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WO2010077854A1 - High affinity human antibodies to pcsk9 - Google Patents

High affinity human antibodies to pcsk9 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010077854A1
WO2010077854A1 PCT/US2009/068013 US2009068013W WO2010077854A1 WO 2010077854 A1 WO2010077854 A1 WO 2010077854A1 US 2009068013 W US2009068013 W US 2009068013W WO 2010077854 A1 WO2010077854 A1 WO 2010077854A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antibody
seq
antigen
pcsk9
hpcsk9
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2009/068013
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2010077854A8 (en
Inventor
Mark W. Sleeman
Joel H. Martin
Tammy T. Huang
Douglas Macdonald
Original Assignee
Regeneron Pharamaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=41668268&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO2010077854(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority to SI200931637T priority Critical patent/SI2358756T2/en
Priority to KR1020117013676A priority patent/KR101504494B1/en
Priority to DK09793408.7T priority patent/DK2358756T4/en
Application filed by Regeneron Pharamaceuticals, Inc. filed Critical Regeneron Pharamaceuticals, Inc.
Priority to EP16200305.7A priority patent/EP3156422B1/en
Priority to HRP20170488TT priority patent/HRP20170488T4/en
Priority to JP2011540965A priority patent/JP5318965B2/en
Priority to NZ601923A priority patent/NZ601923A/en
Priority to EP09793408.7A priority patent/EP2358756B2/en
Priority to MEP-2017-70A priority patent/ME02760B/en
Priority to UAA201108829A priority patent/UA105650C2/en
Priority to RU2011129316A priority patent/RU2552169C3/en
Priority to PL16200305T priority patent/PL3156422T3/en
Priority to CA2747123A priority patent/CA2747123C/en
Priority to RS20170255A priority patent/RS55771B2/en
Priority to LTEP09793408.7T priority patent/LT2358756T/en
Priority to AU2009333326A priority patent/AU2009333326B9/en
Priority to MX2014004581A priority patent/MX341041B/en
Priority to KR1020157001056A priority patent/KR101699707B1/en
Priority to ES09793408T priority patent/ES2613489T5/en
Priority to MX2011006197A priority patent/MX2011006197A/en
Priority to EP21185555.6A priority patent/EP3943510A3/en
Priority to CN200980150206.XA priority patent/CN102245641B/en
Priority to NZ593155A priority patent/NZ593155A/en
Priority to MYPI2011002276A priority patent/MY188372A/en
Priority to MEP-2011-111A priority patent/ME01327B/en
Priority to PL09793408.7T priority patent/PL2358756T5/en
Priority to BRPI0922885-3A priority patent/BRPI0922885B1/en
Publication of WO2010077854A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010077854A1/en
Priority to IL213050A priority patent/IL213050A/en
Priority to ZA2011/03762A priority patent/ZA201103762B/en
Priority to TN2011000300A priority patent/TN2011000300A1/en
Publication of WO2010077854A8 publication Critical patent/WO2010077854A8/en
Priority to IL230771A priority patent/IL230771A/en
Priority to CY20171100308T priority patent/CY1118896T1/en
Priority to NL300879C priority patent/NL300879I2/en
Priority to LTPA2017019C priority patent/LTC2358756I2/en
Priority to CY2017021C priority patent/CY2017021I2/en
Priority to FR17C1022C priority patent/FR17C1022I2/en
Priority to LU00024C priority patent/LUC00024I2/en
Priority to NO2017029C priority patent/NO2017029I1/en
Priority to HUS1700029C priority patent/HUS1700029I1/en
Priority to FIC20170031C priority patent/FIC20170031I1/en
Priority to FIEP09793408.7T priority patent/FI2358756T4/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/40—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/08—Clostridium, e.g. Clostridium tetani
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/14—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the thyroid hormones, e.g. T3, T4
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/12—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from bacteria
    • C07K16/1267—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria
    • C07K16/1282—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria from Clostridium (G)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21061—Kexin (3.4.21.61), i.e. proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56911—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A61K2039/507—Comprising a combination of two or more separate antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/34—Identification of a linear epitope shorter than 20 amino acid residues or of a conformational epitope defined by amino acid residues
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
    • G01N2333/33—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Clostridium (G)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
    • Y10S424/809—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions involving immunoglobulin or antibody fragment, e.g. fab', fv, fc, heavy chain or light chain

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of human antibodies that specifically bind human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and therapeutic methods of using those antibodies.
  • PCSK9 human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
  • PCSK9 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
  • the encoded protein is synthesized as a soluble zymogen that undergoes autocatalytic intramolecular processing in the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Evidence suggest that PCSK9 increases plasma LDL cholesterol by promoting degradation of the LDL receptor, which mediates LDL endocytosis in the liver, the major route of LDL clearance from circulation.
  • PCSK9 protein shows that it has a signal sequence, followed by a prodomain, a catalytic domain that contains a conserved triad of residues (D186, H226 and S386), and a C-terminal domain. It is synthesized as a soluble 74-kDa precursor that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage in the ER, generating a 14-kDa prodomain and 60-kDa catalytic fragment. The autocatalytic activity has been shown to be required for secretion. After cleavage the prodomain remains tightly associated with the catalytic domain.
  • Antibodies to PCSK9 are described in, for example, WO 2008/057457, WO 2008/057458, WO 2008/057459, WO 2008/063382, WO 2008/125623, and US 2008/0008697.
  • the invention provides fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind and neutralize human PCSK9 (hPCSK9) activity.
  • the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 and is characterized by at least one of:
  • the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 and is characterized by at least one of:
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope comprising amino acid residue 238 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). In a more specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof binds an epitope comprising one or more of amino acid residue 238, 153, 159 and 343 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). In a more specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope which does not comprise an amino acid residue at position 192, 194, 197 and/or 237 of SEQ ID NO:755.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope comprising amino acid residue 366 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). In a more specific embodiment, the antibody fragment thereof binds an epitope comprising one or more of amino acid residue at position 147, 366 and 380 of SEQ ID NO:755. In a more specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope which does not comprise an amino acid residue at position 215 and/or 238 of SEQ ID NO:755. [0009] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as exhibiting an enhanced binding affinity (K 0 ) for hPCSK9 at pH 5.5 relative to the K D at pH 7.4, as measured by plasmon surface resonance.
  • K 0 enhanced binding affinity
  • the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits at least a 20-fold, at least a 40-fold or at least a 50-fold enhanced affinity for PCSK9 at an acidic pH relative to a neutral pH, as measured by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as not exhibiting an enhanced binding affinity for PCSK9 at an acidic pH relative to a neutral pH, as measured by surface plasmon resonance.
  • the binding at an acidic pH is less and the Ty 2 shorter than at neutral pH.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds human, human GOF mutation D374Y, cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, mouse, rat and hamster PCSK9. [0012] In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds human and monkey PCSK9, but does not bind mouse, rat or hamster PCSK9.
  • the mAbs can be full-length (e.g., an IgGI or lgG4 antibody) or may comprise only an antigen-binding portion (e.g., a Fab, F(ab') 2 or scFv fragment), and may be modified to affect functionality, e.g., to eliminate residual effector functions (Reddy et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 164: 1925-1933).
  • an antigen-binding portion e.g., a Fab, F(ab') 2 or scFv fragment
  • the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 18, 22, 26, 42, 46, 50, 66, 70, 74, 90, 94, 98, 114, 118, 122, 138, 142, 146, 162, 166, 170, 186, 190, 194, 210, 214, 218, 234, 238, 242, 258, 262, 266, 282, 286, 290, 306, 310, 314, 330, 334, 338, 354, 358, 362, 378, 382, 386, 402, 406, 410, 426, 430, 434, 450, 454, 458, 474, 478, 482, 498, 502, 506, 522, 526, 530, 546, 550, 554, 570, 574, 578, 594, 598, 602, 618, 622, 626, 642, 646, 650, 666
  • HCVR heavy chain
  • the HCVR is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 50, 66, 70, 74, 90, 94, 122, 138, 142, 218, 234, 238, 242, 258, 262, 314, 330 and 334.
  • the HCVR comprises SEQ ID NO:90 or 218.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof further comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 24, 34, 44, 48, 58, 68, 72, 82, 92, 96, 106, 116, 120, 130, 140, 144, 154, 164, 168, 178, 188, 192, 202, 212, 216, 226, 236, 240, 250, 260, 264, 274, 284, 288, 298, 308, 312, 322, 332, 336, 346, 356, 360, 370, 380, 384, 394, 404, 408, 418, 428, 432, 442, 452, 456, 466, 476, 480, 490, 500, 504, 514, 524, 528, 538, 548, 552, 562, 572, 576, 586, 596, 600, 610, 620, 624, 634, 644, 648, 658, 668, 672, 682
  • LCVR light chain
  • the LCVR is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 58, 68, 72, 82, 92, 96, 130, 140, 144, 226, 236, 240, 250, 260, 264, 322, 332 and 336.
  • the LCVR comprises SEQ ID NO:92 or 226.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCVR and LCVR (HCVR/LCVR) sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/20, 22/24, 26/34, 42/44, 46/48, 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 98/106, 1 14/116, 1 18/120, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144, 146/154, 162/164, 166/168, 170/178, 186/188, 190/192, 194/202, 210/212, 214/216, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 266/274, 282/284, 286/288, 290/298, 306/308, 310/312, 314/322, 330/332, 334/336, 338/346, 354/356, 358/360, 362/370
  • the HCVR and LCVR are selected from the amino acid sequence pairs of SEQ ID NO: 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 314/322, 330/332 and 334/336.
  • the HCVR/LCVR pair comprises SEQ ID NO:90/92 or 218/226.
  • the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:8, 32, 56, 80, 104, 128, 152, 176, 200, 224, 248, 272, 296, 320, 344, 368, 392, 416, 440, 464, 488, 512, 536, 560, 584, 608, 632, 656, 680, 704 and 728, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16, 40, 64, 88, 112, 136, 160, 184, 208, 232, 256, 280, 304, 328, 352, 376, 400, 424, 448, 472, 496, 520, 544, 568, 592, 616,
  • HCDR3 heavy chain C
  • the HCDR3/LCDR3 sequence pairs are SEQ ID NO:56/64, 80/88, 128/136, 224/232, 248/256 or 320/328.
  • the HCDR3/LCDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO:80/88 or 224/232.
  • the invention comprising an antibody or fragment thereof further comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:4, 28, 52, 76, 100, 124, 148, 172, 196, 220, 244, 268, 292, 316, 340, 364, 388, 412, 436, 460, 484, 508, 532, 556, 580, 604, 628, 652, 676, 700 and 724, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, 30, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 222, 246, 270, 294, 318, 342, 366, 390, 414, 438, 462, 486, 510, 534, 558, 582, 606, 630, 654, 678, 702 and 7
  • HCDR1 heavy chain C
  • the heavy and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:52, 54, 56, 60, 62, 64; 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88; 124, 126, 128, 132, 134, 136; 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232; 244, 246, 248, 252, 254, 256; and 316, 318, 320, 324, 326, 328.
  • the heavy and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO: 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88; or 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232.
  • the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody which specifically binds hPCSK9, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises heavy and light chain CDR domains contained within heavy and light chain sequence pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/20, 22/24, 26/34, 42/44, 46/48, 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 98/106, 114/116, 118/120, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144,
  • the CDR sequences contained within HCVR and LCVR selected from the amino acid sequence pairs of SEQ ID NO: 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 314/322, 330/332 and 334/336.
  • the CDR sequences contained within HCVR and LCVR selected from the amino acid sequence pairs of SEQ ID NO: 90/92 or 218/226.
  • the invention provides a fully human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds neutralizes hPCSK9 activity, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:
  • (viii) comprises heavy and light chain CDR3 sequences comprising SEQ ID NO:80 and 88;
  • (ix) comprises CDR sequences from SEQ ID NO:90 and 92.
  • the invention provides a fully human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds and neutralizes hPCSK9 activity, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: (i) capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 40-70% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 60 or 90 day period relative to a predose level;
  • (vii) comprises heavy and light chain CDR3 sequences comprising SEQ ID NO:224 and 232;
  • (viii) comprises CDR sequences from SEQ ID NO:218 and 226.
  • the invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-PCSK9 antibodies or fragments thereof.
  • Recombinant expression vectors carrying the nucleic acids of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced, are also encompassed by the invention, as are methods of producing the antibodies by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies, and recovering the antibodies produced.
  • the invention provides an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCVR encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 , 17, 21 , 25, 41 , 45, 49, 65, 69, 73, 89, 93, 97, 113, 117, 121 , 137, 141 , 145, 161 , 165, 169, 185, 189, 193, 209, 213, 217, 233, 237, 241 , 257, 261 , 265, 281 , 285, 289, 305, 309, 313, 329, 333, 337, 353, 357, 361 , 377, 381 , 385, 401 , 405, 409, 425, 429, 433, 449, 453, 457, 473, 477, 481 , 497, 501 , 505, 521 , 525, 529, 545, 549, 553, 569, 573,
  • the HCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 49, 65, 69, 73, 89, 93, 121 , 137, 141 , 217, 233, 237, 241 , 257, 261 , 313, 329 and 333.
  • the HCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 89 and 217.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof further comprises a LCVR encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 19, 23, 33, 43, 47, 57, 67, 71 , 81 , 91 , 95, 105, 115, 1 19, 129, 139, 143, 153, 163, 167, 177, 187, 191 , 201 , 211 , 215, 225, 235, 239, 249, 259, 263, 273, 283, 287, 297, 307, 311 , 321 , 331 , 335, 345, 355, 359, 369, 379, 383, 393, 403, 407, 417, 427, 431 , 441 , 451 , 455, 465, 475, 479, 489, 499, 503, 513, 523, 527, 537, 547, 551 , 561 , 571 , 575, 585, 5
  • the LCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 57, 67, 71 , 81 , 91 , 95, 129, 139, 143, 225, 235, 239, 249, 259, 263, 321 , 331 and 335. In more specific embodiments, the LCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 91 and 225.
  • the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a HCDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:7, 31 , 55, 79, 103, 127, 151 , 175, 199, 223, 247, 271 , 295, 319, 343, 367, 391 , 415, 439, 463, 487, 51 1 , 535, 559, 583, 607, 631 , 655, 679, 703 and 727, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; and a LCDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15, 39, 63, 87, 11 1 , 135, 159, 183, 207, 231 , 255, 279, 303, 327, 351 , 375,
  • the HCDR3 and LCDR3 sequences are encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55/63, 79/87, 127/135, 223/231 , 247/255 and 319/327, respectively.
  • the HCDR3 and LCDR3 sequence pair are encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79/87 and 223/231.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof further comprises, a HCDR1 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 27, 51 , 75, 99, 123, 147, 171 , 195, 219, 243, 267, 291 , 315, 339, 363, 387, 411 , 435, 459, 483, 507, 531 , 555, 579, 603, 627, 651 , 675, 699 and 723, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; a HCDR2 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, 29, 53, 77, 101 , 125, 149, 173, 197, 221 , 245, 269, 293, 317, 341 , 365, 389, 413, 437, 461 , 485, 509
  • the heavy and light chain CDR sequences are encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 51 , 53, 55, 59, 61 , 63; 75, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87; 123, 125, 127, 131 , 133, 135; 219, 221 , 223, 227, 229, 231 ; 243, 245, 247, 251 , 253, 255; and 315, 317, 319, 323, 325, 327.
  • the heavy and light chain CDR sequences are encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 75, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87; and 219, 221 , 223, 227, 229, 231.
  • X 1 is Ala, X 2 is Arg or Lys, X 3 is Asp, X 4 is Ser or lie, X 5 is Asn or VaI, X 6 is Leu or Trp, X 7 is GIy or Met, X s is Asn or VaI, X 9 is Phe or Tyr, X 10 is Asp, X 11 is Leu or Met, X 12 is Asp or absent, X 13 is Tyr or absent, X 14 is Tyr or absent, X 15 is Tyr or absent, X 16 is Tyr or absent, X 17 is GIy or absent, X 18 is Met or absent, X 19 is Asp or absent, and X 20 is VaI or absent; and the LCDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X 1 - X 2 - X 3 - X 4 - X 5 - X 6 - X 7 - X 8 - X 9 (SEQ ID NO:750) wherein X 1 is GIn or Met, X 2
  • the antibody or fragment thereof further comprise a HCDR1 sequence of the formula X 1 - X 2 - X 3 - X 4 - X 5 - X 6 - X 7 - X 8 (SEQ ID NO:745), wherein X 1 is GIy, X 2 is Phe, X 3 is Thr, X 4 is Phe, X 5 is Ser or Asn, X 6 is Ser or Asn, X 7 is Tyr or His, and X 8 is Ala or Trp; a HCDR2 sequence of the formula X 1 - X 2 - X 3 - X 4 - X 5 - X 6 - X 7 - X 8 (SEQ ID NO:746), wherein X 1 is lie, X 2 is Ser or Asn, X 3 is GIy or GIn, X 4 is Asp or Ser, X 5 is GIy, X 6 is Ser or GIy,
  • Fig. 1 shows the sequence alignment of heavy and light chain variable regions for 316P and 300N mAbs.
  • the invention features a human anti-PCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) encoded by nucleotide sequence segments derived from V H , D H and J H germline sequences, and a light chain variable region (LCVR) encoded by nucleotide sequence segments derived from V ⁇ and JK germline sequences, wherein the germline sequences are (a) V H gene segment 3-23, D H gene segment 7-27, J H gene segment 2, V ⁇ gene segment 4-1 and J ⁇ gene segment 2; or (b) V H gene segment 3-7, D H gene segment 2-8, J H gene segment 6, V K gene segment 2-28 and J K gene segment 4.
  • HCVR heavy chain variable region
  • LCVR light chain variable region
  • the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to a PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the binding of the antibody or fragment thereof to a variant PCSK9 protein is less than 50% of the binding between the antibody or fragment thereof and the PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof binds to the variant PCSK9 protein with a binding affinity (K 0 ) which is less than about 50%, less than about 60%, less than about 70%, less than about 80%, less than about 90% or less than about 95% compared to the binding to PCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755).
  • the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation at position 238 of SEQ ID NO:755.
  • the mutation is D238R.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 90% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at residue 238.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 80% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at one or more of residue 153, 159, 238 and 343.
  • the mutation is one of S153R, E159R, D238R and D343R.
  • the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation at position 366 of SEQ ID NO:755.
  • the mutation is E366K.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 95% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at residue 366.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 70%, 80% or 90% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at one or more of residue 147, 366 and/or 380.
  • the mutation is one of S147F, E366K and V380M.
  • the invention encompasses anti-PCSK9 antibodies having a modified glycosylation pattern.
  • modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or e.g., removal of a fucose moiety to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. (2002) JBC 277:26733).
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • the invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant human antibody or fragment thereof which specifically binds hPCSK9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention features a composition which is a combination of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention, and a second therapeutic agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent may be any agent that is advantageously combined with the antibody or fragment thereof of the invention, for example, an agent capable of inducing a cellular depletion of cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, such as, for example, cerovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, pitavastin, ros uvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, etc.; capable of inhibiting cholesterol uptake and or bile acid re-absorption; capable of increasing lipoprotein cataboiism (such as niacin); and/or activators of the LXR transcription factor that plays a role in cholesterol elimination such as 22-hydroxycholesterol.
  • HMG 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
  • the invention features methods for inhibiting hPCSK9 activity using the anti-PCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding portion of the antibody of the invention, wherein the therapeutic methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention.
  • the disorder treated is any disease or condition which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by removal, inhibition or reduction of PCSK9 activity.
  • Specific populations treatable by the therapeutic methods of the invention include subjects indicated for LDL apheresis, subjects with PCSK9-activating mutations (gain of function mutations, "GOF"), subjects with heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (heFH); subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia who are statin intolerant or statin uncontrolled; and subjects at risk for developing hypercholesterolemia who may be preventably treated.
  • Other indications include dyslipidemia associated with secondary causes such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cholestatic liver diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis), nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity; and the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
  • the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antibody fragment of the invention is useful to reduce elevated total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and/or apolipoprotein B (apolipoprotein B100).
  • the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention may be used alone or in combination with a second agent, for example, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and/or other lipid lowering drugs.
  • Further embodiments include an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody as defined above for use to attenuate or inhibit a PCSK9-mediated disease or condition.
  • the invention encompasses the use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody as defined above in the manufacture of a medicament for use to attenuate or inhibit a PCSK9-mediated disease or condition.
  • the PCSK9-mediated disease or condition is hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, LDL apheresis, heterozygous for Familial Hypercholesterolemia, statin intolerant, statin uncontrolled, risk for developing hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, cholestatic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
  • the PCSK9-mediated disease or condition is hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, LDL apheresis, heterozygous for Familial Hypercholesterolemia, statin intolerant, statin uncontrolled, risk for developing hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, cholestatic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Fig. 1 Sequence comparison tables of heavy chain (A) and light chain (B) variable regions and CDRs of antibodies H1 H316P and H1 M300N.
  • Fig. 2 Antibody concentrations in serum over time. 316P 5 mg/kg (D); 300N 5 mg/kg (O); 316P 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 15 mg/kg (•).
  • Fig. 3. Serum total cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ). [0044] Fig. 4. Serum LDL cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ). [0045] Fig. 5. Serum LDL cholesterol level normalized to buffer control.
  • Buffer control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ).
  • Fig. 6. Serum HDL cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Control (#); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ).
  • Fig. 7 Serum triglyceride level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Buffer control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ).
  • Fig. 8. Serum HDL cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Buffer control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ ).
  • Serum LDL cholesterol level expressed as a percentage of change over baseline following a single dose subcutaneous administration 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 300N 5 mg/kg (•).
  • Fig. 10 Western blot for mouse LDL receptor of total liver homogenates. Samples were taken 24 hours after PBS (lanes 1-3), 5 mg/kg 316P (lanes 4-6), or 5 mg/kg of non-hPCSK9 specific mAb (lanes 7-8) administration and 4 hours after 1.2 mg/kg hPCSK9-mmh (all lanes). [0051] Fig. 11. Effects of 316P on serum LDL cholesterol level in PCSK9 hu/hu mice. Buffer control (H);316P 1 mg/kg (H); 316P 5 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 316P 10 mg/kg (E).
  • Fig. 12 Anti-hPCSK9 mAb serum pharmacokinetic profile in C57BL/6 mice. Single dose of Control I mAb (#) at 10 mg/kg; 316P (A) at 10 mg/kg and 300N ( ⁇ ) at 10 mg/kg.
  • Fig. 13 Anti-hPCSK9 mAb serum pharmacokinetic profile in hPCSK9 heterozygous mice: single dose at 10 mg/kg: Control I mAb (•); 316P (A) and 300N ( ⁇ ).
  • Fig. 14 Effect of 316P on serum LDL cholesterol levels in Syrian Hamster fed a normal diet. Buffer control (#); 316P 1 mg/kg ( ⁇ ); 316P 3 mg/kg (A); 316P 5 mg/kg (T).
  • human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 refers to hPCSK9 having the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:754 and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:755, or a biologically active fragment thereof.
  • antibody as used herein, is intended to refer to immunoglobulin molecules comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (“HCVR” or "VH”) and a heavy chain constant region (comprised of domains CH1 , CH2 and CH3).
  • Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region ("LCVR or "VL”) and a light chain constant region (CL).
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CL light chain constant region
  • the VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDR complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework regions
  • Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1 , CDR1 , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • CDR residues not contacting antigen can be identified based on previous studies (for example residues H60-H65 in CDRH2 are often not required), from regions of Kabat CDRs lying outside Chothia CDRs, by molecular modeling and/or empirically. If a CDR or residue(s) thereof is omitted, it is usually substituted with an amino acid occupying the corresponding position in another human antibody sequence or a consensus of such sequences. Positions for substitution within CDRs and amino acids to substitute can also be selected empirically. Empirical substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative substitutions.
  • the term "human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • the human mAbs of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3.
  • human antibody as used herein, is not intended to include mAbs in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species (e.g., mouse), have been grafted onto human FR sequences.
  • the term "specifically binds,” or the like, means that an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof forms a complex with an antigen that is relatively stable under physiologic conditions. Specific binding can be characterized by an equilibrium dissociation constant of at least about 1x10 "6 M or less (e.g., a smaller K 0 denotes a tighter binding). Methods for determining whether two molecules specifically bind are well known in the art and include, for example, equilibrium dialysis, surface plasmon resonance, and the like. An isolated antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 may, however, exhibit cross-reactivity to other antigens such as PCSK9 molecules from other species. Moreover, multi-specific antibodies (e.g., bispecifics) that bind to hPCSK9 and one or more additional antigens are nonetheless considered antibodies that "specifically bind' hPCSK9, as used herein.
  • high affinity antibody refers to those mAbs having a binding affinity to hPCSK9 of at least 10 "10 M; preferably 10 "11 M; even more preferably 10 "12 M, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORETM or solution-affinity ELISA.
  • slow off rate By the term “slow off rate”, “Koff” or “kd” is meant an antibody that dissociates from hPCSK9 with a rate constant of 1 x 10 "3 s "1 or less, preferably 1 x 10 '4 s "1 or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORETM.
  • antibody fragment refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to hPCSK9.
  • An antibody fragment may include a Fab fragment, a F(ab') 2 fragment, a Fv fragment, a dAb fragment, a fragment containing a CDR, or an isolated CDR.
  • a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope.
  • an "isolated antibody”, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other mAbs having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 is substantially free of mAbs that specifically bind antigens other than hPCSK9).
  • An isolated antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 may, however, have cross- reactivity to other antigens, such as PCSK9 molecules from other species.
  • a “neutralizing antibody”, as used herein (or an “antibody that neutralizes PCSK9 activity”) is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to hPCSK9 results in inhibition of at least one biological activity of PCSK9.
  • PCSK9 This inhibition of the biological activity of PCSK9 can be assessed by measuring one or more indicators of PCSK9 biological activity by one or more of several standard in vitro or in vivo assays known in the art (see examples below).
  • surface plasmon resonance refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIACORETM system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, NJ).
  • K D as used herein, is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
  • epitopes is a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody.
  • Epitopes may be defined as structural or functional. Functional epitopes are generally a subset of the structural epitopes and have those residues that directly contribute to the affinity of the interaction. Epitopes may also be conformational, that is, composed of non-linear amino acids.
  • epitopes may include determinants that are chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl groups, or suifonyl groups, and, in certain embodiments, may have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, and/or specific charge characteristics.
  • nucleic acid or fragment thereof indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 90%, and more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or GAP, as discussed below.
  • the term “substantial similarity” or “substantially similar” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 90% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity.
  • residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
  • the percent or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods MoI. Biol. 24: 307- 331.
  • Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic- hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and 7) sulfur-containing side chains: cysteine and methionine.
  • Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine.
  • a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al. (1992) Science 256: 1443 45.
  • a "moderately conservative" replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
  • Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • GCG software contains programs such as GAP and BESTFIT which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA with default or recommended parameters; a program in GCG Version 6.1.
  • FASTA e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3 provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (2000) supra).
  • Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP or TBLASTN, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al. (1990) J. MoI. Biol. 215: 403 410 and (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389 402.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment for use in the method of the invention may be monospecific, bispecific, or multispecific.
  • Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for epitopes of more than one target polypeptide.
  • An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) CH3 domain and a second Ig CH3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig CH3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference.
  • Ig immunoglobulin
  • the first Ig CH3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig CH3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering).
  • the second CH3 may further comprise an Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU).
  • terapéuticaally effective amount is meant an amount that produces the desired effect for which it is administered. The exact amount will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, for example, Lloyd (1999) The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding).
  • VELOCIMMUNETM Methods for generating human antibodies in transgenic mice are known (see for example, US 6,596,541 , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, VELOCIMMUNETM).
  • the VELOCIMMUNETM technology involves generation of a transgenic mouse having a genome comprising human heavy and light chain variable regions operably linked to endogenous mouse constant region loci such that the mouse produces an antibody comprising a human variable region and a mouse constant region in response to antigenic stimulation.
  • the DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody are isolated and operably linked to DNA encoding the human heavy and light chain constant regions.
  • the DNA is then expressed in a cell capable of expressing the fully human antibody, in specific embodiment, the cell is a CHO cell.
  • Antibodies may be therapeutically useful in blocking a ligand-receptor interaction or inhibiting receptor component interaction, rather than by killing cells through fixation of complement and participation in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or killing cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • the constant region of an antibody is thus important in the ability of an antibody to fix complement and mediate cell- dependent cytotoxicity.
  • the isotype of an antibody may be selected on the basis of whether it is desirable for the antibody to mediate cytotoxicity.
  • Human antibodies can exist in two forms that are associated with hinge heterogeneity.
  • an antibody molecule comprises a stable four-chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dimers are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond.
  • the dimers are not linked via inter-chain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covalently coupled light and heavy chain (half- antibody). These forms have been extremely difficult to separate, even after affinity purification.
  • the frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody.
  • a single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human lgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al. (1993) Molecular Immunology 30:105) to levels typically observed using a human IgGI hinge.
  • the instant invention encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, CH2 or CH3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form.
  • a VELOCIMMUNETM mouse is challenged with the antigen of interest, and lymphatic cells (such as B-cells) are recovered from the mice that express antibodies.
  • the lymphatic cells may be fused with a myeloma cell line to prepare immortal hybridoma cell lines, and such hybridoma cell lines are screened and selected to identify hybridoma cell lines that produce antibodies specific to the antigen of interest.
  • DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain may be isolated and linked to desirable isotypic constant regions of the heavy chain and light chain.
  • Such an antibody protein may be produced in a cell, such as a CHO cell.
  • DNA encoding the antigen-specific chimeric antibodies or the variable domains of the light and heavy chains may be isolated directly from antigen-specific lymphocytes. [0082] Initially, high affinity chimeric antibodies are isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region.
  • the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc.
  • the mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate the fully human antibody of the invention, for example wild-type or modified IgGI or lgG4 (for example, SEQ ID NO:751 , 752, 753). While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.
  • a routine cross-blocking assay such as that described Antibodies, Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harb., NY) can be performed.
  • Other methods include alanine scanning mutants, peptide blots (Reineke (2004) Methods MoI Biol 248:443-63), or peptide cleavage analysis.
  • methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer (2000) Protein Science 9: 487-496).
  • epitope refers to a site on an antigen to which B and/or T cells respond.
  • B- cell epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents.
  • An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.
  • Modification-Assisted Profiling also known as Antigen Structure-based Antibody Profiling (ASAP) is a method that categorizes large numbers of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the same antigen according to the similarities of the binding profile of each antibody to chemically or enzymatically modified antigen surfaces (US 2004/0101920). Each category may reflect a unique epitope either distinctly different from or partially overlapping with epitope represented by another category. This technology allows rapid filtering of genetically identical mAbs, such that characterization can be focused on genetically distinct mAbs. When applied to hybridoma screening, MAP may facilitate identification of rare hybridoma clones that produce mAbs having the desired characteristics. MAP may be used to sort the anti-PCSK9 mAbs of the invention into groups of mAbs binding different epitopes.
  • the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody binds an epitope within the catalytic domain, which is about 153 to 425 of SEQ ID NO:755); more specifically, an epitope from about 153 to about 250 or from about 250 to about 425; more specifically, the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention binds an epitope within the fragment from about 153 to about 208, from about 200 to about 260, from about 250 to about 300, from about 275 to about 325, from about 300 to about 360, from about 350 to about 400, and/or from about 375 to about 425.
  • the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody binds an epitope within the propeptide domain (residues 31 to 152 of SEQ ID NO:755); more specifically, an epitope from about residue 31 to about residue 90 or from about residue 90 to about residue 152; more specifically, the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention binds an epitope within the fragment from about residue 31 to about residue 60, from about residue 60 to about residue 90, from about residue 85 to about residue 110, from about residue 100 to about residue 130, from about residue 125 to about residue 150, from about residue 135 to about residue 152, and/or from about residue 140 to about residue 152.
  • the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody binds an epitope within the C-terminal domain, (residues 426 to 692 of SEQ ID NO:755); more specifically, an epitope from about residue 426 to about residue 570 or from about residue 570 to about residue 692; more specifically, the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention binds an epitope within the fragment from about residue 450 to about residue 500, from about residue 500 to about residue 550, from about residue 550 to about residue 600, and/or from about residue 600 to about residue 692.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment binds an epitope which includes more than one of the enumerated epitopes within the catalytic, propeptide or C-terminal domain, and/or within two or three different domains (for example, epitopes within the catalytic and C-terminal domains, or within the propeptide and catalytic domains, or within the propeptide, catalytic and C-terminal domains.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds an epitope on hPCSK9 comprising amino acid residue 238 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755).
  • Experimental results show that when D238 was mutated, the K 0 of mAb 316P exhibited >400-fold reduction in binding affinity ( ⁇ 1 x10 "9 M to ⁇ 410 x10 "9 M) and T 1/2 decreased >30-fold (from ⁇ 37 to ⁇ 1 min).
  • the mutation was D238R.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention binds an epitope of hPCSK9 comprising two or more of amino acid residues at positions 153, 159, 238 and 343.
  • a mutation in amino acid residue 153, 159 or 343 resulted in about a 5- to 10-fold decrease in affinity or similar shortening in T 1/2 .
  • the mutation was S153R, E159R and/or D343R.
  • the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds an epitope on hPCSK9 comprising amino acid residue 366 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755).
  • Experimental results show that when E366 was mutated, the affinity of mAb 300N exhibited about 50-fold decrease ( ⁇ 0.7 x10 "9 M to -36 x10 "9 M) and a similar shortening in T 1/2 (from -120 to ⁇ 2 min).
  • the mutation is E366K.
  • the present invention includes anti-PCSK9 antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein. Likewise, the present invention also includes anti-PCSK9 antibodies that compete for binding to PCSK9 or a PCSK9 fragment with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein.
  • test antibody if the test antibody is not able to bind to the PCSK9 molecule following saturation binding with the reference anti-PCSK9 antibody, then the test antibody may bind to the same epitope as the epitope bound by the reference anti-PCSK9 antibody of the invention.
  • the above-described binding methodology is performed in two orientations: In a first orientation, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to a PCSK9 molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the test antibody to the PCSK9 molecule. In a second orientation, the test antibody is allowed to bind to a PCSK9 molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the reference antibody to the PCSK9 molecule. If, in both orientations, only the first (saturating) antibody is capable of binding to the PCSK9 molecule, then it is concluded that the test antibody and the reference antibody compete for binding to PCSK9.
  • an antibody that competes for binding with a reference antibody may not necessarily bind to the identical epitope as the reference antibody, but may sterically block binding of the reference antibody by binding an overlapping or adjacent epitope.
  • Two antibodies bind to the same or overlapping epitope if each competitively inhibits (blocks) binding of the other to the antigen. That is, a 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold excess of one antibody inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 1990 50: 1495-1502).
  • two antibodies have the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • Two antibodies have overlapping epitopes if some amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • Additional routine experimentation e.g., peptide mutation and binding analyses
  • peptide mutation and binding analyses can then be carried out to confirm whether the observed lack of binding of the test antibody is in fact due to binding to the same epitope as the reference antibody or if steric blocking (or another phenomenon) is responsible for the lack of observed binding.
  • steric blocking or another phenomenon
  • this sort can be performed using ELISA, RIA, surface plasmon resonance, flow cytometry or any other quantitative or qualitative antibody-binding assay available in the art.
  • the invention comprises an anti-PCSK9 antibody or antigen binding fragment of an antibody that binds an PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the binding between the antibody or fragment thereof to PCSK9 and a variant PCSK9 protein is less than 50% of the binding between the antibody or fragment and the PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755.
  • the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group consisting of 153, 159, 238 and 343.
  • the at least one mutation is S153R, E159R, D238R and D343R.
  • the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group consisting of 366. In one specific embodiment, the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group consisting of 147, 366 and 380. In a more specific embodiment, the mutation is S147F, E366K and/or V380M.
  • the invention encompasses a human anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody conjugated to a therapeutic moiety (“immunoconjugate”), such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope.
  • a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope.
  • Cytotoxin agents include any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples of suitable cytotoxin agents and chemotherapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates are known in the art, see for example, WO 05/103081.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bispecific, or multispecific.
  • Multispecific mAbs may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al. (1991) J. Immunol. 147:60-69.
  • the human anti-PCSK9 mAbs can be linked to or co- expressed with another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment, to produce a bispecific or a multispecific antibody with a second binding specificity.
  • An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) CH3 domain and a second Ig CH3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig CH3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference.
  • the first Ig CH3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig CH3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering).
  • the second CH3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second CH3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V82I (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgGI antibodies; N44S, K52N, and V82I (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG2 antibodies; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V82I (by IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG4 antibodies. Variations on the bi-specific antibody format described above are
  • the anti-PCSK9 antibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention encompass proteins having amino acid sequences that vary from those of the described mAbs, but that retain the ability to bind human PCSK9. Such variant mAbs and antibody fragments comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids when compared to parent sequence, but exhibit biological activity that is essentially equivalent to that of the described mAbs.
  • the anti-PCSK9 antibody-encoding DNA sequences of the present invention encompass sequences that comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides when compared to the disclosed sequence, but that encode an anti-PCSK9 antibody or antibody fragment that is essentially bioequivalent to an anti-PCSK9 antibody or antibody fragment of the invention. Examples of such variant amino acid and DNA sequences are discussed above.
  • Two antigen-binding proteins, or antibodies are considered bioequivalent if, for example, they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions, either single does or multiple dose. Some antibodies will be considered equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives if they are equivalent in the extent of their absorption but not in their rate of absorption and yet may be considered bioequivalent because such differences in the rate of absorption are intentional and are reflected in the labeling, are not essential to the attainment of effective body drug concentrations on, e.g., chronic use, and are considered medically insignificant for the particular drug product studied. In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if there are no clinically meaningful differences in their safety, purity, and potency.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if a patient can be switched one or more times between the reference product and the biological product without an expected increase in the risk of adverse effects, including a clinically significant change in immunogenicity, or diminished effectiveness, as compared to continued therapy without such switching.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if they both act by a common mechanism or mechanisms of action for the condition or conditions of use, to the extent that such mechanisms are known.
  • Bioequivalence may be demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro methods.
  • Bioequivalence measures include, e.g., (a) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals, in which the concentration of the antibody or its metabolites is measured in blood, plasma, serum, or other biological fluid as a function of time; (b) an in vitro test that has been correlated with and is reasonably predictive of human in vivo bioavailability data; (c) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals in which the appropriate acute pharmacological effect of the antibody (or its target) is measured as a function of time; and (d) in a well-controlled clinical trial that establishes safety, efficacy, or bioavailability or bioequivalence of an antibody.
  • Bioequivalent variants of anti-PCSK9 antibodies of the invention may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences or deleting terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity.
  • cysteine residues not essential for biological activity can be deleted or replaced with other amino acids to prevent formation of unnecessary or incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation.
  • the invention provides therapeutic methods for treating a human patient in need of a composition of the invention. While modifications in lifestyle and conventional drug treatment are often successful in reducing cholesterol levels, not all patients are able to achieve the recommended target cholesterol levels with such approaches.
  • Various conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), appear to be resistant to lowering of LDL-C levels in spite of aggressive use of conventional therapy.
  • FH familial hypercholesterolemia
  • Homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia hoFH, heFH
  • hoFH homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
  • heFH is a condition associated with premature atherosclerotic vascular disease.
  • patients diagnosed with hoFH are largely unresponsive to conventional drug therapy and have limited treatment options.
  • statins which reduce LDL-C by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and upregulating the hepatic LDL receptor
  • a mean LDL-C reduction of only less than about 20% has been recently reported in patients with genotype-confirmed hoFH treated with the maximal dose of statins.
  • the addition of ezetimibe 10 mg/day to this regimen resulted in a total reduction of LDL-C levels of 27%, which is still far from optimal.
  • many patients are statin non-responsive, poorly controlled with statin therapy, or cannot tolerate statin therapy; in general, these patients are unable to achieve cholesterol control with alternative treatments.
  • Specific populations treatable by the therapeutic methods of the invention include patients indicated for LDL apheresis, subjects with PCSK9-activating (GOF) mutations, heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (heFH); subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia who are statin intolerant or statin uncontrolled; and subjects at risk for developing hypercholesterolemia who may be preventably treated.
  • GAF PCSK9-activating
  • heFH heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
  • subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia who are statin intolerant or statin uncontrolled
  • subjects at risk for developing hypercholesterolemia who may be preventably treated.
  • the invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising the anti-PCSK9 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention.
  • the administration of therapeutic compositions in accordance with the invention will be administered with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • a multitude of appropriate formulations can be found in the formulary known to all pharmaceutical chemists: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA.
  • formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTI N TM), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax. See also Powell et al. "Compendium of excipients for parenteral formulations" PDA (1998) J Pharm Sci Technol 52:238-311.
  • the dose may vary depending upon the age and the size of a subject to be administered, target disease, conditions, route of administration, and the like.
  • the antibody of the present invention is used for treating various conditions and diseases associated with PCSK9, including hypercholesterolemia, disorders associated with LDL and apolipoprotein B, and lipid metabolism disorders, and the like, in an adult patient, it is advantageous to intravenously administer the antibody of the present invention normally at a single dose of about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.02 to about 7, about 0.03 to about 5, or about 0.05 to about 3 mg/kg body weight.
  • the frequency and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted.
  • Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the mutant viruses, receptor mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432).
  • Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes.
  • composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
  • epithelial or mucocutaneous linings e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.
  • Administration can be systemic or local.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be also delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer (1990) Science 249:1527-1533; Treat et al. (1989) in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365; Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.).
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled release system.
  • a pump may be used (see Sefton (1987) CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201).
  • polymeric materials can be used; see, Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Florida (1974).
  • a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the composition's target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138, 1984).
  • the injectable preparations may include dosage forms for intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous and intramuscular injections, drip infusions, etc. These injectable preparations may be prepared by methods publicly known.
  • the injectable preparations may be prepared, e.g., by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antibody or its salt described above in a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium conventionally used for injections.
  • a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium conventionally used for injections.
  • the aqueous medium for injections there are, for example, physiological saline, an isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc., which may be used in combination with an appropriate solubilizing agent such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), a polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant [e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil)], etc.
  • an alcohol e.g., ethanol
  • a polyalcohol e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glyco
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe.
  • a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable.
  • a reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pen delivery device can then be reused.
  • a disposable pen delivery device there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the composition, the entire device is discarded.
  • Numerous reusable pen and autoinjection delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Examples include, but certainly are not limited to AUTOPEN TM (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONICTM pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Burghdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25TM pen, HUMALOGTM pen, HUMALIN 70/30TM pen (EIi Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN), NOVOPENTM I 1 Il and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIORTM (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BDTM pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), OPTIPENTM, OPTIPEN PROTM, OPTIPEN STARLETTM, and OPTICLIKTM (sanofi-aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use described above are prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients.
  • dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc.
  • the amount of the aforesaid antibody contained is generally about 5 to about 500 mg per dosage form in a unit dose; especially in the form of injection, it is preferred that the aforesaid antibody is contained in about 5 to about 100 mg and in about 10 to about 250 mg for the other dosage forms.
  • the invention provides therapeutic methods in which the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention is useful to treat hypercholesterolemia associated with a variety of conditions involving hPCSK9.
  • the anti-PCSK9 antibodies or antibody fragments of the invention are particularly useful for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and the like.
  • Combination therapies may include the anti-PCSK9 antibody of the invention with, for example, one or more of any agent that (1) induces a cellular depletion of cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, such as cerivastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin; (2) inhibits cholesterol uptake and or bile acid re-absorption; (3) increase lipoprotein catabolism (such as niacin); and activators of the LXR transcription factor that plays a role in cholesterol elimination such as 22- hydroxycholesterol or fixed combinations such as ezetimibe plus simvastatin; a statin with a bile resin (e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam), a fixed combination of niacin plus a statin (e.
  • VELOCIMMUNETM mice were immunized with human PCSK9, and the antibody immune response monitored by antigen-specific immunoassay using serum obtained from these mice.
  • Anti-hPCSK9 expressing B cells were harvested from the spleens of immunized mice shown to have elevated anti-hPCSK9 antibody titers were fused with mouse myeloma cells to form hybridomas. The hybridomas were screened and selected to identify cell lines expressing hPCSK9-specific antibodies using assays as described below.
  • the assays identified several cell lines that produced chimeric anti-hPCSK9 antibodies designated as H1 M300, H1 M504, H1 M505, H1 M500, H1 M497, H1 M498, H1 M494, H1 M309, H1 M312, H1 M499, H1 M493, H1 M496, H1 M503, H1 M502, H1 M508, H1 M495 and H1 M492.
  • Human PCSK9-specific antibodies were also isolated directly from antigen-immunized B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in U.S. 2007/0280945A1. Heavy and light chain variable regions were cloned to generate fully human anti-hPCSK9 antibodies designated as H1 H313, H1 H314, H1 H315, H1 H316, H1 H317, H1 H318, H1 H320, H1 H321 and H1 H334. Stable recombinant antibody-expressing CHO cell lines expressing these antibodies were established.
  • nucleic acids encoding antibody variable regions were cloned and sequenced.
  • the predicted amino acid sequences of the variable regions were confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. From the nucleic acid sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the mAbs, gene usage was identified for each antibody chain.
  • Equilibrium dissociation constants (Kp) for HPCSK9 binding to mAbs generated via direct isolation of splenocytes were determined by surface kinetics in a real-time biosensor surface plasmon resonance assay (BIACORETM T100). Each selected antibody was captured at a flowrate of 2 ul/min for 6 min on a goat anti-human IgG polyclonal antibody surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORETM chip to form a captured antibody surface.
  • Dissociation rate (kd) of selected mAbs for tagged rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) PCSK9 (mmPCSK9; SEQ ID NO:756) (mmPCSK9-mmh) at 25 0 C was determined as described above. Table 4
  • mAbs tested are fully human versions of H1 H316P ("316P") (HCVR/LCVR SEQ ID NO: 90/92; CDR sequences SEQ ID NO: 76/78/80 and 84/86/88) and H1 M300N (“300N”) (HCVR/LCVR SEQ ID NO: 218/226; CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:220/222/224 and 228/230/232).
  • hPCSK9-mmh was captured on an anti-myc mAb surface either at a high density (about 35 to 45 resonance units) (RU) or at a low density (about 5 to 14 RU).
  • Each antibody, at 50 nM in HBST (pH 7.4 or pH 5.5) was injected over the captured hPCSK9 surface at a flow rate of 100 ⁇ l/ml for 1.5 min at 25°C and antigen-antibody dissociation was monitored for 10 min.
  • the antigen binding properties Of 316P and 300N at pH 7.4 or pH 5.5 were determined by a modified BIACORETM assay as described above. Briefly, mAbs were immobilized onto BIACORETM CM5 sensor chips via amine coupling.
  • hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh at varying concentrations of 1.78 nM to 100 nM was injected over the captured antibody surface at a flowrate of 50 ⁇ l/min for 5 min, and the dissociation of hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh and antibody was monitored for 15 min at 25°C.
  • 316P, 300N, and Control I anti-hPCSK9 mAbs were captured on an amine-coupled anti- hFc CM5 chip on BIACORETM2000.
  • Tagged (myc-myc-his) human PCSK9, human PCSK1 (hPCSKI) (SEQ ID NO:759), human PCSK7 (hPCSK7) (SEQ ID NO:760), or mouse PCSK9 were injected (100 nM) over the captured mAb surface and allowed to bind at 25°C for 5 min. Changes in RU were recorded.
  • Results 300N and Control I bound only to hPCSK9, and 316P bound both hPCSK9 and mPCSK9.
  • anti-hPCSK9 mAbs were determined by ELISA. Briefly, anti- hPCSK9 antibody was coated on a 96-well plate. Human PCSK9-mmh, mPCSK9-mmh, maPCSK9-h, hPCSK1-mmh, or hPCSK7-mmh, at 1.2 nM, were added to antibody-coated plates and incubated at RT for 1 hr. Plate-bound PCSK protein was then detected by HRP-conjugated anti-His antibody. Results show that 316P binds human, mouse, and hamster PCSK9, whereas 300N and Control I only bound hPCSK9. None of the anti-hPCSK9 mAbs exhibited significant binding to hPCSKI or hPCSK7.
  • Example 8 Inhibition of Binding Between hPCSK9 and hLDLR Domains
  • hLDLR-ecto SEQ ID NO:758 human LDLR full length extracellular domain
  • hLDLR EGF-A domain amino acids 313-355 of SED ID NO:758
  • hLDLR EGF-AB domains amino acids of 314-393 of SEQ ID NO:758
  • hLDLR-ecto, EGF-A-hFc, or EGF-AB-hFc protein was amine-coupled on a CM5 chip to create a receptor or receptor fragment surface.
  • Selected anti-hPCSK9 mAbs at 62.5 nM (2.5 fold excess over antigen), were premixed with 25 nM of hPCSK9-mmh, followed by 40 min incubation at 25°C to allow antibody-antigen binding to reach equilibrium to form equilibrated solutions.
  • the equilibrated solutions were injected over the receptor or receptor fragment surfaces at 2 ⁇ l/min for 40 min at 25°C.
  • hLDLR-ecto, hLDLR EGF-A domain, or hLDLR EGF-AB domains were also evaluated with an ELISA-based immunoassay. Briefly, hLDLR-ecto, hLDLR EGF-A-hFc or hLDLR EGF-AB-hFc, each at 2 ⁇ g/ml, was coated on a 96- well plate in PBS buffer overnight at 4°C, and nonspecific binding sites blocked with BSA. This plate was used to measure free hPCSK9-mmh in a PCSK9-mmh solution pre-equilibrated with varying concentrations of anti-hPCSK9 mAbs.
  • hPCSK9-mmh 500 pM was pre-mixed with varied amounts of antibody, ranging from 0 to -50 nM in serial dilutions, followed by 1 hr incubation at room temperature (RT) to allow antibody-antigen binding to reach equilibrium.
  • the equilibrated sample solutions were transferred to receptor or receptor fragment coated plates. After 1 hour of binding, the plates were washed and bound hPCSK9-mmh detected using HRP conjugated anti-myc antibody.
  • IC 5 O values (in pM) were determined as the amount of antibody required to achieve 50% reduction of hPCSK9-mmh bound to the plate- coated receptor or receptor fragment. The results show that specific mAbs functionally block PCSK9 from binding the three receptors at both neutral pH (7.2) and acidic pH (5.5).
  • 316P and Control I The ability of 316P and Control I to block hPCSK9 binding to hLDLR was also determined. Briefly, either recombinant hLDLR or hLDLR-EGFA-mFc was immobilized onto BIACORETM CM5 chips via amine coupling. An antigen-antibody mixture of 100 nM hPCSK9- mmh and 316P, Control I mAb, or a non-hPCSK9 specific mAb (each at 250 nM) was incubated at RT for 1 hr, and then injected over the hLDLR or hLDLR-EGFA surface at the flow rate of 10 ⁇ l/ml for 15 min at 25 0 C.
  • Chimeric protein #1 consists of a mouse PCSK9 pro-domain (amino acid residues 1- 155 of SEQ ID NO:757) followed by a human PCSK9 catalytic domain (residues 153-425 of SEQ ID NO:755) and a mouse PCSK9 C-terminal domain (residues 429-694 SEQ ID NO:757) (mPro-hCat-mC-term-mmh).
  • Chimeric protein #2 consists of a human PCSK9 pro-domain (residues 1-152 of SEQ ID NO:755) followed by a mouse PCSK9 catalytic domain (residues 156-428 of SEQ ID NO:757) and a mouse PCSK9 C-terminai (hPro-mCat-mC-term-mmh).
  • Chimeric protein #3 consists of mouse PCSK9 pro-domain and a mouse PCSK9 catalytic domain followed by a human PCSK9 C-terminal domain (residues 426-692 of SEQ ID NO:755) (mPro-mCat-hC-term-mmh).
  • hPCSKB with a point mutation of D374Y was generated.
  • 316P which cross-reacts with mPCSK9-mmh
  • a cross-competition ELISA assay was developed to determine binding domain specificity. Briefly, mAbs specific for chimeric protein #1 , #2, or #3, were first coated on a 96-well plate overnight at 1 ⁇ g/ml. Human PCSK9-mmh (2 ⁇ g/ml) was then added to each well followed by 1 hr incubation at RT. 316P (1 ⁇ g/ml) was added and incubated for another hour at RT. Plate- bound 316P was detected using HRP-conjugated anti-hFc polyclonal antibody.
  • 316P binding to hPCSK9-mmh was not affected by the presence of mAbs specific for either chimeric protein #2 or chimeric protein #3, 316P binding to hPCSK9-mmh was greatly reduced by the presence of antibody specific for chimeric protein #1.
  • Example 10 BIACORETM-Based Antigen Binding Profile Assessment
  • Antibody binding profiles were also established for 316P, 300N, Control I, II, and III mAbs using BIACORETM1000. Briefly, hPCSK9-mmh was captured on an anti-myc surface. A first anti-hPCSK9 mAb (50 ⁇ g/ml) was injected over the PCSK9-bound surface for 10 min, at a flow rate of 10 ⁇ l/min at 25°C. A second anti-hPCSK9 mAb (50 ⁇ g/ml) was then injected over the first mAb-bound surface for 10 min, at a flow rate of 10 ⁇ l/min at 25°C. Ability of the first mAb to block binding of the second mAb was measured and is expressed as percent inhibition.
  • HepG2 human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line
  • LPDS lipoprotein deficient medium
  • test mAb was added in various concentrations from 500 nM to 0.98 nM in LPDS medium.
  • IC 50 antibody concentration at which increases LDL uptake by 50%).
  • 4 mice C57BL/6) were injected with empty vector/saline (control), and 16 mice were injected with a 50 ⁇ g hPCSK9-mmh-DNA/saline mixture in the tail vein equal to 10% of their body weight.
  • delivery of hPCSK9 resulted in a 1.6-fold elevation of total cholesterol, 3.4-fold elevation in LDL-choIesterol (LDL-C) and a 1.9-fold elevation in non- HDL cholesterol (relative to control).
  • Serum hPCSK9 levels on day 7 were all greater than 1 ⁇ g/ml, as assessed by quantitative ELISA.
  • test mAb or buffer control was administered on Day 1.
  • Animal care Animals were housed in a temperature- and humidity-monitored environment. The targeted range of temperature and relative humidity was between 18-29 0 C and 30-70%, respectively.
  • An automatic lighting system provided a 12-hour diurnal cycle. The dark cycle could be interrupted for study- or facility-related activities. The animals were individually housed in cages that comply with the Animal Welfare Act and recommendations set forth in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council 1996).
  • Acclimation Period Previously quarantined animals were acclimated to the study room for a minimum of 14 days prior to initiation of dosing. Acclimation phase data was collected from all animals, including the spare. All animals were assessed for behavioral abnormalities that could affect performance on study. The spare animal was returned to stock after day 1.
  • Blood collection Blood was collected by venipuncture from a peripheral vein from restrained, conscious animals. Whenever possible, blood was collected via a single draw and then divided appropriately.
  • PK Study Blood samples (1.5 ml) were collected at pre-dose, 2 min, 15, min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, and subsequently once every 24 hr in serum separator tubes (SST). Specimen storage serum is transferred to 2 vials and stored at -60 0 C or below.
  • Serum samples were analyzed using an optimized ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay) procedure. Briefly, a microtiter plate was first coated with hPCSK9- mmh. Test mAb 316P or 300N was then captured on the hPCSK9-mmh plate.
  • the captured 316P or 300N was detected using a biotinylated mouse anti-hlgG4 followed by binding to NeutrAvidin-HRP. Varying concentrations of 316P or 300N, ranging from 100 to 1.56 ng/ml, were used as standards. One percent monkey serum (assay matrix) in the absence of 316P or 300N was used as the zero (0 ng/ml) standard. The results, shown in Fig. 2, indicate a dose- dependent increase in serum 316P and 300N levels. PK parameters were analyzed using WinNonlin software (Noncompartmental analysis, Model 201- IV bolus administration).
  • 316P exhibited maximal suppression of LDL-C levels of up to 80% relative to baseline. The length of this suppression was dose-dependent with at least 60% suppression (relative to baseline LDL-C levels) lasting approximately 18 days (5 mg/kg dose) and approximately 45 days (15 mg/kg dose). 300N exhibits a distinct pharmacodynamic profile from 316P. LDL-C suppression by 300N was sustained for a much longer period of time at comparable doses (50% LDL-C suppression for 28 days following a 5 mg/kg dose and 50% LDL-C suppression for approximately 90 days following a 15 mg/kg dose). There was little or no measurable change in liver function as determined by ALT and AST measurements. All animals receiving an anti-PCSK9 antibody in the study exhibited a rapid suppression If LDL-C and total cholesterol.
  • mice were sacrificed and a total of eight tissues (liver, brain, lung, kidney, heart, ileum, adrenal, and pancreas) were collected and levels of LDL receptor were determined by Western blot. Changes in LDL receptor levels were only observed in liver.
  • LDL-C 2.49 mg/dl at baseline and 3.1 mg/dl 6 hours after PCSK9; a 25% increase compared to 135% with vehicle.
  • Prior administration of the non- hPCSK9 specific mAb blocked LDL-C increases by approximately 27% from PBS alone (LDL-C 4.1 mg/dl compared to PBS 5.6 mg/dl).
  • a PK study was conducted in 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice and 11-15 week old hPCSK9 heterozygous mice.
  • Serum bleeds were measured for hlgG levels at 0 hr (pre-bleed), 6 hr, day 1 , 3, 6, 10, 14, 21 , 28, 35, 42 and 56, for a total of 12 time points, using an anti-hFc capture and anti-hFc detection sandwich ELISA (Figs. 12 and 13).
  • All mAbs achieved their T max at approximately 3 days with corresponding C max levels of approximately 47-1 15 ⁇ g/ml for C57BL/6 mice and 55-196 ⁇ g/ml for HPCSK9 heterozygous mice.
  • Control I mAb levels were about 12 ⁇ g/ml and 300N levels were about 1 1 ⁇ g/ml whereas 316P levels were about less than 0.02 ⁇ g/ml in C57BL/6 mice.
  • Control I mAb levels were about 29 ⁇ g/ml, while both 300N and 316P levels were below the quantifiable limit (BQL) of 0.02 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Example 16 Anti-hPGSK9 Antibody Binding to Mutant/Variant HPCSK9 [0164] To further assess binding between hPCSK9 and anti-hPCSK9 mAbs, 21 variant hPCSK9 proteins in which each variant contained a single point mutation and two variant hPCSK9 proteins each contained a double mutation were generated. Each selected antibody was captured on a F(ab')2 anti-hlgG surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORETM chip to form a captured antibody surface.
  • K 0 was reduced from about 1 x 10 "9 M to between about 5 - 8 x10 "9 M when any one of S153, E159 or D343 were mutated; while T 1/2 was decreased from about 37 min to between about 4 - 6 min.
  • K 0 was reduced from about 0.69 x 10 "9 M to between about 2 - 9 x10 "9 M when any of S147 or V380 were mutated; while T 1/2 was shortened from about 120 min to between about 24 - 66 min.
  • 300N binding to hPCSK9 was not reduced by a mutation at residue 238.
  • Control I antibody did not exhibit an altered binding affinity or T 1/2 in response to any of the positional mutations tested; Control Il antibody exhibited a 40-fold decreased affinity when residue 215 was mutated (R215E) (from -0.1x10 "9 to -4.5x10 ⁇ 9 ), and T 1/2 was about 27-fold shorter (from ⁇ 333 to 12 min); while Control III antibody exhibited a decreased affinity when residue 237 was mutated (K 0 decreased from -0.6x10 ⁇ 9 to -5.9 x10 ⁇ 9 , and T 1/2 decreased from -481 to -43 min).
  • Binding specificity of 316P, 300N, and control anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to hPCSK9 variants was tested using an ELISA-based immunoassay.
  • Anti-PCSK9 mAbs were coated on a 96-well plate overnight at 4°C.
  • Each mmh-tagged variant hPCSK9 in CHO-k1 transient transfection lysate supernatants was added to the antibody-coated plate at various concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 nM.
  • Example 17 Effect of 316P on Normolipemic and Hyperlipemic Hamster [0169] The ability of anti-PCSK9 mAb 316P to reduce serum LDL-C was tested in normolipemic or hyperlipemic Gold Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Male Syrian Hamsters, age 6-8 weeks, weighing between 80-100 grams, were allowed to acclimate for a period of 7 days before entry into the study. All animals were placed on either a standard chow diet or a hyperlipemic diet of chow supplemented with 0.1 % cholesterol and 10% coconut oil.
  • the 316P mAb was delivered to hamsters by a single subcutaneous injection at doses of 1 , 3, or 10 mg/kg for normolipemic hamsters and at doses of 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg for hyperlipemic hamsters.
  • Serum samples were taken from all groups at 24 hr and 7, 14, and 22 days post injection, at which time serum lipid levels were assessed and compared to baseline levels taken 7 days prior to the administration of the mAbs.
  • Circulating total cholesterol and LDL-C in normolipemic hamsters was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle injection. As shown in Fig. 14, administration of 316P effectively reduced LDL-C levels by up to 60% seven days post injection at the highest dose (10 mg/kg) tested. Similar cholesterol reducing effect of 316P was not observed in hyperlipemic hamsters.

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Abstract

An human antibody or antigen-binding fragment of a human antibody that specifically binds and inhibits human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (hPCSK9) characterized by the ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol by 40-80% over a 24, 60 or 90 day period relative to predose levels, with little or no reduction in serum HDL cholesterol and/or with little or no measurable effect on liver function, as determined by ALT and AST measurements.

Description

High Affinity Human Antibodies to PCSK9
Field of the invention
[0001] The present invention is related to human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of human antibodies that specifically bind human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and therapeutic methods of using those antibodies.
Statement of Related Art
[0002] Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a proprotein convertase belonging to the proteinase K subfamily of the secretory subtilase family. The encoded protein is synthesized as a soluble zymogen that undergoes autocatalytic intramolecular processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Evidence suggest that PCSK9 increases plasma LDL cholesterol by promoting degradation of the LDL receptor, which mediates LDL endocytosis in the liver, the major route of LDL clearance from circulation. The structure of PCSK9 protein shows that it has a signal sequence, followed by a prodomain, a catalytic domain that contains a conserved triad of residues (D186, H226 and S386), and a C-terminal domain. It is synthesized as a soluble 74-kDa precursor that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage in the ER, generating a 14-kDa prodomain and 60-kDa catalytic fragment. The autocatalytic activity has been shown to be required for secretion. After cleavage the prodomain remains tightly associated with the catalytic domain.
[0003] Antibodies to PCSK9 are described in, for example, WO 2008/057457, WO 2008/057458, WO 2008/057459, WO 2008/063382, WO 2008/125623, and US 2008/0008697.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] In a first aspect, the invention provides fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind and neutralize human PCSK9 (hPCSK9) activity.
[0005] In one embodiment, the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 and is characterized by at least one of:
(i) capable of reducing serum total cholesterol at least about 25-35% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 24 day period relative to a predose level, preferably the reduction in serum total cholesterol is at least about 30-40%;
(ii) capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 65-80% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 24 day period relative to a predose level;
(iii) capable of reducing serum triglyceride at least about 25-40% relative to predose level;
(iv) does not reduce serum HDL cholesterol or reduces serum HDL cholesterol no more than 5% relative to predose level. [0006] In one embodiment, the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 and is characterized by at least one of:
(i) capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 40-70% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 60 or 90 day period relative to a predose level;
(ii) capable of reducing serum triglyceride at least about 25-40% relative to predose level;
(iii) does not reduce serum HDL cholesterol or reduces serum HDL cholesterol no more than 5% relative to predose level.
[0007] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope comprising amino acid residue 238 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). In a more specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof binds an epitope comprising one or more of amino acid residue 238, 153, 159 and 343 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). In a more specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope which does not comprise an amino acid residue at position 192, 194, 197 and/or 237 of SEQ ID NO:755.
[0008] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope comprising amino acid residue 366 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). In a more specific embodiment, the antibody fragment thereof binds an epitope comprising one or more of amino acid residue at position 147, 366 and 380 of SEQ ID NO:755. In a more specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as binding an epitope which does not comprise an amino acid residue at position 215 and/or 238 of SEQ ID NO:755. [0009] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as exhibiting an enhanced binding affinity (K0) for hPCSK9 at pH 5.5 relative to the KD at pH 7.4, as measured by plasmon surface resonance. In a specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits at least a 20-fold, at least a 40-fold or at least a 50-fold enhanced affinity for PCSK9 at an acidic pH relative to a neutral pH, as measured by surface plasmon resonance. [0010] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is characterized as not exhibiting an enhanced binding affinity for PCSK9 at an acidic pH relative to a neutral pH, as measured by surface plasmon resonance. In a specific embodiment, the binding at an acidic pH is less and the Ty2 shorter than at neutral pH.
[0011] In another embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds human, human GOF mutation D374Y, cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, mouse, rat and hamster PCSK9. [0012] In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds human and monkey PCSK9, but does not bind mouse, rat or hamster PCSK9.
[0013] The mAbs can be full-length (e.g., an IgGI or lgG4 antibody) or may comprise only an antigen-binding portion (e.g., a Fab, F(ab')2 or scFv fragment), and may be modified to affect functionality, e.g., to eliminate residual effector functions (Reddy et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 164: 1925-1933). [0014] in one embodiment, the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 18, 22, 26, 42, 46, 50, 66, 70, 74, 90, 94, 98, 114, 118, 122, 138, 142, 146, 162, 166, 170, 186, 190, 194, 210, 214, 218, 234, 238, 242, 258, 262, 266, 282, 286, 290, 306, 310, 314, 330, 334, 338, 354, 358, 362, 378, 382, 386, 402, 406, 410, 426, 430, 434, 450, 454, 458, 474, 478, 482, 498, 502, 506, 522, 526, 530, 546, 550, 554, 570, 574, 578, 594, 598, 602, 618, 622, 626, 642, 646, 650, 666, 670, 674, 690, 694, 698, 714, 718, 722, 738 and 742, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. In one embodiment, the HCVR is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 50, 66, 70, 74, 90, 94, 122, 138, 142, 218, 234, 238, 242, 258, 262, 314, 330 and 334. In a more specific embodiment, the HCVR comprises SEQ ID NO:90 or 218.
[0015] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof further comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 24, 34, 44, 48, 58, 68, 72, 82, 92, 96, 106, 116, 120, 130, 140, 144, 154, 164, 168, 178, 188, 192, 202, 212, 216, 226, 236, 240, 250, 260, 264, 274, 284, 288, 298, 308, 312, 322, 332, 336, 346, 356, 360, 370, 380, 384, 394, 404, 408, 418, 428, 432, 442, 452, 456, 466, 476, 480, 490, 500, 504, 514, 524, 528, 538, 548, 552, 562, 572, 576, 586, 596, 600, 610, 620, 624, 634, 644, 648, 658, 668, 672, 682, 692, 696, 706, 716, 720, 730, 740 and 744, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. In one embodiment, the LCVR is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 58, 68, 72, 82, 92, 96, 130, 140, 144, 226, 236, 240, 250, 260, 264, 322, 332 and 336. In a more specific embodiment, the LCVR comprises SEQ ID NO:92 or 226. [0016] In specific embodiments, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCVR and LCVR (HCVR/LCVR) sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/20, 22/24, 26/34, 42/44, 46/48, 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 98/106, 1 14/116, 1 18/120, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144, 146/154, 162/164, 166/168, 170/178, 186/188, 190/192, 194/202, 210/212, 214/216, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 266/274, 282/284, 286/288, 290/298, 306/308, 310/312, 314/322, 330/332, 334/336, 338/346, 354/356, 358/360, 362/370, 378/380, 382/384, 386/394, 402/404, 406/408, 410/418, 426/428, 430/432, 434/442, 450/452, 454/456, 458/466, 474/476, 478/480, 482/490, 498/500, 502/504, 506/514, 522/524, 526/528, 530/538, 546/548, 550/552, 554/562, 570/572, 574/576, 578/586, 594/596, 598/600, 602/610, 618/620, 622/624, 626/634, 642/644, 646/648, 650/658, 666/668, 670/672, 674/682, 690/692, 694/696, 698/706, 714/716, 718/720, 722/730, 738/740 and 742/744. In one embodiment, the HCVR and LCVR are selected from the amino acid sequence pairs of SEQ ID NO: 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 314/322, 330/332 and 334/336. In a more specific embodiment, the HCVR/LCVR pair comprises SEQ ID NO:90/92 or 218/226. [0017] In a second aspect, the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:8, 32, 56, 80, 104, 128, 152, 176, 200, 224, 248, 272, 296, 320, 344, 368, 392, 416, 440, 464, 488, 512, 536, 560, 584, 608, 632, 656, 680, 704 and 728, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16, 40, 64, 88, 112, 136, 160, 184, 208, 232, 256, 280, 304, 328, 352, 376, 400, 424, 448, 472, 496, 520, 544, 568, 592, 616, 640, 664, 688, 712 and 736, or substantially similar sequences thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. In one embodiment, the HCDR3/LCDR3 sequence pairs are SEQ ID NO:56/64, 80/88, 128/136, 224/232, 248/256 or 320/328. In a more specific embodiment, the HCDR3/LCDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO:80/88 or 224/232.
[0018] In a further embodiment, the invention comprising an antibody or fragment thereof further comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:4, 28, 52, 76, 100, 124, 148, 172, 196, 220, 244, 268, 292, 316, 340, 364, 388, 412, 436, 460, 484, 508, 532, 556, 580, 604, 628, 652, 676, 700 and 724, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, 30, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 222, 246, 270, 294, 318, 342, 366, 390, 414, 438, 462, 486, 510, 534, 558, 582, 606, 630, 654, 678, 702 and 726, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12, 36, 60, 84, 108, 132, 156, 180, 204, 228, 252, 276, 300, 324, 348, 372, 396, 420, 444, 468, 492, 516, 540, 564, 588, 612, 636, 660, 684, 708 and 732, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, 38, 62, 86, 110, 134, 158, 182, 206, 230, 254, 278, 302, 326, 350, 374, 398, 422, 446, 470, 494, 518, 542, 566, 590, 614, 638, 662, 686, 710 and 734, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity. In one embodiment, the heavy and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:52, 54, 56, 60, 62, 64; 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88; 124, 126, 128, 132, 134, 136; 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232; 244, 246, 248, 252, 254, 256; and 316, 318, 320, 324, 326, 328. In more specific embodiments, the heavy and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO: 76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88; or 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232.
[0019] In a related embodiment, the invention comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody which specifically binds hPCSK9, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises heavy and light chain CDR domains contained within heavy and light chain sequence pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/20, 22/24, 26/34, 42/44, 46/48, 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 98/106, 114/116, 118/120, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144,
146/154, 162/164, 166/168, 170/178, 186/188, 190/192, 194/202, 210/212, 214/216, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 266/274, 282/284, 286/288, 290/298, 306/308, 310/312, 314/322, 330/332, 334/336, 338/346, 354/356, 358/360, 362/370, 378/380, 382/384, 386/394, 402/404, 406/408, 410/418, 426/428, 430/432, 434/442, 450/452, 454/456, 458/466, 474/476, 478/480, 482/490, 498/500, 502/504, 506/514, 522/524, 526/528, 530/538, 546/548, 550/552, 554/562, 570/572, 574/576, 578/586, 594/596, 598/600, 602/610, 618/620, 622/624, 626/634, 642/644, 646/648, 650/658, 666/668, 670/672, 674/682, 690/692, 694/696, 698/706, 714/716, 718/720, 722/730, 738/740 and 742/744. In one embodiment, the CDR sequences contained within HCVR and LCVR selected from the amino acid sequence pairs of SEQ ID NO: 50/58, 66/68, 70/72, 74/82, 90/92, 94/96, 122/130, 138/140, 142/144, 218/226, 234/236, 238/240, 242/250, 258/260, 262/264, 314/322, 330/332 and 334/336. In more specific embodiments, the CDR sequences contained within HCVR and LCVR selected from the amino acid sequence pairs of SEQ ID NO: 90/92 or 218/226.
[0020] In one embodiment, the invention provides a fully human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds neutralizes hPCSK9 activity, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:
(i) capable of reducing serum total cholesterol at least about 25-35% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 24 day period relative to a predose level, preferably the reduction in serum total cholesterol is at least about 30-40%;
(ii) capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 65-80% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 24 day period relative to a predose level;
(iii) capable of reducing serum triglyceride at least about 25-40% relative to predose level;
(iv) does not reduce serum HDL cholesterol or reduces serum HDL cholesterol no more than 5% relative to predose level;
(v) binds an epitope comprising amino acid residue 238 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755);
(vi) exhibits an enhanced binding affinity (KD) for hPCSK9 at pH 5.5 relative to the K0 at pH 7.4, as measured by plasmon surface resonance, wherein the enhanced affinity is at least about a 20- to 50-fold increase in affinity;
(vii) binds human, human GOF mutation D374Y, cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, mouse, rat and hamster PCSK9;
(viii) comprises heavy and light chain CDR3 sequences comprising SEQ ID NO:80 and 88;
(ix) comprises CDR sequences from SEQ ID NO:90 and 92.
[0021] In one embodiment, the invention provides a fully human monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds and neutralizes hPCSK9 activity, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: (i) capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 40-70% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 60 or 90 day period relative to a predose level;
(ii) capable of reducing serum triglyceride at least about 25-40% relative to predose level;
(iii) does not reduce serum HDL cholesterol or reduces serum HDL cholesterol no more than 5% relative to predose level;
(iv) binds an epitope comprising amino acid residue 366 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755);
(v) does not exhibit an enhanced binding affinity for PCSK9 at an acidic pH relative to a neutral pH, as measured by surface plasmon resonance;
(vi) binds human and monkey PCSK9, but does not bind mouse, rat or hamster PCSK9;
(vii) comprises heavy and light chain CDR3 sequences comprising SEQ ID NO:224 and 232; and
(viii) comprises CDR sequences from SEQ ID NO:218 and 226.
[0022] In a third aspect, the invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-PCSK9 antibodies or fragments thereof. Recombinant expression vectors carrying the nucleic acids of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced, are also encompassed by the invention, as are methods of producing the antibodies by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies, and recovering the antibodies produced.
[0023] In one embodiment, the invention provides an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCVR encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 , 17, 21 , 25, 41 , 45, 49, 65, 69, 73, 89, 93, 97, 113, 117, 121 , 137, 141 , 145, 161 , 165, 169, 185, 189, 193, 209, 213, 217, 233, 237, 241 , 257, 261 , 265, 281 , 285, 289, 305, 309, 313, 329, 333, 337, 353, 357, 361 , 377, 381 , 385, 401 , 405, 409, 425, 429, 433, 449, 453, 457, 473, 477, 481 , 497, 501 , 505, 521 , 525, 529, 545, 549, 553, 569, 573, 577, 593, 597, 601 , 617, 621 , 625, 641 , 645, 649, 665, 669, 673, 689, 693, 697, 713, 717, 721 , 737 and 741 , or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof. In one embodiment, the HCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 49, 65, 69, 73, 89, 93, 121 , 137, 141 , 217, 233, 237, 241 , 257, 261 , 313, 329 and 333. In more specific embodiments, the HCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 89 and 217. [0024] In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof further comprises a LCVR encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 19, 23, 33, 43, 47, 57, 67, 71 , 81 , 91 , 95, 105, 115, 1 19, 129, 139, 143, 153, 163, 167, 177, 187, 191 , 201 , 211 , 215, 225, 235, 239, 249, 259, 263, 273, 283, 287, 297, 307, 311 , 321 , 331 , 335, 345, 355, 359, 369, 379, 383, 393, 403, 407, 417, 427, 431 , 441 , 451 , 455, 465, 475, 479, 489, 499, 503, 513, 523, 527, 537, 547, 551 , 561 , 571 , 575, 585, 595, 599, 609, 619, 623, 633, 643, 647, 657, 667, 671 , 681 , 691 , 695, 705, 715, 719, 729, 739 and 743, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof. In one embodiment, the LCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 57, 67, 71 , 81 , 91 , 95, 129, 139, 143, 225, 235, 239, 249, 259, 263, 321 , 331 and 335. In more specific embodiments, the LCVR is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 91 and 225. [0025] In one embodiment, the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a HCDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:7, 31 , 55, 79, 103, 127, 151 , 175, 199, 223, 247, 271 , 295, 319, 343, 367, 391 , 415, 439, 463, 487, 51 1 , 535, 559, 583, 607, 631 , 655, 679, 703 and 727, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; and a LCDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15, 39, 63, 87, 11 1 , 135, 159, 183, 207, 231 , 255, 279, 303, 327, 351 , 375, 399, 423, 447, 471 , 495, 519, 543, 567, 591 , 615, 639, 663, 687, 711 and 735, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof. In one embodiment, the HCDR3 and LCDR3 sequences are encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55/63, 79/87, 127/135, 223/231 , 247/255 and 319/327, respectively. In more specific embodiments, the HCDR3 and LCDR3 sequence pair are encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79/87 and 223/231. [0026] In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof further comprises, a HCDR1 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 27, 51 , 75, 99, 123, 147, 171 , 195, 219, 243, 267, 291 , 315, 339, 363, 387, 411 , 435, 459, 483, 507, 531 , 555, 579, 603, 627, 651 , 675, 699 and 723, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; a HCDR2 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, 29, 53, 77, 101 , 125, 149, 173, 197, 221 , 245, 269, 293, 317, 341 , 365, 389, 413, 437, 461 , 485, 509, 533, 557, 581 , 605, 629, 653, 677, 701 and 725, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; a LCDR1 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11 , 35, 59, 83, 107, 131 , 155, 179, 203, 227, 251 , 275, 299, 323, 347, 371 , 395, 419, 443, 467, 491 , 515, 539, 563, 587, 611 , 635, 659, 683, 707 and 731 , or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; and a LCDR2 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, 37, 61 , 85, 109, 133, 157, 181 , 205, 229, 253, 277, 301 , 325, 349, 373, 397, 421 , 445, 469, 493, 517, 541 , 565, 589, 613, 637, 661 , 685, 709 and 733, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof. In one embodiment, the heavy and light chain CDR sequences are encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 51 , 53, 55, 59, 61 , 63; 75, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87; 123, 125, 127, 131 , 133, 135; 219, 221 , 223, 227, 229, 231 ; 243, 245, 247, 251 , 253, 255; and 315, 317, 319, 323, 325, 327. In more specific embodiments, the heavy and light chain CDR sequences are encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 75, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87; and 219, 221 , 223, 227, 229, 231.
[0027] In a fourth aspect, the invention features an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9, comprising a HCDR3 and a LCDR3, wherein the HCDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - γj . X8 „ X9 _ X10 . X11 . X12 . χ13 „ χ14 „ χ15 _ χ1β . χ17 . χ18 „ χ19 . χ20 (gEQ | Q NO:747) wherein
X1 is Ala, X2 is Arg or Lys, X3 is Asp, X4 is Ser or lie, X5 is Asn or VaI, X6 is Leu or Trp, X7 is GIy or Met, Xs is Asn or VaI, X9 is Phe or Tyr, X10 is Asp, X11 is Leu or Met, X12 is Asp or absent, X13 is Tyr or absent, X14 is Tyr or absent, X15 is Tyr or absent, X16 is Tyr or absent, X17 is GIy or absent, X18 is Met or absent, X19 is Asp or absent, and X20 is VaI or absent; and the LCDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 - X9 (SEQ ID NO:750) wherein X1 is GIn or Met, X2 is GIn, X3 is Tyr or Thr, X4 is Tyr or Leu, X5 is Thr or GIn, X6 is Thr, X7 is Pro, X8 is Tyr or Leu, and X9 is Thr.
[0028] In a further embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof further comprise a HCDR1 sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 (SEQ ID NO:745), wherein X1 is GIy, X2 is Phe, X3 is Thr, X4 is Phe, X5 is Ser or Asn, X6 is Ser or Asn, X7 is Tyr or His, and X8 is Ala or Trp; a HCDR2 sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 (SEQ ID NO:746), wherein X1 is lie, X2 is Ser or Asn, X3 is GIy or GIn, X4 is Asp or Ser, X5 is GIy, X6 is Ser or GIy, X7 is Thr or GIu, and X8 is Thr or Lys; a LCDR1 sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 " X7 - X8 - X9 - X10 - X11 - X12 (SEQ ID NO:748) wherein X1 is GIn, X2 is Ser, X3 is VaI or Leu, X4 is Leu, X5 is His or Tyr, X6 is Arg or Ser, X7 is Ser or Asn, X8 is Asn or GIy, X9 is Asn, X10 is Arg or Asn, X11 is Asn or Tyr, and X12 is Phe or absent; a LCDR2 sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 (SEQ ID NO:749) wherein X1 is Trp or Leu, X2 is Ala or GIy, and X3 is Ser. Fig. 1 shows the sequence alignment of heavy and light chain variable regions for 316P and 300N mAbs. [0029] In a fifth aspect, the invention features a human anti-PCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) encoded by nucleotide sequence segments derived from VH, DH and JH germline sequences, and a light chain variable region (LCVR) encoded by nucleotide sequence segments derived from Vκ and JK germline sequences, wherein the germline sequences are (a) VH gene segment 3-23, DH gene segment 7-27, JH gene segment 2, Vκ gene segment 4-1 and Jκ gene segment 2; or (b) VH gene segment 3-7, DH gene segment 2-8, JH gene segment 6, VK gene segment 2-28 and JK gene segment 4.
[0030] In a sixth aspect, the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to a PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the binding of the antibody or fragment thereof to a variant PCSK9 protein is less than 50% of the binding between the antibody or fragment thereof and the PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755. In specific embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof binds to the variant PCSK9 protein with a binding affinity (K0) which is less than about 50%, less than about 60%, less than about 70%, less than about 80%, less than about 90% or less than about 95% compared to the binding to PCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755).
[0031] In one embodiment, the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation at position 238 of SEQ ID NO:755. In a more specific embodiment, the mutation is D238R. In one embodiment, the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 90% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at residue 238. In one embodiment, the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 80% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at one or more of residue 153, 159, 238 and 343. In a more specific embodiment, the mutation is one of S153R, E159R, D238R and D343R.
[0032] In one embodiment, the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation at position 366 of SEQ ID NO:755. In a more specific embodiment, the mutation is E366K. In one embodiment, the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 95% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at residue 366. In one embodiment, the antibody or antibody fragment binding affinity for the variant PCSK9 protein is at least 70%, 80% or 90% less relative to the wildtype protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the variant protein comprises a mutation at one or more of residue 147, 366 and/or 380. In a more specific embodiment, the mutation is one of S147F, E366K and V380M.
[0033] The invention encompasses anti-PCSK9 antibodies having a modified glycosylation pattern. In some applications, modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or e.g., removal of a fucose moiety to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. (2002) JBC 277:26733). In other applications, modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). [0034] In a seventh aspect, the invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant human antibody or fragment thereof which specifically binds hPCSK9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the invention features a composition which is a combination of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention, and a second therapeutic agent. The second therapeutic agent may be any agent that is advantageously combined with the antibody or fragment thereof of the invention, for example, an agent capable of inducing a cellular depletion of cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, such as, for example, cerovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, pitavastin, ros uvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, etc.; capable of inhibiting cholesterol uptake and or bile acid re-absorption; capable of increasing lipoprotein cataboiism (such as niacin); and/or activators of the LXR transcription factor that plays a role in cholesterol elimination such as 22-hydroxycholesterol. [0035] In an eighth aspect, the invention features methods for inhibiting hPCSK9 activity using the anti-PCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding portion of the antibody of the invention, wherein the therapeutic methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention. The disorder treated is any disease or condition which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by removal, inhibition or reduction of PCSK9 activity. Specific populations treatable by the therapeutic methods of the invention include subjects indicated for LDL apheresis, subjects with PCSK9-activating mutations (gain of function mutations, "GOF"), subjects with heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (heFH); subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia who are statin intolerant or statin uncontrolled; and subjects at risk for developing hypercholesterolemia who may be preventably treated. Other indications include dyslipidemia associated with secondary causes such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cholestatic liver diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis), nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity; and the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. [0036] In specific embodiments of the method of the invention, the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antibody fragment of the invention is useful to reduce elevated total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and/or apolipoprotein B (apolipoprotein B100). [0037] The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention may be used alone or in combination with a second agent, for example, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and/or other lipid lowering drugs.
[0038] Further embodiments include an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody as defined above for use to attenuate or inhibit a PCSK9-mediated disease or condition. [0039] The invention encompasses the use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody as defined above in the manufacture of a medicament for use to attenuate or inhibit a PCSK9-mediated disease or condition. In specific embodiments, wherein the PCSK9-mediated disease or condition is hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, LDL apheresis, heterozygous for Familial Hypercholesterolemia, statin intolerant, statin uncontrolled, risk for developing hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, cholestatic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. [0040] Other embodiments will become apparent from a review of the ensuing detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE
[0041] Fig. 1. Sequence comparison tables of heavy chain (A) and light chain (B) variable regions and CDRs of antibodies H1 H316P and H1 M300N.
[0042] Fig. 2. Antibody concentrations in serum over time. 316P 5 mg/kg (D); 300N 5 mg/kg (O); 316P 15 mg/kg (■); 300N 15 mg/kg (•).
[0043] Fig. 3. Serum total cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg (Δ). [0044] Fig. 4. Serum LDL cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg (Δ). [0045] Fig. 5. Serum LDL cholesterol level normalized to buffer control. Buffer control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg (Δ). [0046] Fig. 6. Serum HDL cholesterol level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Control (#); 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg (Δ). [0047] Fig. 7. Serum triglyceride level as a percentage of change over buffer control. Buffer control (*); 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 300N 5 mg/kg (A); 316P 15 mg/kg (D); 300N 15 mg/kg (Δ). [0048] Fig. 8. Serum LDL cholesterol level expressed as a percentage of change over baseline following a single dose subcutaneous administration. 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 300N 5 mg/kg (•). [0049] Fig. 9. Antibody concentrations in serum over time following a single dose subcutaneous administration. 316P 5 mg/kg (•); 300N 5 mg/kg (A).
[0050] Fig. 10. Western blot for mouse LDL receptor of total liver homogenates. Samples were taken 24 hours after PBS (lanes 1-3), 5 mg/kg 316P (lanes 4-6), or 5 mg/kg of non-hPCSK9 specific mAb (lanes 7-8) administration and 4 hours after 1.2 mg/kg hPCSK9-mmh (all lanes). [0051] Fig. 11. Effects of 316P on serum LDL cholesterol level in PCSK9hu/hu mice. Buffer control (H);316P 1 mg/kg (H); 316P 5 mg/kg (■); 316P 10 mg/kg (E).
[0052] Fig. 12. Anti-hPCSK9 mAb serum pharmacokinetic profile in C57BL/6 mice. Single dose of Control I mAb (#) at 10 mg/kg; 316P (A) at 10 mg/kg and 300N (■) at 10 mg/kg.
[0053] Fig. 13. Anti-hPCSK9 mAb serum pharmacokinetic profile in hPCSK9 heterozygous mice: single dose at 10 mg/kg: Control I mAb (•); 316P (A) and 300N (■).
[0054] Fig. 14. Effect of 316P on serum LDL cholesterol levels in Syrian Hamster fed a normal diet. Buffer control (#); 316P 1 mg/kg (■); 316P 3 mg/kg (A); 316P 5 mg/kg (T).
DETAILED DESCRlPTiON
[0055] Before the present methods are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular methods, and experimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims. [0056] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, preferred methods and materials are now described. Definitions [0057] The term "human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9" or "hPCSK9", as used herein, refers to hPCSK9 having the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:754 and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:755, or a biologically active fragment thereof. [0058] The term "antibody", as used herein, is intended to refer to immunoglobulin molecules comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region ("HCVR" or "VH") and a heavy chain constant region (comprised of domains CH1 , CH2 and CH3). Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region ("LCVR or "VL") and a light chain constant region (CL). The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1 , CDR1 , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
[0059] Substitution of one or more CDR residues or omission of one or more CDRs is also possible. Antibodies have been described in the scientific literature in which one or two CDRs can be dispensed with for binding. Padlan et al. (1995 FASEB J. 9:133-139) analyzed the contact regions between antibodies and their antigens, based on published crystal structures, and concluded that only about one fifth to one third of CDR residues actually contact the antigen. Padlan also found many antibodies in which one or two CDRs had no amino acids in contact with an antigen (see also, Vajdos et al. 2002 J MoI Biol 320:415-428). [0060] CDR residues not contacting antigen can be identified based on previous studies (for example residues H60-H65 in CDRH2 are often not required), from regions of Kabat CDRs lying outside Chothia CDRs, by molecular modeling and/or empirically. If a CDR or residue(s) thereof is omitted, it is usually substituted with an amino acid occupying the corresponding position in another human antibody sequence or a consensus of such sequences. Positions for substitution within CDRs and amino acids to substitute can also be selected empirically. Empirical substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative substitutions. [0061] The term "human antibody", as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human mAbs of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. However, the term "human antibody", as used herein, is not intended to include mAbs in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species (e.g., mouse), have been grafted onto human FR sequences.
[0062] The term "specifically binds," or the like, means that an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof forms a complex with an antigen that is relatively stable under physiologic conditions. Specific binding can be characterized by an equilibrium dissociation constant of at least about 1x10"6 M or less (e.g., a smaller K0 denotes a tighter binding). Methods for determining whether two molecules specifically bind are well known in the art and include, for example, equilibrium dialysis, surface plasmon resonance, and the like. An isolated antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 may, however, exhibit cross-reactivity to other antigens such as PCSK9 molecules from other species. Moreover, multi-specific antibodies (e.g., bispecifics) that bind to hPCSK9 and one or more additional antigens are nonetheless considered antibodies that "specifically bind' hPCSK9, as used herein.
[0063] The term "high affinity" antibody refers to those mAbs having a binding affinity to hPCSK9 of at least 10"10 M; preferably 10"11 M; even more preferably 10"12 M, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORE™ or solution-affinity ELISA. [0064] By the term "slow off rate", "Koff" or "kd" is meant an antibody that dissociates from hPCSK9 with a rate constant of 1 x 10"3 s"1 or less, preferably 1 x 10'4 s"1 or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORE™.
[0065] The term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody (or simply "antibody fragment"), as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to hPCSK9. An antibody fragment may include a Fab fragment, a F(ab')2 fragment, a Fv fragment, a dAb fragment, a fragment containing a CDR, or an isolated CDR. [0066] The specific embodiments, antibody or antibody fragments of the invention may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety ("immunoconjugate"), such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope. [0067] An "isolated antibody", as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other mAbs having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 is substantially free of mAbs that specifically bind antigens other than hPCSK9). An isolated antibody that specifically binds hPCSK9 may, however, have cross- reactivity to other antigens, such as PCSK9 molecules from other species. [0068] A "neutralizing antibody", as used herein (or an "antibody that neutralizes PCSK9 activity"), is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to hPCSK9 results in inhibition of at least one biological activity of PCSK9. This inhibition of the biological activity of PCSK9 can be assessed by measuring one or more indicators of PCSK9 biological activity by one or more of several standard in vitro or in vivo assays known in the art (see examples below). [0069] The term "surface plasmon resonance", as used herein, refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIACORE™ system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, NJ). [0070] The term "KD ", as used herein, is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
[0071] The term "epitope" is a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody. Epitopes may be defined as structural or functional. Functional epitopes are generally a subset of the structural epitopes and have those residues that directly contribute to the affinity of the interaction. Epitopes may also be conformational, that is, composed of non-linear amino acids. In certain embodiments, epitopes may include determinants that are chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl groups, or suifonyl groups, and, in certain embodiments, may have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, and/or specific charge characteristics.
[0072] The term "substantial identity" or "substantially identical," when referring to a nucleic acid or fragment thereof, indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 90%, and more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or GAP, as discussed below.
[0073] As applied to polypeptides, the term "substantial similarity" or "substantially similar" means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 90% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity. Preferably, residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions. A "conservative amino acid substitution" is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein. In cases where two or more amino acid sequences differ from each other by conservative substitutions, the percent or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods MoI. Biol. 24: 307- 331. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic- hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and 7) sulfur-containing side chains: cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine. Alternatively, a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al. (1992) Science 256: 1443 45. A "moderately conservative" replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix. [0074] Sequence similarity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions. For instance, GCG software contains programs such as GAP and BESTFIT which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA with default or recommended parameters; a program in GCG Version 6.1. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (2000) supra). Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP or TBLASTN, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al. (1990) J. MoI. Biol. 215: 403 410 and (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389 402.
[0075] In specific embodiments, the antibody or antibody fragment for use in the method of the invention may be monospecific, bispecific, or multispecific. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for epitopes of more than one target polypeptide. An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) CH3 domain and a second Ig CH3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig CH3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference. In one embodiment, the first Ig CH3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig CH3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering). The second CH3 may further comprise an Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second CH3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V82I (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgGI mAbs; N44S, K52N, and V82I (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG2 mAbs; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V82I (by IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG4 mAbs. Variations on the bi-specific antibody format described above are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
[0076] By the phrase "therapeutically effective amount" is meant an amount that produces the desired effect for which it is administered. The exact amount will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, for example, Lloyd (1999) The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding).
Preparation of Human Antibodies
[0077] Methods for generating human antibodies in transgenic mice are known (see for example, US 6,596,541 , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, VELOCIMMUNE™). The VELOCIMMUNE™ technology involves generation of a transgenic mouse having a genome comprising human heavy and light chain variable regions operably linked to endogenous mouse constant region loci such that the mouse produces an antibody comprising a human variable region and a mouse constant region in response to antigenic stimulation. The DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody are isolated and operably linked to DNA encoding the human heavy and light chain constant regions. The DNA is then expressed in a cell capable of expressing the fully human antibody, in specific embodiment, the cell is a CHO cell.
[0078] Antibodies may be therapeutically useful in blocking a ligand-receptor interaction or inhibiting receptor component interaction, rather than by killing cells through fixation of complement and participation in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or killing cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The constant region of an antibody is thus important in the ability of an antibody to fix complement and mediate cell- dependent cytotoxicity. Thus, the isotype of an antibody may be selected on the basis of whether it is desirable for the antibody to mediate cytotoxicity.
[0079] Human antibodies can exist in two forms that are associated with hinge heterogeneity. In one form, an antibody molecule comprises a stable four-chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dimers are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond. In a second form, the dimers are not linked via inter-chain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covalently coupled light and heavy chain (half- antibody). These forms have been extremely difficult to separate, even after affinity purification. [0080] The frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody. A single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human lgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al. (1993) Molecular Immunology 30:105) to levels typically observed using a human IgGI hinge. The instant invention encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, CH2 or CH3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form. [0081] Generally, a VELOCIMMUNE™ mouse is challenged with the antigen of interest, and lymphatic cells (such as B-cells) are recovered from the mice that express antibodies. The lymphatic cells may be fused with a myeloma cell line to prepare immortal hybridoma cell lines, and such hybridoma cell lines are screened and selected to identify hybridoma cell lines that produce antibodies specific to the antigen of interest. DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain may be isolated and linked to desirable isotypic constant regions of the heavy chain and light chain. Such an antibody protein may be produced in a cell, such as a CHO cell. Alternatively, DNA encoding the antigen-specific chimeric antibodies or the variable domains of the light and heavy chains may be isolated directly from antigen-specific lymphocytes. [0082] Initially, high affinity chimeric antibodies are isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region. As described below, the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc. The mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate the fully human antibody of the invention, for example wild-type or modified IgGI or lgG4 (for example, SEQ ID NO:751 , 752, 753). While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.
Epitope Mapping and Related Technologies
[0083] To screen for antibodies that bind to a particular epitope (e.g., those which block binding of IgE to its high affinity receptor), a routine cross-blocking assay such as that described Antibodies, Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harb., NY) can be performed. Other methods include alanine scanning mutants, peptide blots (Reineke (2004) Methods MoI Biol 248:443-63), or peptide cleavage analysis. In addition, methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer (2000) Protein Science 9: 487-496).
[0084] The term "epitope" refers to a site on an antigen to which B and/or T cells respond. B- cell epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents. An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. [0085] Modification-Assisted Profiling (MAP), also known as Antigen Structure-based Antibody Profiling (ASAP) is a method that categorizes large numbers of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the same antigen according to the similarities of the binding profile of each antibody to chemically or enzymatically modified antigen surfaces (US 2004/0101920). Each category may reflect a unique epitope either distinctly different from or partially overlapping with epitope represented by another category. This technology allows rapid filtering of genetically identical mAbs, such that characterization can be focused on genetically distinct mAbs. When applied to hybridoma screening, MAP may facilitate identification of rare hybridoma clones that produce mAbs having the desired characteristics. MAP may be used to sort the anti-PCSK9 mAbs of the invention into groups of mAbs binding different epitopes.
[0086] In various embodiments, the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody binds an epitope within the catalytic domain, which is about 153 to 425 of SEQ ID NO:755); more specifically, an epitope from about 153 to about 250 or from about 250 to about 425; more specifically, the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention binds an epitope within the fragment from about 153 to about 208, from about 200 to about 260, from about 250 to about 300, from about 275 to about 325, from about 300 to about 360, from about 350 to about 400, and/or from about 375 to about 425.
[0087] In various embodiments, the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody binds an epitope within the propeptide domain (residues 31 to 152 of SEQ ID NO:755); more specifically, an epitope from about residue 31 to about residue 90 or from about residue 90 to about residue 152; more specifically, the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention binds an epitope within the fragment from about residue 31 to about residue 60, from about residue 60 to about residue 90, from about residue 85 to about residue 110, from about residue 100 to about residue 130, from about residue 125 to about residue 150, from about residue 135 to about residue 152, and/or from about residue 140 to about residue 152. [0088] In some embodiments, the anti-hPCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody binds an epitope within the C-terminal domain, (residues 426 to 692 of SEQ ID NO:755); more specifically, an epitope from about residue 426 to about residue 570 or from about residue 570 to about residue 692; more specifically, the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention binds an epitope within the fragment from about residue 450 to about residue 500, from about residue 500 to about residue 550, from about residue 550 to about residue 600, and/or from about residue 600 to about residue 692.
[0089] In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody fragment binds an epitope which includes more than one of the enumerated epitopes within the catalytic, propeptide or C-terminal domain, and/or within two or three different domains (for example, epitopes within the catalytic and C-terminal domains, or within the propeptide and catalytic domains, or within the propeptide, catalytic and C-terminal domains.
[0090] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds an epitope on hPCSK9 comprising amino acid residue 238 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). Experimental results (Table 27) show that when D238 was mutated, the K0 of mAb 316P exhibited >400-fold reduction in binding affinity (~1 x10"9 M to ~410 x10"9 M) and T1/2 decreased >30-fold (from ~37 to ~1 min). In a specific embodiment, the mutation was D238R. In specific embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention binds an epitope of hPCSK9 comprising two or more of amino acid residues at positions 153, 159, 238 and 343. [0091] As shown below, a mutation in amino acid residue 153, 159 or 343 resulted in about a 5- to 10-fold decrease in affinity or similar shortening in T1/2. In specific embodiments, the mutation was S153R, E159R and/or D343R.
[0092] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds an epitope on hPCSK9 comprising amino acid residue 366 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). Experimental results (Table 27) show that when E366 was mutated, the affinity of mAb 300N exhibited about 50-fold decrease (~0.7 x10"9 M to -36 x10"9 M) and a similar shortening in T1/2 (from -120 to ~2 min). In a specific embodiment, the mutation is E366K.
[0093] The present invention includes anti-PCSK9 antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein. Likewise, the present invention also includes anti-PCSK9 antibodies that compete for binding to PCSK9 or a PCSK9 fragment with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein.
[0094] One can easily determine whether an antibody binds to the same epitope as, or competes for binding with, a reference anti-PCSK9 antibody by using routine methods known in the art. For example, to determine if a test antibody binds to the same epitope as a reference anti-PCSK9 antibody of the invention, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to a PCSK9 protein or peptide under saturating conditions. Next, the ability of a test antibody to bind to the PCSK9 molecule is assessed. If the test antibody is able to bind to PCSK9 following saturation binding with the reference anti-PCSK9 antibody, it can be concluded that the test antibody binds to a different epitope than the reference anti-PCSK9 antibody. On the other hand, if the test antibody is not able to bind to the PCSK9 molecule following saturation binding with the reference anti-PCSK9 antibody, then the test antibody may bind to the same epitope as the epitope bound by the reference anti-PCSK9 antibody of the invention.
[0095] To determine if an antibody competes for binding with a reference anti-PCSK9 antibody, the above-described binding methodology is performed in two orientations: In a first orientation, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to a PCSK9 molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the test antibody to the PCSK9 molecule. In a second orientation, the test antibody is allowed to bind to a PCSK9 molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the reference antibody to the PCSK9 molecule. If, in both orientations, only the first (saturating) antibody is capable of binding to the PCSK9 molecule, then it is concluded that the test antibody and the reference antibody compete for binding to PCSK9. As will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art, an antibody that competes for binding with a reference antibody may not necessarily bind to the identical epitope as the reference antibody, but may sterically block binding of the reference antibody by binding an overlapping or adjacent epitope.
[0096] Two antibodies bind to the same or overlapping epitope if each competitively inhibits (blocks) binding of the other to the antigen. That is, a 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold excess of one antibody inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 1990 50: 1495-1502). Alternatively, two antibodies have the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other. Two antibodies have overlapping epitopes if some amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other. [0097] Additional routine experimentation (e.g., peptide mutation and binding analyses) can then be carried out to confirm whether the observed lack of binding of the test antibody is in fact due to binding to the same epitope as the reference antibody or if steric blocking (or another phenomenon) is responsible for the lack of observed binding. Experiments of this sort can be performed using ELISA, RIA, surface plasmon resonance, flow cytometry or any other quantitative or qualitative antibody-binding assay available in the art. [0098] In a specific embodiment, the invention comprises an anti-PCSK9 antibody or antigen binding fragment of an antibody that binds an PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755, wherein the binding between the antibody or fragment thereof to PCSK9 and a variant PCSK9 protein is less than 50% of the binding between the antibody or fragment and the PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755. In one specific embodiment, the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group consisting of 153, 159, 238 and 343. In a more specific embodiment, the at least one mutation is S153R, E159R, D238R and D343R. In another specific embodiment, the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group consisting of 366. In one specific embodiment, the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group consisting of 147, 366 and 380. In a more specific embodiment, the mutation is S147F, E366K and/or V380M.
Immunoconjugates
[0099] The invention encompasses a human anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody conjugated to a therapeutic moiety ("immunoconjugate"), such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope. Cytotoxin agents include any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples of suitable cytotoxin agents and chemotherapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates are known in the art, see for example, WO 05/103081.
Bispecifics
[0100] The antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bispecific, or multispecific. Multispecific mAbs may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al. (1991) J. Immunol. 147:60-69. The human anti-PCSK9 mAbs can be linked to or co- expressed with another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein. For example, an antibody or fragment thereof can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment, to produce a bispecific or a multispecific antibody with a second binding specificity.
[0101] An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) CH3 domain and a second Ig CH3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig CH3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference. In one embodiment, the first Ig CH3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig CH3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering). The second CH3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second CH3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V82I (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgGI antibodies; N44S, K52N, and V82I (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG2 antibodies; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V82I (by IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG4 antibodies. Variations on the bi-specific antibody format described above are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
Bioequivalents
[0102] The anti-PCSK9 antibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention encompass proteins having amino acid sequences that vary from those of the described mAbs, but that retain the ability to bind human PCSK9. Such variant mAbs and antibody fragments comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids when compared to parent sequence, but exhibit biological activity that is essentially equivalent to that of the described mAbs. Likewise, the anti-PCSK9 antibody-encoding DNA sequences of the present invention encompass sequences that comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides when compared to the disclosed sequence, but that encode an anti-PCSK9 antibody or antibody fragment that is essentially bioequivalent to an anti-PCSK9 antibody or antibody fragment of the invention. Examples of such variant amino acid and DNA sequences are discussed above.
[0103] Two antigen-binding proteins, or antibodies, are considered bioequivalent if, for example, they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions, either single does or multiple dose. Some antibodies will be considered equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives if they are equivalent in the extent of their absorption but not in their rate of absorption and yet may be considered bioequivalent because such differences in the rate of absorption are intentional and are reflected in the labeling, are not essential to the attainment of effective body drug concentrations on, e.g., chronic use, and are considered medically insignificant for the particular drug product studied. In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if there are no clinically meaningful differences in their safety, purity, and potency.
[0104] In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if a patient can be switched one or more times between the reference product and the biological product without an expected increase in the risk of adverse effects, including a clinically significant change in immunogenicity, or diminished effectiveness, as compared to continued therapy without such switching.
[0105] In one embodiment, two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if they both act by a common mechanism or mechanisms of action for the condition or conditions of use, to the extent that such mechanisms are known.
[0106] Bioequivalence may be demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro methods. Bioequivalence measures include, e.g., (a) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals, in which the concentration of the antibody or its metabolites is measured in blood, plasma, serum, or other biological fluid as a function of time; (b) an in vitro test that has been correlated with and is reasonably predictive of human in vivo bioavailability data; (c) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals in which the appropriate acute pharmacological effect of the antibody (or its target) is measured as a function of time; and (d) in a well-controlled clinical trial that establishes safety, efficacy, or bioavailability or bioequivalence of an antibody.
[0107] Bioequivalent variants of anti-PCSK9 antibodies of the invention may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences or deleting terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity. For example, cysteine residues not essential for biological activity can be deleted or replaced with other amino acids to prevent formation of unnecessary or incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation.
Treatment Population
[0108] The invention provides therapeutic methods for treating a human patient in need of a composition of the invention. While modifications in lifestyle and conventional drug treatment are often successful in reducing cholesterol levels, not all patients are able to achieve the recommended target cholesterol levels with such approaches. Various conditions, such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), appear to be resistant to lowering of LDL-C levels in spite of aggressive use of conventional therapy. Homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (hoFH, heFH) is a condition associated with premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, patients diagnosed with hoFH are largely unresponsive to conventional drug therapy and have limited treatment options. Specifically, treatment with statins, which reduce LDL-C by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and upregulating the hepatic LDL receptor, may have little effect in patients whose LDL receptors are non-existent or defective. A mean LDL-C reduction of only less than about 20% has been recently reported in patients with genotype-confirmed hoFH treated with the maximal dose of statins. The addition of ezetimibe 10 mg/day to this regimen resulted in a total reduction of LDL-C levels of 27%, which is still far from optimal. Likewise, many patients are statin non-responsive, poorly controlled with statin therapy, or cannot tolerate statin therapy; in general, these patients are unable to achieve cholesterol control with alternative treatments. There is a large unmet medical need for new treatments that can address the short-comings of current treatment options. [0109] Specific populations treatable by the therapeutic methods of the invention include patients indicated for LDL apheresis, subjects with PCSK9-activating (GOF) mutations, heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (heFH); subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia who are statin intolerant or statin uncontrolled; and subjects at risk for developing hypercholesterolemia who may be preventably treated.
Therapeutic Administration and Formulations
[0110] The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising the anti-PCSK9 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention. The administration of therapeutic compositions in accordance with the invention will be administered with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like. A multitude of appropriate formulations can be found in the formulary known to all pharmaceutical chemists: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA. These formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTI N ™), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax. See also Powell et al. "Compendium of excipients for parenteral formulations" PDA (1998) J Pharm Sci Technol 52:238-311. [0111] The dose may vary depending upon the age and the size of a subject to be administered, target disease, conditions, route of administration, and the like. When the antibody of the present invention is used for treating various conditions and diseases associated with PCSK9, including hypercholesterolemia, disorders associated with LDL and apolipoprotein B, and lipid metabolism disorders, and the like, in an adult patient, it is advantageous to intravenously administer the antibody of the present invention normally at a single dose of about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.02 to about 7, about 0.03 to about 5, or about 0.05 to about 3 mg/kg body weight. Depending oh the severity of the condition, the frequency and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted.
[0112] Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the mutant viruses, receptor mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432). Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
[0113] The pharmaceutical composition can be also delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer (1990) Science 249:1527-1533; Treat et al. (1989) in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365; Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.). [0114] In certain situations, the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see Sefton (1987) CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used; see, Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Florida (1974). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the composition's target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138, 1984). [0115] The injectable preparations may include dosage forms for intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous and intramuscular injections, drip infusions, etc. These injectable preparations may be prepared by methods publicly known. For example, the injectable preparations may be prepared, e.g., by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antibody or its salt described above in a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium conventionally used for injections. As the aqueous medium for injections, there are, for example, physiological saline, an isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc., which may be used in combination with an appropriate solubilizing agent such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), a polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant [e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil)], etc. As the oily medium, there are employed, e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, etc., which may be used in combination with a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc. The injection thus prepared is preferably filled in an appropriate ampoule. A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe. In addition, with respect to subcutaneous delivery, a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable. A reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition. Once all of the pharmaceutical composition within the cartridge has been administered and the cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition. The pen delivery device can then be reused. In a disposable pen delivery device, there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the composition, the entire device is discarded. [0116] Numerous reusable pen and autoinjection delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Examples include, but certainly are not limited to AUTOPEN ™ (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONIC™ pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Burghdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25™ pen, HUMALOG™ pen, HUMALIN 70/30™ pen (EIi Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN), NOVOPEN™ I1 Il and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIOR™ (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BD™ pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), OPTIPEN™, OPTIPEN PRO™, OPTIPEN STARLET™, and OPTICLIK™ (sanofi-aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few. Examples of disposable pen delivery devices having applications in subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but certainly are not limited to the SOLOSTAR™ pen (sanofi-aventis), the FLEXPEN ™ (Novo Nordisk), and the KWIKPEN™ (EIi Lilly).
[0117] Advantageously, the pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use described above are prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients. Such dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc. The amount of the aforesaid antibody contained is generally about 5 to about 500 mg per dosage form in a unit dose; especially in the form of injection, it is preferred that the aforesaid antibody is contained in about 5 to about 100 mg and in about 10 to about 250 mg for the other dosage forms.
[0118] The invention provides therapeutic methods in which the antibody or antibody fragment of the invention is useful to treat hypercholesterolemia associated with a variety of conditions involving hPCSK9. The anti-PCSK9 antibodies or antibody fragments of the invention are particularly useful for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and the like. Combination therapies may include the anti-PCSK9 antibody of the invention with, for example, one or more of any agent that (1) induces a cellular depletion of cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, such as cerivastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin; (2) inhibits cholesterol uptake and or bile acid re-absorption; (3) increase lipoprotein catabolism (such as niacin); and activators of the LXR transcription factor that plays a role in cholesterol elimination such as 22- hydroxycholesterol or fixed combinations such as ezetimibe plus simvastatin; a statin with a bile resin (e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam), a fixed combination of niacin plus a statin (e.g., niacin with lovastatin); or with other lipid lowering agents such as omega-3-fatty acid ethyl esters (for example, omacor).
EXAMPLES
[0119] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the methods and compositions of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, molecular weight is average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
Example 1 : Generation of Human Antibodies to Human PCSK9
[0120] VELOCIMMUNE™ mice were immunized with human PCSK9, and the antibody immune response monitored by antigen-specific immunoassay using serum obtained from these mice. Anti-hPCSK9 expressing B cells were harvested from the spleens of immunized mice shown to have elevated anti-hPCSK9 antibody titers were fused with mouse myeloma cells to form hybridomas. The hybridomas were screened and selected to identify cell lines expressing hPCSK9-specific antibodies using assays as described below. The assays identified several cell lines that produced chimeric anti-hPCSK9 antibodies designated as H1 M300, H1 M504, H1 M505, H1 M500, H1 M497, H1 M498, H1 M494, H1 M309, H1 M312, H1 M499, H1 M493, H1 M496, H1 M503, H1 M502, H1 M508, H1 M495 and H1 M492.
[0121] Human PCSK9-specific antibodies were also isolated directly from antigen-immunized B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in U.S. 2007/0280945A1. Heavy and light chain variable regions were cloned to generate fully human anti-hPCSK9 antibodies designated as H1 H313, H1 H314, H1 H315, H1 H316, H1 H317, H1 H318, H1 H320, H1 H321 and H1 H334. Stable recombinant antibody-expressing CHO cell lines expressing these antibodies were established.
Example 2. Gene Utilization Analysis
[0122] To analyze the structure of the mAbs produced, the nucleic acids encoding antibody variable regions were cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequences of the variable regions were confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. From the nucleic acid sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the mAbs, gene usage was identified for each antibody chain.
Table 1
Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000028_0001
Example 3. Antigen Binding Affinity Determination
[0123] Equilibrium dissociation constants (K0) for hPCSK9 binding to mAbs generated by hybridoma cell lines described above were determined by surface kinetics in a real-time biosensor surface plasmon resonance assay (BIACORE™ T100). Each antibody was captured at a flow rate of 4 μl/min for 90 sec on a goat anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORE™ chip to form a captured antibody surface. hPCSK9-myc-myc-his (hPCSK9-mmh) at a concentration of 50 nM or 12.5 nM was injected over the captured antibody surfaces at a flowrate of 50 μl/min for 300 sec, and antigen- antibody dissociation was monitored for 15 min at either 25°C or 37°C (K0 = pM; Ty2 = min).
Table 2
Figure imgf000028_0002
Figure imgf000029_0001
[0124] Equilibrium dissociation constants (Kp) for HPCSK9 binding to mAbs generated via direct isolation of splenocytes were determined by surface kinetics in a real-time biosensor surface plasmon resonance assay (BIACORE™ T100). Each selected antibody was captured at a flowrate of 2 ul/min for 6 min on a goat anti-human IgG polyclonal antibody surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORE™ chip to form a captured antibody surface. Human PCSK9-mmh at a concentration of 50 nM or 12.5 nM was injected over the captured antibody surface at a flowrate of 70 ul/min for 5 min, and antigen-antibody dissociation was monitored for 15 min at either 25°C or 37°C (K0 = pM; Jy2 = min).
Table 3
Figure imgf000029_0002
[0125] Dissociation rate (kd) of selected mAbs for tagged rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) PCSK9 (mmPCSK9; SEQ ID NO:756) (mmPCSK9-mmh) at 250C was determined as described above. Table 4
Figure imgf000030_0001
Example 4. Effect of pH on Antigen Binding Affinity
[0126] The effects of pH on antigen binding affinity for CHO cell-produced fully human anti- hPCSK9 mAbs was assessed as described above. The mAbs tested are fully human versions of H1 H316P ("316P") (HCVR/LCVR SEQ ID NO: 90/92; CDR sequences SEQ ID NO: 76/78/80 and 84/86/88) and H1 M300N ("300N") (HCVR/LCVR SEQ ID NO: 218/226; CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:220/222/224 and 228/230/232). hPCSK9-mmh was captured on an anti-myc mAb surface either at a high density (about 35 to 45 resonance units) (RU) or at a low density (about 5 to 14 RU). Each antibody, at 50 nM in HBST (pH 7.4 or pH 5.5) was injected over the captured hPCSK9 surface at a flow rate of 100 μl/ml for 1.5 min at 25°C and antigen-antibody dissociation was monitored for 10 min. Control I: anti-hPCSK9 mAb SEQ ID NO:79/101 (WO 2008/063382) (K0 = pM; T1/2 = min).
Table 5
Figure imgf000030_0002
[0127] The antigen binding properties Of 316P and 300N at pH 7.4 or pH 5.5 were determined by a modified BIACORE™ assay as described above. Briefly, mAbs were immobilized onto BIACORE™ CM5 sensor chips via amine coupling. Varying concentrations of myc-myc-his tagged hPCSK9, mouse PCSK9 (mPCSK9, SEQ ID NO:757), hPCSK9 with a gain of function (GOF) point mutation of D374Y (hPCSK9(D374Y)), cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) PCSK9 (mfPCSK9, SEQ ID NO:761) (mfPCSK9), rat (Rattus norvegicus) PCSK9 (rPCSK9, SEQ ID NO:763) and his-tagged Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) PCSK9 (maPCSKΘ, SEQ ID NO:762) (maPCSK9), ranging from 11 to 100 nM, were injected over the antibody surface at the flow rate of 100 μl/ml for 1.5 min and antigen-antibody dissociation was monitored in real time for 5 min at either 25°C (Table 6) or 37°C (Table 7). Control II: anti- hPCSK9 mAbs SEQ ID NO:67/12 (WO 2009/026558). NB: no binding was observed under the experimental condition (K0 = pM; T1/2 = min).
Table 6. pH Effect at 25° C
Figure imgf000031_0001
Figure imgf000032_0002
Table?. [ DH Effect at : C
Figure imgf000032_0001
Example 5. Antϊ-hPCSK9 mAbs Binding to HPCSK9 with Point Mutation D374Y [0128] The binding affinity of selected anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to hPCSK9 with a gain of function (GOF) point mutation of D374Y (hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh) was determined as described above. Each antibody was captured at a flowrate of 40 ul/min for 8-30 sec on a goat anti- human IgG polyclonal antibody surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORE™ chip to form a captured antibody surface. hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh at varying concentrations of 1.78 nM to 100 nM was injected over the captured antibody surface at a flowrate of 50 μl/min for 5 min, and the dissociation of hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh and antibody was monitored for 15 min at 25°C. Control III: anti-hPCSK9 mAbs SEQ ID NO:49/23 (WO 2009/026558) (K0 = pM; T1/2 = min).
Table 8
Figure imgf000033_0001
Example 6. Binding Specificity of Anti-hPCSK9 mAbs
[0129] 316P, 300N, and Control I anti-hPCSK9 mAbs were captured on an amine-coupled anti- hFc CM5 chip on BIACORE™2000. Tagged (myc-myc-his) human PCSK9, human PCSK1 (hPCSKI) (SEQ ID NO:759), human PCSK7 (hPCSK7) (SEQ ID NO:760), or mouse PCSK9 were injected (100 nM) over the captured mAb surface and allowed to bind at 25°C for 5 min. Changes in RU were recorded. Results: 300N and Control I bound only to hPCSK9, and 316P bound both hPCSK9 and mPCSK9.
[0130] The binding specificities of anti-hPCSK9 mAbs were determined by ELISA. Briefly, anti- hPCSK9 antibody was coated on a 96-well plate. Human PCSK9-mmh, mPCSK9-mmh, maPCSK9-h, hPCSK1-mmh, or hPCSK7-mmh, at 1.2 nM, were added to antibody-coated plates and incubated at RT for 1 hr. Plate-bound PCSK protein was then detected by HRP-conjugated anti-His antibody. Results show that 316P binds human, mouse, and hamster PCSK9, whereas 300N and Control I only bound hPCSK9. None of the anti-hPCSK9 mAbs exhibited significant binding to hPCSKI or hPCSK7.
Example 7. Cross-Reactivity of Anti-hPCSK9 mAbs
[0131] Cross-reactivity of anti-hPCSK9 mAbs with mmPCSK9, mfPCSK9, mPCSK9, maPCSK9, or rPCSK9 was determined using B!ACORE™3000. Anti-hPCSK9 mAbs were captured on an anti-hFc surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORE™ chip. Purified tagged hPCSKΘ, hPCSK9(D374Y), mmPCSK9, mfPCSK9, mPCSK9, maPCSKΘ, or rPCSKΘ, each at 1.56 nM to 50 nM, was injected over the antibody surface at either 250C or 37°C. Binding between 316P, 300N, Control I, Control II, or Control III and the PCSK9 proteins was determined (KD = pM; Jy2 ~ min).
Table 9. 316P mAb
Figure imgf000034_0001
Table 10. 300N mAb
Figure imgf000034_0002
Table 11. Control I mAb
Figure imgf000034_0003
Table 12. Control I mAb
Figure imgf000035_0001
Table 13 . Control III mAb
Figure imgf000035_0002
Example 8. Inhibition of Binding Between hPCSK9 and hLDLR Domains [0132] The ability of selected anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to block hPCSK9 binding to human LDLR full length extracellular domain (hLDLR-ecto SEQ ID NO:758), hLDLR EGF-A domain (amino acids 313-355 of SED ID NO:758), or hLDLR EGF-AB domains (amino acids of 314-393 of SEQ ID NO:758) (LDLR Genbank number NM_000527) was evaluated using BIACORE™ 3000. Briefly, hLDLR-ecto, EGF-A-hFc, or EGF-AB-hFc protein was amine-coupled on a CM5 chip to create a receptor or receptor fragment surface. Selected anti-hPCSK9 mAbs, at 62.5 nM (2.5 fold excess over antigen), were premixed with 25 nM of hPCSK9-mmh, followed by 40 min incubation at 25°C to allow antibody-antigen binding to reach equilibrium to form equilibrated solutions. The equilibrated solutions were injected over the receptor or receptor fragment surfaces at 2 μl/min for 40 min at 25°C. Changes in RU due to the binding of the anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to hLDLR-ecto, EGF-A-hFc, or EGF-AB-hFc were determined. Results show that H1 H316P and H1 M300N blocked the binding of hPCSK9-mmh to hLDLR-ecto, hLDLR EGF-A domain, and hLDLR EGF-AB domains; H1 H320P blocked the binding of hPCSK9-mmh to hLDLR-ecto and hLDLR EGF-A domain; and H1 H321 P blocked the binding of hPCSK9-mmh to hLDLR EGF-A domain. [0133] The ability of the mAbs to block hPCSK9 binding to hLDLR-ecto, hLDLR EGF-A domain, or hLDLR EGF-AB domains was also evaluated with an ELISA-based immunoassay. Briefly, hLDLR-ecto, hLDLR EGF-A-hFc or hLDLR EGF-AB-hFc, each at 2 μg/ml, was coated on a 96- well plate in PBS buffer overnight at 4°C, and nonspecific binding sites blocked with BSA. This plate was used to measure free hPCSK9-mmh in a PCSK9-mmh solution pre-equilibrated with varying concentrations of anti-hPCSK9 mAbs. A constant amount of hPCSK9-mmh (500 pM) was pre-mixed with varied amounts of antibody, ranging from 0 to -50 nM in serial dilutions, followed by 1 hr incubation at room temperature (RT) to allow antibody-antigen binding to reach equilibrium. The equilibrated sample solutions were transferred to receptor or receptor fragment coated plates. After 1 hour of binding, the plates were washed and bound hPCSK9-mmh detected using HRP conjugated anti-myc antibody. IC5O values (in pM) were determined as the amount of antibody required to achieve 50% reduction of hPCSK9-mmh bound to the plate- coated receptor or receptor fragment. The results show that specific mAbs functionally block PCSK9 from binding the three receptors at both neutral pH (7.2) and acidic pH (5.5).
Table 14
Figure imgf000036_0001
[0134] The ability of the mAbs to block hPCSK9 GOF mutant hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh binding to hLDLR EGF-A domain or hLDLR EGF-AB domain (IC50 values in pM) was also evaluated with the ELISA-based immunoassay described above using a constant amount of 0.05 nM hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh.
Table 15
Figure imgf000036_0002
[0135] The ability of the mAbs to block either mmPCSKΘ or mPCSK9 binding to hLDLR-ecto domain, hLDLR EGF-A domain, or hLDLR EGF-AB domain (IC50 values in pM) was evaluated at neutral pH (7.2) with the ELISA-based immunoassay describe above using a constant amount of 1 nM of mmh-tagged mmPCSK9 or 1 nM of mPCSK9.
Table 16
Figure imgf000037_0001
[0136] The ability of the mAbs to block hPCSK9, mmPCSKΘ, rPCSK9, maPCSK9, mfPCSKΘ, or mPCSK9 binding to hLDLR EGF-A domain (IC5O values in pM) was evaluated at neutral pH (7.2) (Table 17) or acidic pH (5.5, Table 18) with the ELISA-based immunoassay described above using a constant amount of 0.5 nM of hPCSK9-mmh, 1 nM of mmPCSK9-mmh, 1 nM of rPCSK9-mmh, 1 nM of maPCSK9-h, 0.3 nM of mfPCSK9-mmh, or 1 nM of mPCSK9-mmh.
Table 17
Figure imgf000037_0002
Table 18
Figure imgf000037_0003
[0137] The ability of 316P and Control I to block hPCSK9 binding to hLDLR was also determined. Briefly, either recombinant hLDLR or hLDLR-EGFA-mFc was immobilized onto BIACORE™ CM5 chips via amine coupling. An antigen-antibody mixture of 100 nM hPCSK9- mmh and 316P, Control I mAb, or a non-hPCSK9 specific mAb (each at 250 nM) was incubated at RT for 1 hr, and then injected over the hLDLR or hLDLR-EGFA surface at the flow rate of 10 μl/ml for 15 min at 250C. Changes in RU due to the binding between the free hPCSK9-mmh in the mixture to either hLDLR or hLDLR-EGFA were recorded. The binding of hPCSK9 to either hLDLR or hLDLR-EGFA was completely blocked by 316P and 300N but not by Control I mAb.
Example 9. Epitope Mapping
[0138] In order to determine epitope-binding specificity, three chimeric PCSK9-mmh proteins were generated in which specific human PCSK9 domains were substituted with mouse PCSK9 domains. Chimeric protein #1 consists of a mouse PCSK9 pro-domain (amino acid residues 1- 155 of SEQ ID NO:757) followed by a human PCSK9 catalytic domain (residues 153-425 of SEQ ID NO:755) and a mouse PCSK9 C-terminal domain (residues 429-694 SEQ ID NO:757) (mPro-hCat-mC-term-mmh). Chimeric protein #2 consists of a human PCSK9 pro-domain (residues 1-152 of SEQ ID NO:755) followed by a mouse PCSK9 catalytic domain (residues 156-428 of SEQ ID NO:757) and a mouse PCSK9 C-terminai (hPro-mCat-mC-term-mmh). Chimeric protein #3 consists of mouse PCSK9 pro-domain and a mouse PCSK9 catalytic domain followed by a human PCSK9 C-terminal domain (residues 426-692 of SEQ ID NO:755) (mPro-mCat-hC-term-mmh). In addition, hPCSKB with a point mutation of D374Y (hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh) was generated.
[0139] Binding specificity of mAbs to test proteins hPCSK9-mmh, mouse PCSK9-mmh, chimeric proteins #1 , #2, and #3, and hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh were tested as follows: the mAbs were coated on a 96-well plate overnight at 40C, then each test protein (1.2 nM) was added to the plate. After 1 hr binding at RT, the plate was washed and bound test protein detected using HRP-conjugated anti-myc polyclonal antibody (++ = OD>1.0; + = OD 0.4 - 1.0; - = OD < 0.4).
Table 19
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
[0140] Binding specificity of 316P, 300N and control anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to hPCSK9-mmh, mPCSK9-mmh, mmPCSK9-mmh, mfPCSK9-mmh, rPCSK9-mmh, chimeric proteins #1 , #2, and #3, and hPCSK9(D374Y)-mmh were tested as described above except that the protein concentration is 1.7 nM (- = OD < 0.7; + = OD 0.7 - 1.5; ++ = OD > 1.5).
Table 20
Figure imgf000039_0002
[0141] Similar results for selected mAbs were obtained by BIACORE™ binding assay. Briefly, 316P, 300N, or Control I mAb was captured on an amine-coupled anti-hFc CM5 chip and 100 nM of each protein injected over the mAb-captured surface. Changes in RU due to the binding of each protein to the mAb surface was determined. Table 21
Figure imgf000040_0001
[0142] To further assess the binding specificity of 316P, which cross-reacts with mPCSK9-mmh, a cross-competition ELISA assay was developed to determine binding domain specificity. Briefly, mAbs specific for chimeric protein #1 , #2, or #3, were first coated on a 96-well plate overnight at 1 μg/ml. Human PCSK9-mmh (2 μg/ml) was then added to each well followed by 1 hr incubation at RT. 316P (1 μg/ml) was added and incubated for another hour at RT. Plate- bound 316P was detected using HRP-conjugated anti-hFc polyclonal antibody. Although 316P binding to hPCSK9-mmh was not affected by the presence of mAbs specific for either chimeric protein #2 or chimeric protein #3, 316P binding to hPCSK9-mmh was greatly reduced by the presence of antibody specific for chimeric protein #1.
Example 10. BIACORE™-Based Antigen Binding Profile Assessment [0143] Antibody binding profiles were also established for 316P, 300N, Control I, II, and III mAbs using BIACORE™1000. Briefly, hPCSK9-mmh was captured on an anti-myc surface. A first anti-hPCSK9 mAb (50 μg/ml) was injected over the PCSK9-bound surface for 10 min, at a flow rate of 10 μl/min at 25°C. A second anti-hPCSK9 mAb (50 μg/ml) was then injected over the first mAb-bound surface for 10 min, at a flow rate of 10 μl/min at 25°C. Ability of the first mAb to block binding of the second mAb was measured and is expressed as percent inhibition.
Table 22
Figure imgf000040_0002
Example 11. Increase of LDL Uptake by Anti-hPCSK9 Antibodies
[0144] The ability of anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to increase LDL uptake in vitro was determined using a human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2). HepG2 cells were seeded onto 96-well plates at 9 x 104 cells/well in DMEM complete media and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2, for 6 hr to form HepG2 monolayers. Human PCSK9-mmh, at 50 nM in lipoprotein deficient medium (LPDS), and a test mAb was added in various concentrations from 500 nM to 0.98 nM in LPDS medium. Data are expressed as IC50 values for each experiment (IC50 = antibody concentration at which increases LDL uptake by 50%). In addition, the experiment also showed that both 316P and 300N were able to completely reverse the inhibitory effect of hPCSK9 on LDL uptake, while Control I mAb or H1 M508 anti-hPCSK9 mAb reversed the inhibitory effect by about 50%.
Table 23
Figure imgf000041_0001
[0145] The ability of anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to reverse the inhibitory effect on LDL uptake by PCSK9 protein from different mammalian species was also tested in a HepG2 cell line as described above. Briefly, HepG2 cells were incubated overnight with serial dilutions of antibody in LPDS medium (beginning with 500 nM) and 50 nM of hPCSK9-mmh, mfPCSK9-mmh, mPCSK9-mmh, rPCSK9-mmh, or maPCSK9-h. HepG2 cells were also incubated overnight with serial dilutions of antibody in LPDS (beginning with 50 nM) and 1 nM hPCSK9(D374Y). As shown in Table 24, while 316P was able to completely reverse the inhibitory effect on LDL by all PCSK9 proteins tested, 300N was only able to reverse the inhibitory effect on LDL uptake by hPCSK9, hPCSK9(D374Y), and mfPCSK9. Values are expressed as nM IC50.
Table 24
Figure imgf000041_0002
Example 12. Neutralization of Biological Effect of hPCSK9 In Vivo
[0146] To assess the biological effect of neutralizing PCSK9, hPCSK9 was over-expressed in
C57BL/6 mice by hydrodynamic delivery (HDD) of DNA constructs encoding full-length hPCSK9-mmh. 4 mice (C57BL/6) were injected with empty vector/saline (control), and 16 mice were injected with a 50 μg hPCSK9-mmh-DNA/saline mixture in the tail vein equal to 10% of their body weight. At day 7 after HDD, delivery of hPCSK9 resulted in a 1.6-fold elevation of total cholesterol, 3.4-fold elevation in LDL-choIesterol (LDL-C) and a 1.9-fold elevation in non- HDL cholesterol (relative to control). Serum hPCSK9 levels on day 7 were all greater than 1 μg/ml, as assessed by quantitative ELISA.
[0147] Administration of H1 M300N on day 6 after HDD to 3 experimental groups (1 , 5 or 10 mg/kg) (n=4 per group) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection resulted in a significant attenuation of serum cholesterol levels. At 18 hours after administration, total cholesterol was reduced by 9.8%, 26.3% and 26.8%, LDL-C was reduced by 5.1 %, 52.3% and 56.7%, and non-HDL cholesterol was reduced by 7.4%, 33.8% and 28.6% in the 1 , 5 or 10 mg/kg H1 M300N treated groups, respectively.
Example 13. Pharmacokinetic and Serum Chemistry Study in Monkeys [0148] A pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in naϊve male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with a body weight range between 5-7 kg and aged between 3-5 years. [0149] Group assignments. The monkeys were assigned into 5 treatment groups: Treatment Group 1 (n=3) received control buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6, 1 ml/kg); Treatment Group 2 (n=3) received 1 ml/kg of 316P (5 mg/ml); Treatment Group 3 (n=3) received 1 ml/kg 300N (5 mg/ml); Treatment Group 4 (n=3) received 1 ml/kg 316P (15 mg/ml); and Treatment Group 5 (n=3) received 1 ml/kg 300N (15 mg/ml). All treatments were administered by IV bolus followed by a 1 ml saline flush. Total dose volume (ml) was calculated on the most recent body weight (each animal was weighed twice during acclimation and once weekly throughout the study). A single dose of test mAb or buffer control was administered on Day 1. [0150] Animal care. Animals were housed in a temperature- and humidity-monitored environment. The targeted range of temperature and relative humidity was between 18-290C and 30-70%, respectively. An automatic lighting system provided a 12-hour diurnal cycle. The dark cycle could be interrupted for study- or facility-related activities. The animals were individually housed in cages that comply with the Animal Welfare Act and recommendations set forth in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council 1996).
[0151] Diet and Feeding. Animals were fed twice per day according to SNBL USA SOPs. Animals were fasted when required by specific procedures (e.g., prior to blood draws for serum chemistry, urine collection, or when procedures involving sedation are performed). The diet was routinely analyzed for contaminants and found to be within manufacturer's specifications. [0152] Experimental Design. An appropriate number of animals were selected from SNBL USA stock. Animals were examined for health by veterinary staff, and had undergone serum chemistry, hematology, and coagulation screening. 16 males, confirmed healthy, were assigned to the study. 15 males were assigned to specific study groups and the remaining animal was available as a spare. A stratified randomization scheme incorporating serum cholesterol level (based on the average of two draws in acclimation) was used to assign animals to study groups. [0153] Acclimation Period. Previously quarantined animals were acclimated to the study room for a minimum of 14 days prior to initiation of dosing. Acclimation phase data was collected from all animals, including the spare. All animals were assessed for behavioral abnormalities that could affect performance on study. The spare animal was returned to stock after day 1. [0154] Blood collection. Blood was collected by venipuncture from a peripheral vein from restrained, conscious animals. Whenever possible, blood was collected via a single draw and then divided appropriately.
[0155] PK Study. Blood samples (1.5 ml) were collected at pre-dose, 2 min, 15, min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, and subsequently once every 24 hr in serum separator tubes (SST). Specimen storage serum is transferred to 2 vials and stored at -600C or below. [0156] Serum samples were analyzed using an optimized ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay) procedure. Briefly, a microtiter plate was first coated with hPCSK9- mmh. Test mAb 316P or 300N was then captured on the hPCSK9-mmh plate. The captured 316P or 300N was detected using a biotinylated mouse anti-hlgG4 followed by binding to NeutrAvidin-HRP. Varying concentrations of 316P or 300N, ranging from 100 to 1.56 ng/ml, were used as standards. One percent monkey serum (assay matrix) in the absence of 316P or 300N was used as the zero (0 ng/ml) standard. The results, shown in Fig. 2, indicate a dose- dependent increase in serum 316P and 300N levels. PK parameters were analyzed using WinNonlin software (Noncompartmental analysis, Model 201- IV bolus administration).
Table 25
Figure imgf000043_0001
[0157] Serum Chemistry. Blood samples were collected at pre-dose, 12 hr, 48 hr, and subsequently once every 48 hr, for clinical chemistry analysis, in particular lipid profiles (i.e. cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides). With the exception of the 12 hr post-dose sample, all animals were subject to an overnight fast prior to sample collection. The sample volume was approximately 1 ml. Chemistry parameters were determined using an Olympus automated analyzer. Parameters measured (Xybion code): Albumin (ALB); Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP); Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT); Aspartate Transaminase (AST); Total Bilirubin (TBIL); Calcium
(Ca); Total Cholesterol (TCho); Creatine Kinase (CK); Creatinine (CRN); Gamma Glutamyltransaminase (GGT); Glucose (GLU); Inorganic Phosphorus (IP); Total Protein (TP); Triglyceride (TRIG); Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN); Globulin (GLOB); Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G); Chloride (Cl); Potassium (K); Sodium (Na); LDL and HDL cholesterol. Residual serum was stored at -200C or below and disposed of no sooner than one week after analysis. [0158] Results from samples through Day 105 post-dose time point are shown in Figs. 3-7. There was a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-C in animals receiving 316P and 300N, regardless of dose, within 24 hours of the first dose. Serum total cholesterol reduced rapidly and robustly (~ 35%, Fig. 3). A robust decrease of -80% was seen in LDL-C (Figs. 4-5) by day 6. In animals that received a 15 mg/kg dose of 300N, the reduction in both total cholesterol (~10-15% reduction) and LDL-C (~40% reduction) continued to at least day 80 of the study. In addition, HDL-C was elevated in animals that received 316P at 15 mg/kg (Fig. 6). Animals that received a higher dose (15 mg/kg) of either 316P or 300N also showed a reduction in triglycerides during the course of study (Fig. 7). 316P exhibited maximal suppression of LDL-C levels of up to 80% relative to baseline. The length of this suppression was dose-dependent with at least 60% suppression (relative to baseline LDL-C levels) lasting approximately 18 days (5 mg/kg dose) and approximately 45 days (15 mg/kg dose). 300N exhibits a distinct pharmacodynamic profile from 316P. LDL-C suppression by 300N was sustained for a much longer period of time at comparable doses (50% LDL-C suppression for 28 days following a 5 mg/kg dose and 50% LDL-C suppression for approximately 90 days following a 15 mg/kg dose). There was little or no measurable change in liver function as determined by ALT and AST measurements. All animals receiving an anti-PCSK9 antibody in the study exhibited a rapid suppression If LDL-C and total cholesterol.
[0159] A similar LDL-C lowering effect of 316P and 300N was also observed in cynomolgous monkeys that received a single subcutaneous (SC) administration of either 5 mg/kg 316P or 5 mg/kg 300N (Fig. 8). Both 316P and 300N dramatically suppressed the LDL-C levels and maintained an LDL-C lowering effect for approximately 15 and 30 days, respectively (Fig. 8). The pharmacodynamic effect (approximately 40% LDL-C suppression) appears to approximately correlate with functional antibody levels in monkey serum (Fig. 9). As antibody levels decrease below 10 μg/ml, LDL-C suppression appeared to diminish as well. In addition, 300N demonstrated a substantially longer circulating half-life than 316P and hence a longer observed LDL-C suppression.
Table 26
Figure imgf000044_0001
Example 14. Attenuation of LDL Receptor Degradation by Anti-hPCSK9 Antibodies
[0160] To assess the biological effect of PCSK9 on hepatic LDL receptor levels and subsequent effects on serum LDL-C levels, hPCSK9 was administered to mice expressing hPCSK9 but not mPCSK9 (PCSK9hu/hu mice) by intravenous injection. Specifically, PCSK9hu/hu mice were injected with PBS (control), or 1.2 mg/kg hPCSK9-mmh via the tail vein. Six hours after delivery of hPCSK9, a 1.4-fold elevation (relative to baseline level) in total cholesterol and a 2.3- fold elevation in LDL-C) in serum were observed. Analysis of hepatic LDL receptor levels in a separate cohort (n=3) of animals 4 hours after hPCSK9 administration revealed a significant reduction in detectable LDL receptor in liver homogenates.
[0161] To assess the biological effect of anti-hPCSK9 on hepatic LDL receptor levels and subsequent effects on serum LDL-C levels, 316P and a non-hPCSK9 specific mAb were administered to PCSK9hu/hu mice at equivalent dose (5 mg/kg i.p.) 20 hours prior to the hPCSK9- mmh protein injection described above. Four hours after the hPCSK9 administration, mice were sacrificed and a total of eight tissues (liver, brain, lung, kidney, heart, ileum, adrenal, and pancreas) were collected and levels of LDL receptor were determined by Western blot. Changes in LDL receptor levels were only observed in liver. In comparison to PBS control dosing, administration of 316P significantly blocked the PCSK9-mediated increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C = 2.49 mg/dl at baseline and 3.1 mg/dl 6 hours after PCSK9; a 25% increase compared to 135% with vehicle). Prior administration of the non- hPCSK9 specific mAb blocked LDL-C increases by approximately 27% from PBS alone (LDL-C = 4.1 mg/dl compared to PBS 5.6 mg/dl). Analysis of LDL receptor levels in a separate cohort of mice (n=3 per group) revealed a significant reduction in LDL receptor levels with PCSK9 administration, which was blocked by 316P but not by the non-hPCSK9 specific mAb (Fig. 10). [0162] Effect of different doses of 316P was also evaluated in PCSK9hu/hu mice with both elevated LDL-C and elevated hPCSK9 levels. PCSK9hu/hu mice were first placed on a high carbohydrate diet for 8 weeks, resulting in a ~2-fold elevation in both LDL-C and hPCSK9 levels. Either 316P or a non-hPCSK9 specific mAb, each at 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg, were administered to the mice. Sera were collected 24 hours later and LDL-C levels were analyzed. 316P was effective in decreasing LDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 11). In addition, 316P administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg, rapidly reduced LDL-C levels back to original (pre-diet) values within 24 hours (data not shown).
Example 15. Wlouse PK Studies
[0163] A PK study was conducted in 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice and 11-15 week old hPCSK9 heterozygous mice. A single injection of Control I, 316P, or 300N, each at 10 mg/kg, was administered SC. Serum bleeds were measured for hlgG levels at 0 hr (pre-bleed), 6 hr, day 1 , 3, 6, 10, 14, 21 , 28, 35, 42 and 56, for a total of 12 time points, using an anti-hFc capture and anti-hFc detection sandwich ELISA (Figs. 12 and 13). All mAbs achieved their Tmax at approximately 3 days with corresponding Cmax levels of approximately 47-1 15 μg/ml for C57BL/6 mice and 55-196 μg/ml for HPCSK9 heterozygous mice. At Day 56, Control I mAb levels were about 12 μg/ml and 300N levels were about 1 1 μg/ml whereas 316P levels were about less than 0.02 μg/ml in C57BL/6 mice. At Day 56 in hPCSK9 heterozygous mice, Control I mAb levels were about 29 μg/ml, while both 300N and 316P levels were below the quantifiable limit (BQL) of 0.02 μg/ml.
Example 16. Anti-hPGSK9 Antibody Binding to Mutant/Variant HPCSK9 [0164] To further assess binding between hPCSK9 and anti-hPCSK9 mAbs, 21 variant hPCSK9 proteins in which each variant contained a single point mutation and two variant hPCSK9 proteins each contained a double mutation were generated. Each selected antibody was captured on a F(ab')2 anti-hlgG surface created through direct chemical coupling to a BIACORE™ chip to form a captured antibody surface. Each mmh-tagged variant hPCSK9 at varying concentrations from 100 nM to 25 nM was then injected over the captured antibody surface at a flowrate of 60 μl/min for 240 sec, and the dissociation of variant hPCSK9 and antibody was monitored in real time for 20 min at 25°C. nb: no binding was observed under these experimental conditions (KD=M x10"9; T1/2 = min; WT = wildtype).
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001
[0165] The results show that when residue D238 was mutated, the binding affinity of 316P for hPCSK9 was reduced >400-fold, from a KD of 1 x 10"9 M to 410 x 10"9 M; and T1/2 shortened about 30-fold, from 37 to 1 min, indicating that 316P binds an epitope on hPCSK9 comprising D238 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). Additionally, the BIACORE™ assays show that 316P binding affinity and T1/2 were reduced about 5- to 10-fold when a residue at 153, 159 or 343 was mutated. Specifically, K0 was reduced from about 1 x 10"9 M to between about 5 - 8 x10"9 M when any one of S153, E159 or D343 were mutated; while T1/2 was decreased from about 37 min to between about 4 - 6 min.
[0166] 300N binding to hPCSK9 was reduced about 50-fold when the residue at position 366 was mutated, resulting in a decreased KD of from about 0.7 x 10"9 M to about 36 x 10"9 M and a shorter T1/2 from about 120 to 2 min. These results indicate that 300N binds an epitope on hPCSK9 comprising E366 of hPCSK9 (SEQ ID NO:755). Additionally, the BIACORE™ assays show that 300N binding affinity and T1/2 were reduced between 2- to >10-fold when a residue at 147 or 380 was mutated. Specifically, K0 was reduced from about 0.69 x 10"9 M to between about 2 - 9 x10"9 M when any of S147 or V380 were mutated; while T1/2 was shortened from about 120 min to between about 24 - 66 min. Compared to 316P, 300N binding to hPCSK9 was not reduced by a mutation at residue 238.
[0167] In contrast, Control I antibody did not exhibit an altered binding affinity or T1/2 in response to any of the positional mutations tested; Control Il antibody exhibited a 40-fold decreased affinity when residue 215 was mutated (R215E) (from -0.1x10"9 to -4.5x10~9), and T1/2 was about 27-fold shorter (from ~333 to 12 min); while Control III antibody exhibited a decreased affinity when residue 237 was mutated (K0 decreased from -0.6x10~9 to -5.9 x10~9, and T1/2 decreased from -481 to -43 min).
[0168] Binding specificity of 316P, 300N, and control anti-hPCSK9 mAbs to hPCSK9 variants was tested using an ELISA-based immunoassay. Anti-PCSK9 mAbs were coated on a 96-well plate overnight at 4°C. Each mmh-tagged variant hPCSK9 in CHO-k1 transient transfection lysate supernatants was added to the antibody-coated plate at various concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 nM. After 1 hr binding at RT, the plate was washed and bound variant hPCSK9 was detected using HRP-conjugated anti-myc polyclonal antibody (- = OD < 0.7; + = OD 0.7 - 1.5; ++ OD > 1.5).
Table 28
Figure imgf000048_0001
Example 17. Effect of 316P on Normolipemic and Hyperlipemic Hamster [0169] The ability of anti-PCSK9 mAb 316P to reduce serum LDL-C was tested in normolipemic or hyperlipemic Gold Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Male Syrian Hamsters, age 6-8 weeks, weighing between 80-100 grams, were allowed to acclimate for a period of 7 days before entry into the study. All animals were placed on either a standard chow diet or a hyperlipemic diet of chow supplemented with 0.1 % cholesterol and 10% coconut oil. The 316P mAb was delivered to hamsters by a single subcutaneous injection at doses of 1 , 3, or 10 mg/kg for normolipemic hamsters and at doses of 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg for hyperlipemic hamsters. Serum samples were taken from all groups at 24 hr and 7, 14, and 22 days post injection, at which time serum lipid levels were assessed and compared to baseline levels taken 7 days prior to the administration of the mAbs. Circulating total cholesterol and LDL-C in normolipemic hamsters was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle injection. As shown in Fig. 14, administration of 316P effectively reduced LDL-C levels by up to 60% seven days post injection at the highest dose (10 mg/kg) tested. Similar cholesterol reducing effect of 316P was not observed in hyperlipemic hamsters.

Claims

We claim:
1. A human antibody or antigen-binding fragment of a human antibody that specifically binds human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (hPCSK9), characterized by one or more of the following:
(i) capable of reducing serum total cholesterol at least about 25 to 35% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 24 day period relative to a predose level;
(ii) capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 65-80% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 24 day period relative to a predose level or capable of reducing serum LDL cholesterol at least about 40-70% and sustaining the reduction over at least a 60 to 90 day period relative to a predose level;
(iii) capable of reducing serum triglyceride at least about 25-40% relative to predose level;
(iv) achieves one or more of (i)-(iii) without reducing serum HDL cholesterol or reducing serum HDL cholesterol no more than 5% relative to predose level;
(v) achieves one or more of (i)-(iii) with little or no measurable effect on liver function, as determined by ALT and AST measurements.
2. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 1 , comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:8, 32, 56, 80, 104, 128, 152, 176, 200, 224, 248, 272, 296, 320, 344, 368, 392, 416, 440, 464, 488, 512, 536, 560, 584, 608, 632, 656, 680, 704 and 728; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16, 40, 64, 88, 112, 136, 160, 184, 208, 232, 256, 280, 304, 328, 352, 376, 400, 424, 448, 472, 496, 520, 544, 568, 592, 616, 639, 664, 688, 712 and 736.
3. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 2, wherein the HCDR3/LCDR3 is SEQ ID NO:80/88 or 224/232.
4. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 2, further comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:4, 28, 52, 76, 100, 124, 148, 172, 196, 220, 244, 268, 292, 316, 340, 364, 388, 412, 436, 460, 484, 508, 532, 556, 580, 604, 628, 652, 676, 7000 and 724; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, 30, 54, 78, 102, 126, 150, 174, 198, 222, 246, 270, 294, 318, 342, 366, 390, 414, 438, 462, 486, 510, 534, 558, 582, 606, 630, 654, 678, 702 and 726; a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1 ) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12, 36, 60, 84, 108, 132, 156, 180, 204, 228, 252, 276, 300, 324, 348, 372, 396, 420, 444, 468, 492, 516, 540, 564, 588, 612, 636, 660, 684, 708 and 732; and a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:14, 38, 62, 86, 110, 134, 158, 182, 206, 230, 254, 278, 302, 326, 350, 374, 398, 422, 446, 470, 494, 518, 542, 566, 590, 614, 638, 662, 686, 710 and 734.
5. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 4, wherein the light and heavy chain CDR sequences are selected from the group consisting of
SEQ ID NO:76, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88;
SEQ ID NO:220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232.
6. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of the above claims, wherein the HCVR is SEQ ID NO:90 or 218, and the LCVR is SEQ ID NO:90 or 218.
7. An antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 1 , comprising a HCDR3 and a LCDR3 sequence, wherein the HCDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - γj . X8 . X9 . X10 . χ11 „ χ12 „ χ13 „ χ14 „ χ15 . χ1β „ χ17 . χ18 . χ19 . χ20 (gEQ | D ^.747) wherejn
X1 is Ala, X2 is Arg or Lys, X3 is Asp, X4 is Ser or lie, X5 is Asn or VaI, X6 is Leu or Trp, X7 is GIy or Met, X8 is Asn or VaI, X9 is Phe or Tyr, X10 is Asp, X11 is Leu or Met, X12 is Asp or absent, X13 is Tyr or absent, X14 is Tyr or absent, X15 is Tyr or absent, X16 is Tyr or absent, X17 is GIy or absent, X18 is Met or absent, X19 is Asp or absent, and X20 is VaI or absent; and the LCDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 - X9 (SEQ ID NO:750) wherein X1 is GIn or Met, X2 is GIn, X3 is Tyr or Thr, X4 is Tyr or Leu, X5 is Thr or GIn, X6 is Thr, X7 is Pro, X8 is Tyr or Leu, and X9 is Thr.
8. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 7, further comprising a HCDR1 , HCDR2, LCDR1 and LCDR2, wherein the HCDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 (SEQ ID NO:745), wherein X1 is GIy, X2 is Phe, X3 is Thr, X4 is Phe, X5 is Ser or Asn, X6 is Ser or Asn, X7 is Tyr or His, and X8 is Ala or Trp; the HCDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 (SEQ ID NO:746), wherein X1 is He, X2 is Ser or Asn, X3 is GIy or GIn, X4 is Asp or Ser, X5 is GIy, X6 is Ser or GIy, X7 is Thr or GIu, and X8 is Thr or Lys; the LCDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 - X4 - X5 - X6 ' X7 - X8 - X9 - X10 - X11 - X12 (SEQ ID NO:748) wherein X1 is GIn, X2 is Ser, X3 is VaI or Leu, X4 is Leu, X5 is His or Tyr, X6 is Arg or Ser, X7 is Ser or Asn, X8 is Asn or GIy, X9 is Asn, X10 is Arg or Asn, X11 is Asn or Tyr, and X12 is Phe or absent; the LCDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X1 - X2 - X3 (SEQ ID NO:749) wherein X1 is Trp or Leu, X2 is Ala or GIy, and X3 is Ser.
9. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of the above claims, wherein the binding of the antibody or fragment thereof to a variant PCSK9 protein is less than 50% of the binding between the antibody or fragment thereof and the PCSK9 protein of SEQ ID NO:755.
10. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 9, wherein the variant PCSK9 protein comprises at least one mutation of a residue at a position selected from the group of
S153, E159, D238 and D343; or S147, E366 and V380.
11. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of the above claims, comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) encoded by nucleotide sequence segments derived from VH, DH and JH germline gene segments, and a light chain variable region (LCVR) encoded by nucleotide sequence segments derived from V« and Jκ germline gene segments, wherein the germline sequences are: a) VH gene 3-23, DH gene 7-27, JH gene 2, Vκ gene 4-1 , Jκ gene 2, or b) VH gene 3-7, DH gene 2-8, JH gene 6, Vκ gene 2-28, J« gene 4.
12. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of the above claims.
13. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to claim 11.
14. A method of producing an anti-human PCSK9 antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising the steps of introducing the expression vector according to claim 13 into an isolated host cell, growing the cell under conditions permitting production of the antibody or fragment thereof, and recovering the antibody or fragment so produced.
15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 1 to claim 1 1 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, further comprising a second therapeutic agent, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from an inhibitor of 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, a statin, an inhibitor of cholesterol uptake and or bile acid re-absorption, an agent which increases lipoprotein catabolism, or an activator of LXR transcription factor.
17. A method for treating a disease or condition which is ameliorated, improved, inhibited or prevented with a PCSK9 antagonist, comprising administering a therapeutic amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 or 16 to a subject in need thereof.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the subject is a human subject suffering from hypercholesterolemia, hyperiipidemia, indicated for LDL apheresis, identified as heterozygous for Familial Hypercholesterolemia, statin intolerant, statin uncontrolled, at risk for developing hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, cholestatic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
19. An antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 11 for use to attenuate or inhibit a PCSK9-mediated disease or condition.
20. Use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 11 in the manufacture of a medicament for use to attenuate or inhibit a PCSK9- mediated disease or condition.
21. Use according to claim 20, wherein the PCSK9-mediated disease or condition is hypercholesterolemia, hyperiipidemia, LDL apheresis, heterozygous for Familial Hypercholesterolemia, statin intolerant, statin uncontrolled, risk for developing hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, cholestatic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
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