crouches at left, operating what appears to be an air blower, which has a wide black hose extending to the underside of the airbag package.

Engineers tested these huge, multi-lobed air bags, which enveloped and protected the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft before it impacted the surface of Mars. The air bags are composed of four large bags with six smaller, interconnected spheres within each bag. The bags measure 17 feet (5 meters) tall and about 17 feet (5 meters) in diameter. As Pathfinder descended to the Martian surface on a parachute, an onboard altimeter inside the lander monitored its distance from the ground. The computer inflated these large air bags about 330 feet (100 meters) above the surface of Mars. Upon landing, the airbag-encased Pathfinder bounced more than 15 times before rolling to a stop.

NASA

The Mars Pathfinder’s deflated airbags are seen behind the Sojourner rover, which sits atop its undeployed ramps onboard the spacecraft, in this mosaic from the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) on July 4, 1997 (Sol 1). This image has been corrected for the curvature created by parallax. The micro-rover Sojourner is latched to the petal, and has not yet been deployed. The ramps are a pair of deployable metal reels which will provide a track for the rover as it slowly rolls off the lander, over the spacecraft's deflated airbags, and onto the surface of Mars. Pathfinder scientists used this image to determine whether it was safe to deploy the ramps. One or both of the ramps will be unfurled, and then scientists will decide whether the rover will use either the forward or backward ramp for its descent.

NASA/JPL

Sojourner Rover

The lander, named the Carl Sagan Memorial Station to honor the famed astronomer who had died the year before, deployed the rover, named Sojourner after American civil-rights crusader Sojourner Truth.

On the night of July 5, late in the second Martian day, or sol 2, Sojourner stood up to its full height of 1 foot (30 centimeters) and rolled down the lander’s rear ramp, which was tilted at 20 degrees from the surface, well within the limits of safe deployment.

In the middle of the frame a small, six wheeled rover, with its entire top consisting of a solar panel, sits on terrain of rust-colored dirt and rocks. The silver ramp it just descended is visible in the lower left.

This eight-image mosaic was acquired during the late afternoon on Sol 2 as part of the predeploy 'insurance panorama' and shows the newly deployed rover sitting on the Martian surface. The insurance panorama was designed as 'insurance' against camera failure upon deployment. Had the camera failed, the losslessly compressed, multispectral insurance panorama would have been the main source of image data from the Imager for Mars Pathfinder.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Landing Site: Ares Vallis

The landing site, Ares Vallis (named for Ares, the Greek counterpart to the Roman god Mars, and the Latin word for valley), is an ancient flood plain in Mars’ northern hemisphere, and known as among the rockiest parts of the planet. It was chosen because scientists believed it to be a relatively safe surface to land on and one which contained a wide variety of rocks deposited during a catastrophic flood. In the event early in Mars’ history, scientists believe that the floodplain was cut by a volume of water the size of North America’s Great Lakes in about two weeks.

A landcape image of a rocky, rust colored desert, with three large boulders mid-frame. A rust colored sky extends above from mid-frame.

Large boulders are visible in this enlargement of pictures taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) lander camera on July 4, 1997. The landing site is in the dry flood channel named Ares Valles. The boulders probably represent deposits from one of the catastrophic floods that carved the ancient channel. Between the rocks is brownish windblown soil. The gray-tan sky results from dust particles in the atmosphere.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Mars Pathfinder Science Instruments

Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer: Determined the elemental composition of rocks and soils
Three Cameras: Provided images of the surrounding terrain for geological studies, and documented the performance and operating environment for Pathfinder mission technologies
Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package: Measured the Martian atmosphere during Pathfinder's descent to the surface, and provided meteorological measurements at the lander

This animated image is of the Mars Pathfinder rover deploying its Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Mars Pathfinder Science Highlights

Rounded pebbles and cobbles at the landing site, and other observations, suggested conglomerates that formed in running water during a warmer past in which liquid water was stable.
Radio tracking of Mars Pathfinder provided a precise measure of the lander's location and Mars' pole of rotation. The measurements suggested that the radius of the planet's central metallic core is greater than 800 miles (1,300 kilometers) but less than roughly 1,250 miles (2,000 kilometers).
Airborne dust is magnetic, and its characteristics suggest the magnetic mineral is maghemite, a very magnetic form of iron oxide, which may have been freeze-dried on the particles as a stain or cement. An active water cycle in the past may have leached out the iron from materials in the crust.
Dust devils were seen and frequently measured by temperature, and sensors for wind and pressure. Observations suggested that these gusts are a mechanism for mixing dust into the atmosphere.
Early morning water ice clouds were seen in the lower atmosphere.
Abrupt temperature fluctuations were recorded in the morning, suggesting that the atmosphere is warmed by the planet's surface, with heat convected upward in small eddies.