Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is approved for treatment of different cholinergic hyperactivity
disorders, and, recently, migraine headache. Although suggested to act only locally, novel …

Already a well-established treatment for different autonomic and movement disorders, the
use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in pain conditions is now continuously expanding. …

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is one of the most potent toxins known and a potential
biological threat. At the same time, it is among the most widely used therapeutic proteins …

Axonal transport of enzymatically active botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) from periphery to the CNS
has been described in facial and trigeminal nerve, leading to cleavage of synaptosomal-…

Background Infraorbital nerve constriction (IoNC) is an experimental model of trigeminal
neuropathy. We investigated if IoNC is accompanied by dural extravasation and if botulinum …

Background and Purpose Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is approved for chronic
migraine treatment, its mechanism of action is still unknown. Dural neurogenic inflammation (…

Unlike most classical analgesics, botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) does not alter acute
nociceptive thresholds, and shows selectivity primarily for allodynic and hyperalgesic responses …

The antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has been demonstrated in
behavioral animal studies and clinical settings. It was shown that this effect is associated with …

Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is approved for treatment of chronic migraine and has been
investigated in various other painful conditions. Recent evidence demonstrated retrograde axonal …

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), the most potent toxin known in nature which causes
botulism, is a commonly used therapeutic protein. It prevents synaptic vesicle …