Amasaka

Amasaka Amasaka ni kimwe mu binyampeke bitanu bihingwa cyane ku isi nyuma y’ingano, umuceli, ibigoli n’uburo. Ni igihingwa kitabangamira ibidukikije kuko kidasaba amazi menshi, gikenera ifumbire nke cyangwa ntikiyikenere, ntigisaba gukoresha imiti myinshi irwanya udukoko, kandi ibikenyeri byayo birabora bigashira. Mu Rwanda, ahingwa ahantu hose kuva mu turere dushyuha tw’imisozi migufi kugeza mu turere tw’imisozi miremire. Mu Rwanda, amasaka anyobwamo igikoma ari cyo kinyobwa benshi bafata mu gitondo, akenywamo n'inzoga gakondo zisembuye cyangwa zidasembuye bihabwa agaciro gakomeye mu muco gakondo. N'ubwo amasaka afite akamaro, umusaruro wayo uracyari muke bitewe ahanini n'ibyatsi bibi nka Rwona kubura imbuto zitanga umusaruro mwishi, ubutaka bwagundutse, indwara ndetse n'ibonnyi n'ubumenyi budahagije bw'abahinzi ku byerekeye uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga amasaka.^[1][2][3]

Ku isi hari amoko y’amasaka arenga 200, amenshi muri yo akaba ari aya Kinyarwanda, kandi akaba abitse mu kigega cy’imbuto. Muri ayo moko y’amasaka, atandatu muri yo atanga umusaruro mwiza, aberanye n’uturere twinshi tw’ubuhinzi,

• Mu turere tw’imisozi migufi, amoko: IS21219 na IS8193 niyo atanga umusaruro mwinshi kurusha ayandi. Ishusho ya mbere (1) irerekana ubwoko bw’amasaka IS819 nk’uko agaragara mu murima utuburirwamo imbuto.
• Uturere tw’ubuhinzi tw’imisozi iringaniye tuberanye n’amoko ya Kigufi, Ikinyaruka, IS21219 ndetse na IS8193. Ishusho ya 2 irerekana amoko ya IS21219 na Kigufi ahingwa i Rubona ahatuburirwa imbuto y’amasaka.
• Muturere tw’ubuhinzi tw’imisozi miremire, amoko atatu y’amasaka niyo atanga umusaruro mwinshi kurusha ayandi : BM1, BM33 na N9. Ishusho iri hasi irerekana ubwoko bwa N9 bwahinzwe mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Rwerere mu mwaka wa 2009.^[1][2][4]

Mbere yo gutera amasaka umurima ugomba kuba uteguye neza. Bahinga bageza isuka hasi uburebure bw’ubuhinge bukareshya n’ubw’isuka imwe. Bakuramo urwiri kandi bagacoca amanonko, Amasaka agomba guterwa ku mirongo ifite m 0,75 hagati y’umurongo n’undi, na m. 0,20 hagati mu murongo. Ashobora no kubibwa bamisha.^[1][2][5]

Amasaka ni igihingwa gitinda gukura. Niyo mpamvu bakirinda ibyatsi bibi. Ubusanzwe amasaka abagarwa bwa mbere areshya na cm 10 (nyuma y’ukwezi 1 babibye). Bayabagarira bwa kabiri areshya na cm 25 kugeza kuri 30. Bayicira hashize ukwezi babibye, bayasukira hashize amezi 2 babibye.^[1][6][7]

Amasaka afumbizwa ifumbire y’imborera n’imvaruganda. Bafumbiza kg 200 z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza kuri ari 1, mbere yo gusanza ubutaka. Bakoresha na none kg 2,5 za NPK 17-17-17 kuri ari 1, igakoreshwa batera cyangwa ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo gutera. Na none, kg 1 ya ire zigomba gukoreshwa mu gihe cy’ihinga.^[1][8]

Mu gihe cy’ibiba hamera amasaka menshi. Ni ngombwa rero kuyicira hakurwamo udushaka tunanutse kugira ngo asigaye abyibushye akure neza, hubahirizwa intera ya cm 20 hagati y’ishaka n’irindi. Ibi bigomba gukorwa bwa mbere amasaka afite cm 10 z’uburebure. Ubwa kabiri bikorwa amasaka afite uburebure bwa cm 20.^[1]

Amasaka bayasukira hashize hagati y’ukwezi kumwe n’abiri atewe, hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’amasaka n’imikurire yayo.^[2][1][5]

Rwona ni icyatsi kibi cyane cyimeza gishamikiye ku mizi y’ishaka kandi gatubya umusaruro w’amasaka, cyane mu duce dushyuha twa Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara aho gishobora gutubya umusaruro kugera ku 100%. Mu murima urimo rwona amasaka ntakura vuba ndetse akenshi yuma mbere y’uko abumbura.

Rwona yangiza amasaka mu buryo bubiri. Uburyo bwa mbere icuranwa n’igihingwa amazi n’ibyakagitunze, ubwa kabiri iniga amasaka ntiyere neza. Kugira ngo urwanye Rwona,  ugomba gufumbira neza umurima ukoresheje ifumbire irimo Azote, gusimburanya neza ibihingwa mu murima no kubagara ugakuramo ibyo byatsi mbere y'uko bimera bikagaragara hejuru y'ubutaka no gutera imbuto z'amasaka yihanganira icyo cyatsi kibi. Ishusho ikurikira irerekana amasaka yangijwe na rwona.^[1][2][5]

Isazi ni imwe mu dusimba twangiza amasaka mu buryo bukomeye. Urunyo rw’iyo sazi rurya intimatima y'ishaka maze ikuma. Iyo ukuruye ikibabi cy'imbere kiraranduka maze ugasanga aho cyaririwe ku ntangiriro yacyo hanuka. Udusazi duto tw'umweru dutungwa n'ibice by'ikimera biboze. Iyo sazi yangiza cyane amasaka nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe kugeza ku kwezi atewe. Uburyo bwo kurwanya isazi y’amasaka ni ukubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga, gutera amoko y’amasaka yihanganira ibyonnyi, gutera amasaka menshi kugira ngo azangizwa n'isazi arandurwe.^[1][2][5]

Nkongwa ni agasimba kangiza amasaka cyane. Ibimenyetso n'ubwone: nkongwa zikiri nto zirya amababi, naho izikuze zicukura umwobo mu giti cy'ishaka. Amasaka yacukuwemo imyobo na nkongwa ntiyera neza, kandi ashobora no kubora mu mizi. Nkongwa bayirwanya batwika ibikenyeri byumye no gutera amasaka yihanganira indwara.^[1][2][5]

Iyi ndwara igaragazwa n’ibimenyetso byinshi. Ikimenyetso cya mbere ni uko ahakagiye intete havamo ibintu by’umurenda. Aho uwo murenda uguye, hasi cyangwa ku mababi, hasa n’umweru. Uwo murenda si umwe uza ku mababi ariho ubuhunduguru mu gihe nta mvura iriho. Uburyo bwo kurwanya iyi ndwara ni ugutera amoko yihanganira indwara, kubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga birinda gutera batinze.^[1]

Inopfu ni indwara ifata amasaka mu gihe abumbura. Mu mwanya w’intete hazamo ifu y’umukara. Inopfu y’amasaka yigaragaza ukwinshi. Hari ubwo usanga agahu k’umweru gatwikiriye ihundo, hari n’ubwo nta kiba kiritwikiriye aribyo bita igihembanopfu, hakaba rero n’iyo ihundo ryose ryirabura ritwikirijwe n’agahu k’umweru. Inopfu irwanywa bavanga imbuto n’umuti wica uduhumyo mbere yo gutera, kurandura no gutwika amasaka agifatwa atarakwiza indwara, gutera amoko yihanganira indwara, gusimburanya neza ibihingwa mu murima.^[2]

Imungu ni imwe mu dusimba twangiza amasaka cyane ku isi hose cyane cyane mu bihugu bishyuha. Imungu yangiza intete z’amasaka akiri mu murima ndetse n’ahunitse mu bigega. Imungu icukura umwobo mu ntete y’ishaka, igateramo amagi yarangiza ikayatwikira. Hari rero uburyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya imungu. Ubw’ingenzi ni ukujonjora neza intete zamunzwe zigatandukanywa n’izitaramungwa, gusukura neza ikigega gihunikwamo amasaka bateramo imiti yica udukoko.^[1]

Amasaka asarurwa igihe yeze neza. Iyo amasaka yeze, aho intete zimerera harirabura. Amasaka yera ahereye ku mutwe w’ihundo ugana hasi. Batema amasaka bakayanika kugira ngo agabanukemo amazi. Ishusho ikurikira irerekana ubwanikiro bw’amasaka mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Rubona, mu buryo butuma yuma neza.^[1]

Amasaka agomba kurindwa imungu, agomba kwanikwa ahantu hasukuye neza mu rwego rwo kuyarinda kwanduzwa n’imyanda iyo ariyo yose ishobora kuyakururira izindi ndwara. Mu kigega hagomba kuba hagera urumuri n’umwuka, ibi bituma abikwa igihe kirekire akiri mazima. Agomba kurindwa ubuhehere bwayazanira kubora, kumungwa cyangwa udusimba twayangiza.^[2]

Amasaka ni igihingwa k’ingirakamaro mu duce twinshi twa Africa no muri Asia, akoreshwa nk’ibyokurya ndetse n’ibyokunywa bitandukanye. Mu Rwanda amasaka avugwamo umutsima, ashigishwamo igikoma, ndetse avamo inzoga zitandukanye za gakondo nk’ikigage, umusururu n’ibindi, zihabwa agaciro gakomeye mu muco nyarwanda.  Ikoranabuhanga ribasha gukora ibyo kurya binyuranye hifashishijwe ifu y'amasaka ( za gato, ibisuguti n'ibindi).^[1]

Amasaka bivugwako ubu shakashatsi bwerekanyeko amasaka amaze imyaka igera 10,000 agaragaye mugihugu cya Sudani no mu misiri.^[1]

Amasaka nikimwe mubihigwa byambere tugira mubihugu byacu by'a Afurika dukunda guhinga .amasaka kandi ni igihingwa dukunda gukoresha mubuzima bwacu bwaburi munsi kuko tuyakoresha mumafunguro kandi tunayakoresha mubinyobwa tunywa burimunsi urugero nk'igikoma n'ikigage.^[5]

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