Titanium

Titanium, ₂₂Ti
Titanium
Pronunciation	/tɪˈteɪniəm/; (tih-TAY-nee-əm); /taɪˈteɪniəm/; (ty-TAY-nee-əm);
Appearance	sillery gray-white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ti)	47.867(1)
Titanium in the periodic cairt
	scandium ← titanium → vanadium
Atomic nummer (Z)	22
Group	group 4
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 10, 2
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F)
Bylin pynt	3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	4.506 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	4.11 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	14.15 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	425 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.060 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.54
Ionisation energies	1st: 658.8 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 147 pm
Covalent radius	160±8 pm
	Colour lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines o titanium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed o soond thin rod	5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	21.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	420 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	+153.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	116 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.32
Mohs haurdness	6.0
Vickers haurdness	830–3420 MPa
Brinell haurdness	716–2770 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-32-6
History
Diskivery	William Gregor (1791)
First isolation	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Named by	Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Main isotopes o titanium
γ	–
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Titanium is a chemical element wi the seembol Ti an atomic nummer 22. It is a lustrous transeetion metal wi a siller colour, law density an heich strength. It is heichly resistant tae corrosion in sea watter, aqua regia an chlorine.

Titanium wis diskivert in Cornwall, Great Breetain, bi William Gregor in 1791, an wis named bi Martin Heinrich Klaproth efter the Titans o Greek meethologie. The element occurs within a nummer o meeneral deposits, principally rutile an ilmenite, that are widely distributit in the Yird's crust an lithosphere, an it is foond in awmaist aw leevin things, watter bouks, rocks, an siles.^[6] The metal is extractit frae its principal mineral ures bi the Kroll^[7] an Hunter processes. The maist common compoond, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst an is uised in the manufactur o white pigments.^[8] Ither compoonds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), a component o smeuk screens an catalysts; an titanium trichloride (TiCl₃), that is uised as a catalyst in the production o polypropylene.^[6]

Titanium can be alloyed wi airn, alumeenium, vanadium, an molybdenum, amang ither elements, tae produce strang, lichtwecht alloys for aerospace (jet ingines, missiles, an spacecraft), militar, industrial processes (chemicals an petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, an paper), automotive, agri-fuid, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental an endodontic instruments an files, dental implants, sportin guids, jewelry, mobile phones, an ither applications.^[6]

The twa maist uisefu properties o the metal are corrosion resistance an strenth-tae-density ratio, the heichest o ony metallic element.^[9] In its unalloyed condeetion, titanium is as strang as some steels, but less dense.^[10] There are two allotropic forms^[11] an five naiturally occurrin isotopes o this element, ⁴⁶Ti throu ⁵⁰Ti, wi ⁴⁸Ti bein the maist abundant (73.8%).^[12] Awtho thay hae the same nummer o valence electrons an are in the same group in the periodic cairt, titanium an zirconium differ in mony chemical an pheesical properties.

References

↑ "titanium - definition of titanium in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford University Press. 2017. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2017.
↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
↑ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ ^a ^b ^c "Titanium". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
↑ Donachie 1988, p. 11
↑ Barksdale 1968, p. 738
↑ "Titanium". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2000–2006. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5. Archived frae the original on 18 November 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
↑ Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium". Retrieved 26 December 2006.

[1] "titanium - definition of titanium in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford University Press. 2017. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2017.

[CIAAW2013-2] Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[3] Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆: [Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.

[4] Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.

[5] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[EBC-6] "Titanium". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.

[LANL-7] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[HistoryAndUse-8] Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.

[9] Donachie 1988, p. 11

[Barksdale1968p738-10] Barksdale 1968, p. 738

[TICE6th-11] "Titanium". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2000–2006. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5. Archived frae the original on 18 November 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)

[EnvChem-12] Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium". Retrieved 26 December 2006.

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