The mutualistic symbiosis involving Glomeromycota, a distinctive phylum of early diverging
Fungi, is widely hypothesized to have promoted the evolution of land plants during the …

Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate
biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their …

The Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) and the Piedmont white truffle
dominate today’s truffle market 1 , 2 . The hypogeous fruiting body of T. melanosporum is a …

• The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is arguably the most ecologically important eukaryotic
symbiosis, yet it is poorly understood at the molecular level. To provide novel insights into …

Soil organisms have an important role in aboveground community dynamics and ecosystem
functioning in terrestrial ecosystems. However, most studies have considered soil biota as a …

… * The e-Xtra logo stands for “electronic extra” and indicates that one supplementary table …
E, Macroscopic view of mature uredinia. Bar represents 1 mm; sh = sporogenous hyphae, sp = …

Background Comparative genomics has emerged as a promising means of unravelling the
molecular networks underlying complex traits such as drought tolerance. Here we assess the …

Endosymbiosis of bacteria by eukaryotes is a defining feature of cellular evolution. In
addition to well‐known bacterial origins for mitochondria and chloroplasts, multiple origins of …

Intensive land use practices necessary for providing food and raw materials are known to
have a deleterious effect on soil. However, the effects that such practices have on soil …

X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID) is a genetically heterogeneous condition involving more
than 100 genes. To date, 35 pathogenic variants have been reported in the lysine specific …