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WO2009105755A2 - Macrocyclic prodrug compounds useful as therapeutics - Google Patents

Macrocyclic prodrug compounds useful as therapeutics Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009105755A2
WO2009105755A2 PCT/US2009/034878 US2009034878W WO2009105755A2 WO 2009105755 A2 WO2009105755 A2 WO 2009105755A2 US 2009034878 W US2009034878 W US 2009034878W WO 2009105755 A2 WO2009105755 A2 WO 2009105755A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
deficient
hydrogen
cells
nfl
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Application number
PCT/US2009/034878
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French (fr)
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WO2009105755A3 (en
Inventor
James Heck
Nicolas Winssinger
John C. Chabala
Sofia Barluenga
Ruihong Chen
Allan Rubenstein
Jin-Chen Yu
Original Assignee
Nexgenix Pharmaceuticals
Universite De Strasbourg
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Application filed by Nexgenix Pharmaceuticals, Universite De Strasbourg filed Critical Nexgenix Pharmaceuticals
Priority to AU2009217315A priority Critical patent/AU2009217315B2/en
Priority to ES09713314.4T priority patent/ES2610156T3/en
Priority to EP09713314.4A priority patent/EP2254880B8/en
Priority to CN200980114040.6A priority patent/CN102015673B/en
Priority to JP2010547837A priority patent/JP5935055B2/en
Publication of WO2009105755A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009105755A2/en
Publication of WO2009105755A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009105755A3/en
Priority to US12/861,806 priority patent/US20110190237A1/en
Priority to US14/071,413 priority patent/US20140135290A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D313/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than six members having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D315/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom according to more than one of groups C07D303/00 - C07D313/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to prodrugs of novel derivatives, analogs and intermediates of the natural products radicicol and pochonins, and to their syntheses.
  • the present invention further relates to use of these compounds in the treatment of various diseases including an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, a hormone- related disease, and tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis.
  • phosphorylation can reversibly alter the function of enzymes by means of protein kinases which catalyze phosphorylation, or by protein phosphatases which are involved in the dephosphorylation step. These reactions play an essential role in regulating many cellular processes, especially signaling transduction pathways.
  • the Rous sarcoma virus (v-Src)'s transforming factor was discovered to be a protein kinase, and also tumor-promoting phorbol esters were found to be potent activators of protein kinase C, revealing the first known connection between disease and abnormal protein phosphorylation.
  • Iressa (gefitinib) - ZDl 839 inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); approved for lung cancer
  • kinase-mediated phosphorylation or phosphatase- mediated dephosphorylation of a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue is at the center of most signal transduction mechanisms. (T. Hunter, Cell, 100:113 (2000)). Small molecule inhibitors such as 6-dimethylaminopurine and staurosporine were instrumental in elucidating the importance of such phosphorylation mechanisms and shed light on the biological function of kinases.
  • Kinases bind to ATP with a K m of 0.1-10 ⁇ M, and transfer the ⁇ - phosphate group selectively to a specific residue of a given protein.
  • Macrocyclic resorcylic acid lactones have also been investigated in this respect.
  • the archetypes of this class of compounds are radicicol and the related pochonins, which are a structurally related group of secondary metabolites isolated from cultures of the clavicipitaceous hyphomycete Pochonia genus, such as Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulate strain P0297. See, e.g., V. Hellwig et al, J. Natural Prod., 66(6):829-837 (2003).
  • Halohydrin and oxime derivatives of radicicol were prepared and evaluated for their v-src tyrosine kinase inhibitory, antiproliferative, and antitumor in vitro activity (T. Agatsuma et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem., 10(11):3445-3454 (2002).
  • HSPs heat shock proteins
  • HSPs are ubiquitous, highly conserved among the species, and usually classified by molecular weight to the following major families: HSPlOO, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and small HSPs. These families have structural and functional differences, but work cooperatively at different stages of protein folding. HSP90 has attracted particular attention due to its association with many types of signaling molecules such as v-Src and Raf that play a critical role in malignant transformation and metastasis development. Thus, HSP90 inhibitors are desired for designing chemotherapies, and also for elucidating the interplay in complex signaling networks.
  • Heat Shock Protein 90's are ubiquitous chaperone proteins that maintain the proper conformation of many "client” proteins (see Kamal et. al. Trends MoI. Med. 2004, 10, 283-290; Dymock et. al. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 2004, 14, 837-847; Isaacs et. al. Cancer Cell, 2003, 3, 213; Maloney et. al. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2002, 2, 3-24 and Richter et. al. J. Cell. Physiol. 2001, 188, 281-290), and are involved in folding, activation and assembly of a wide range of proteins, including key proteins involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control and transcriptional regulation.
  • HSP90 chaperone proteins are associated with important signaling proteins, such as steroid hormone receptors and protein kinases, including, e.g., Raf-1, EGFR, v-Src family kinases, Cdk4, and ErbB-2 (Buchner, TIBS, 1999, 24, 136-141; Stepanova et. al., Genes Dev. 1996, 10, 1491-502; Dai et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 22030-4).
  • steroid hormone receptors and protein kinases including, e.g., Raf-1, EGFR, v-Src family kinases, Cdk4, and ErbB-2 (Buchner, TIBS, 1999, 24, 136-141; Stepanova et. al., Genes Dev. 1996, 10, 1491-502; Dai et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 22030-4).
  • Hsp70 e.g., Hsp70, p60/Hop/Stil, Hip, Bagl, HSP40/Hdj2/Hsjl, immunophilins, p23, and p50
  • HSP90 may assist HSP90 in its function (see for example Caplan, Trends in Cell Biol, 1999, 9, 262-268).
  • Inhibition of Hsp90 causes these client proteins to adopt aberrant conformations, and these abnormally folded proteins are rapidly eliminated by the cell via ubiquitinylation and proteasome degradation.
  • the list of Hsp90 client proteins includes a series of notorious oncogenes.
  • HER-2/neu Herceptin® (trastuzumab)
  • Bcr-Abl Gavec® (imatinib mesylate)
  • the estrogen receptor tamoxifen
  • Casodex® bonutamide
  • Some of the most sensitive Hsp90 clients are involved in growth signalling (Raf-1, Akt, cdk4, Src, Bcr-Abl, etc).
  • Hsp90 has an overall anti-proliferative effect.
  • client proteins are involved in other fundamental processes of tumorigenesis, namely apoptosis evasion (e.g. Apaf-1, RIP, Akt), immortality (e.g. hTert), angiogenesis (e.g. VEGFR, Flt-3, FAK, HIF-I), and metastasis (c- Met).
  • HSP90 is one of the most abundant proteins present in the eukaryotic cells, representing between 1-2% of the total cellular protein content and increasing only about two-fold when cells are stressed.
  • HSP90 Upon binding with the native client HSP90 is an essential housekeeper, e.g., for folding of nascent polypeptides, transporting proteins across membranes, and for normal protein turnover.
  • HSP90 plays a crucial role in post-translational regulation of signaling molecules, leading to their activation. HSP90 rarely functions alone but instead works with chaperone HSP70, with co- chaperones (HSP40, CDC37/p50, AHAl, p23), and with accessory proteins.
  • HSP90 The numerous client proteins of HSP90 play a crucial role in growth control, cell survival and development processes, and those clients are known to include receptor tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases, steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors and telomerase. Oncogenic mutants of clients are also clients themselves but have higher requirements for HSP90 function, for instance the mutant v-SRC tyrosine kinase requires more protein-folding capability from HSP90's cooperative assembly of proteins (Y. Xu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96:109 (1999); .H. Oppermann et al., Ibid., 78:1067 (1981); L.
  • HSP90 inhibitors have also been implicated in a wide variety of other utilities, including use as anti-inflammation agents, anti-infectious disease agents, agents for treating autoimmunity, agents for treating ischemia, and agents useful in promoting nerve regeneration (See, e.g., Rosen et al., WO 02/09696; PCT/USO 1/23640; Degranco et al., WO 99/51223; PCT/US99/07242; Gold, U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,974 Bl).
  • fibrogenetic disorders including but not limited to scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis may be treatable.
  • Ansamycins and other HSP90 inhibitors thus hold great promise for the treatment and/or prevention of many types of disorders.
  • many of the natural-product derived Hsp90 inhibitors exhibit pharmaceutical deficiencies; their relative insolubility makes them difficult to formulate and administer, and they are not easily synthesized and currently must, at least in part, be generated through fermentation.
  • the dose limiting toxicity of ansamyins is hepatic.
  • the semi-synthetic inhibitor 17-allylamino,17- desmethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) currently in phase II clinical trials, is expensive to manufacture, difficult to formulate (the NCI clinical protocol consists of injecting a DMSO solution of 17-AAG) and at present administered only parenterally.
  • the 17- dimethylaminoethylamino analog (17-DM AG) is more soluble, it exhibits all of the side effects of 17-AAG as well as gastrointestinal hemorrhaging in preclinical toxicity studies (Glaze et. al. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer. Res.
  • Radicicol another natural product Hsp90 inhibitor
  • Radicicol (RC) is poorly water-soluble and is inactive in tumor xenograft models.
  • Semi-synthetic oxime derivatives of radicicol provide better solubility and substantially improved the pharmacological profile in murine models, but are still limited to intravenous administration (Ikuina et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2534-2541.
  • radicicol and its oximes contain an oxirane ring which has been viewed as a liability for stability and toxicity, prompting the synthesis of cycloproparadicicol: Yang et. al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7881 and 2003, 125, 9602-9603.)
  • HSP90 inhibitors are therefore needed.
  • Chiosis et al. described the design and synthesis of purine analogs that mimic geldanamycin and other ansamycins in their ability to bind the ATP binding pocket of, and thus inhibit, HSP90. See International Patent Application PCT/US01/46303 (WO 02/36075; Chemistry & Biology 8:289-299 (2001).
  • the specific compounds that Chiosis et al. described included a trimethoxybenzyl entity substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5. Using gel-binding assays, these were shown to bind HSP90 approximately 20-fold less avidly than 17-AAG.
  • Hsp90 inhibitors e.g. PU3 and CCTOl 8159; see Chiosis et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 10, 3555-3564; Vilenchik et. al. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 787-797; Chiosis et. al. WO 0236075, 2002; Drysdale et. al. WO 03/055860 Al, 2003; Wright et. al. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 775-785; Dymock et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 325-328; Dymock et. al. J. Med. Chem.
  • Hsp90 in complex with PU3 pdb code 1UY6, and with PU24FC1 pdb code IUYF and Clevenger et. al. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 4459-4462).
  • the structures of these inhibitors were designed using the crystal structures of Hsp90 in complex with ATP, geldanamycin, or radicicol.
  • the 8-benzyladenines such as PU3 were designed to adopt the same C-shaped conformation as geldanamycin (Chiosis et. al.
  • HSP90 When HSP90 is inhibited, its clients are degraded, i.e., the unfolded protein is ubiquitinated, followed by proteasome-mediated hydrolysis. Most of the inhibitors reported so far bind to the N-terminal domain ⁇ vide infra), but some are reported to interact with the C-terminal domain; HSP90 has binding sites for ATP in both locations. The function of HSP90's C terminus is not entirely clear, but compounds interacting in this domain clearly impair HSP90 function and have anti-cancer effects. Some resorcylic acid lactones have been found to inhibit HSP90, thus natural products radicicol and geldanamycin (P. Delmotte and J.
  • RALs resorcylic acid lactones
  • 17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) (D.B. Solit et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 8:986 (2002); L.R. Kelland et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91 :1940 (1999)); 17DMAG (J.L. Eiseman et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 55:21-32 (2005)); IPI-504 (J. Ge et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:4606 (2006); oxime derivatives such as KF25706 (S. Soga, et al., Cancer Res., 59:2931 (1999)) and KF55823 (S.
  • KF25706 S. Soga, et al., Cancer Res., 59:2931 (1999)
  • KF55823 S.
  • Structurally related variants include chimeric inhbitors having radicicol's carboxyresorcinol and the geldanamycin 's benzoquinone (R.C. Clevenger and B. S. Blagg, Org. Lett., 6:4459 (2004); G. Shen and B.S. Blagg, Ibid., 7:2157 (2004); G. Shen et al., J. Org Chem. , 71 :7618 (2006)).
  • Purines such as PU3 have been studied in an effort to design small molecules that fit HSP90's ATP binding site (G. Chiosis, et al, Chem Biol 8, 289-299 (2001); G. Chiosis, et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 10:3555 (2002); L. LLauger, et al, J. Med. Chem.. 48:2892 (2005); H. He et al, Ibid., 49:381 (2006); M.A. Biamonte et al, Ibid., 49:817 (2006)).
  • Radicicol has been of particular interest.
  • a 14-member macro lide, and also known as monorden, radicicol is a potent, highly competitive and highly selective ligand for HSP90's ATP-binding pocket.
  • HSP90 is an ATPase rather than a kinase, and its ATP-binding pocket has a Bergerat fold (A. Bergerat et al.,, Nature, 386:414 (1997); R. Dutta and M. Inouye, Trends Biochem. Sci., 25:24 (2000)) which is distinct from kinases' ATP-binding pockets. (S. M. Roe et al., J. Med. Chem., 42:260 (1999)).
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM)
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM
  • HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM)
  • MEK inhibitor (4 nM)
  • hypothemycin F87-2509.04: R OMe
  • Pochonin D is a potent inhibitor of HSP90.
  • pochonin A has been reported to be a 90 nM inhibitor of HSP90.
  • Pochonin C was found to be an inhibitor of herpes' helicase-primase, which is an ATPase rather than a kinase. (V. Hellwig et al., J. Nat. Prod., 66:829 (2003)).
  • radicicol and pochonin C are structurally very similar, they have very different conformations in solution, and different biological activities.
  • Radicicol and the pochonins are natural products; intermediates for synthesizing some of their analogues of them may be obtained by fermentation, however relying only upon those natural products or their fermentation derivatives severely limits the range of compounds.
  • novel resorcylic acid macrolides have been synthesized. Many of these are zearalane and related compounds in which the macrocyclic ring contains no carbon-carbon double bond other than between carbons of the phenyl ring. (U.S. Patent serial nos.
  • Syntheses of some other resorcylic acid macrolide analogs are disclosed in U.S. patent publication no. 2006-0247448 and in PCT publication no. WO 02/48135. Radicicol as well as Pochonins A and C have also been synthesized.
  • S. Barluenga et al Angew. Chemie, 43(26):3467-3470 (2004); S. Barluenga et al, Chemistry - A European Journal, l l(17):4935-4952 (August 19, 2005); E. Moulin et al, et al, Organic Letters, 7(25):5637- 5639 (December 8, 2005).
  • the present invention provides compounds having structural formula I, II, III, IV and V, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and/or esters; pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds or therir pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and/or esters; and the use of the compounds or therir pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and/or esters for the treatment of kinase-mediated or HSP90-mediated disorders.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2 , SR, S(O)R, S(O) 2 R, -SO 2 N(R) 2 , -N(R)SO 2 R, -N(CO)R, - N(CO)NR 2 , -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, -(CO)OR, -(CO)NR 2 , -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR 2 , -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR 2 , or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If);
  • L 1 and L 2 are each independently a covalent bond, -0-, or -NR 3a -; p is O, 1, or 2; R la and R 2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, -alkylene-C(O)-O-R 4a , or -alkylene-O-C(O)-O-R 4a ; and
  • R 3a and R 4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl;
  • L 3 and L 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR 2 , or SR;
  • R 5a , R 6a , and R 7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alky lhetero aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2 , SR, S(O)R, S(O) 2 R, - SO 2 N(R) 2 , -N(R)SO 2 R, -N(CO)R, -N(CO)NR 2 , -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, - (CO)OR, -(CO)NR 2 , -0(CO)OR, or -0(CO)NR 2 ;
  • Z has a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), and (Ie);
  • B 1 and B 2 together are -CH 2 -CH 2 - or Bi and B 2 together represent a covalent bond;
  • X 1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR 2 , NH-OR, SR, S(O)R, S(O) 2 R, -N-O- (CH 2 ) n -CO 2 -R; or X 1 together with X 2 or X 3 represents a covalent bond;
  • X 2 and X 3 are both hydrogen, or one of X 2 and X 3 is hydrogen and the other together with X 1 represents a covalent bond;
  • X 6 is hydrogen or X 6 together with one of X 4 and X 5 represents a covalent bond; and each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; or when two R groups are bonded to the same nitrogen, the two R groups taken together with the nitrogen form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
  • R 6 is hydrogen, OR, or NR 2 .
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject suffering from neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof.
  • NF2 neurofibromatosis type 2
  • NFl neurofibromatosis type 1
  • the present invention provides use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject suffering from neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function.
  • NF2 neurofibromatosis type 2
  • NFl neurofibromatosis type 1
  • the present invention provides a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating a neurodegenerative disease in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula I, II, III, IV, or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof.
  • the present invention provides use of a compound of formula I,
  • the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or reducing the growth or number of NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells comprising contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with at least one compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective HSP 90-inhibiting amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier is suitable for oral, parenteral, inhalation, topical or intradermal administration.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of formula I, II, III, IV or V comprises particles that are less than about 2 microns average particle size.
  • the composition is incorporated into a biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer.
  • the composition comprises an additive selected from an antioxidant, a buffer, a bacteriostat, a liquid carrier, a solute, a suspending agent, a thickening agent, a flavoring agent, a gelatin, glycerin, a binder, a lubricant, an inert diluent, a preservative, a surface active agent, a dispersing agent, a biodegradable polymer, or any combination thereof.
  • an additive selected from an antioxidant, a buffer, a bacteriostat, a liquid carrier, a solute, a suspending agent, a thickening agent, a flavoring agent, a gelatin, glycerin, a binder, a lubricant, an inert diluent, a preservative, a surface active agent, a dispersing agent, a biodegradable polymer, or any combination thereof.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a disease comprising administering to the patient with the disease an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, wherein the disease is an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, or a hormone-related disease.
  • a method of treating a patient with cancer comprising administering to the patient having the cancer an effective cancer-treating amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, wherein the cancer may be a solid tumor, a blood borne tumor, breast cancer, cancer of the ovary, cancer of the cervix, prostate cancer, cancer of the testis, cancer of the urinary tract, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the larynx, glioblastoma, stomach cancer, skin cancer, keratoacanthoma, lung cancer, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone cancer, colon cancer, adenoma, cancer of the pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders
  • the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a disease associated with undesirable neovascularization comprising administering to the patient with the undersirable neovascularization an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V.
  • the disease associated with undesirable neovasculariation comprises ocular neovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasias, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, Sjogren's syndrome, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mooren's ulcer, Terrien's marginal degeneration, marginal keratolysis, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteriti
  • a method of treating a patient with an inflammatory disease comprising administering to the patient with the inflammatory disease an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V.
  • the inflammatory disease may be excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells, atherosclerosis, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma or Osier Weber syndrome.
  • Figures IA and IB show the In vitro hydrolysis of phosphate prodrugs Ia and Ib to their parent compounds in liver homogenate and intestine homogenate.
  • Figures 2 A and 2B show the In vitro hydrolysis of phosphate prodrugs Ia and Ib to their parent compounds in plasma and artificial gastric fluid.
  • novel compounds based on the resorcylic acid lactones that are useful as inhibitors of kinases and HSP90.
  • compositions comprising the compounds and processes for the preparation of the compounds.
  • Use of the compounds for the inhibition of kinases and HSP-90, and a method for the treatment of kinase-mediated or HSP90- mediated diseases comprising administering an effective kinase-inhibiting amount or an effective HSP90-inhibiting amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V to a patient with a kinase-mediated or HSP90-mediated disease, are provided.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2 , SR, S(O)R, S(O) 2 R, -SO 2 N(R) 2 , -N(R)SO 2 R, -N(CO)R, - N(CO)NR 2 , -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, -(CO)OR, -(CO)NR 2 , -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR 2 , -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR 2 , or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If);
  • L 1 and L 2 are each independently a covalent bond, -0-, or -NR 3a -; p is O, 1, or 2;
  • R la and R 2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl,
  • R 3a and R 4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl;
  • L 3 and L 4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR 2 , or SR;
  • R 5a , R 6a , and R 7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR 2 , SR, S(O)R, S(O) 2 R, - SO 2 N(R) 2 , -N(R)SO 2 R, -N(CO)R, -N(CO)NR 2 , -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, - (CO)OR, or -0(CO)
  • B 1 and B 2 together are -CH 2 -CH 2 - or Bi and B 2 together represent a covalent bond;
  • X 1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR 2 , NH-OR, SR, S(O)R, S(O) 2 R, -N-O- (CH 2 ) n -CO 2 -R; or X 1 together with X 2 or X 3 represents a covalent bond;
  • X 2 and X 3 are both hydrogen, or one of X 2 and X 3 is hydrogen and the other together with X 1 represents a covalent bond;
  • X 6 is hydrogen or X 6 together with one of X 4 and X 5 represents a covalent bond; and each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; or when two R groups are bonded to the same nitrogen, the two R groups taken together with the nitrogen form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula II:
  • R 1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
  • a 1 and A 2 together are 1,2- oxirane.
  • R 1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, , aryl or arylalkyl
  • X 1 is hydrogen, halogen or NH-OR
  • R 1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, , aryl or arylalkyl
  • a 1 and A 2 together are 1,2-oxirane
  • X 1 is hydrogen, halogen or NH-OR
  • R 1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl
  • X 1 together with X 2 represent a bond
  • R 1 is H or Cl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, methyl, propyl, isopropyl or phenyl
  • R 1 is Cl and R 5 is hydrogen.
  • n is 1.
  • R 1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl
  • a 1 and A 2 together are 1,2-oxirane
  • X 1 together with X 2 represent a bond
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula III:
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, acyl or a protecting group.
  • R is hydrogen or acyl; and R 1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
  • X 1 together with X 2 represent a covalent bond.
  • X 1 is hydrogen, halogen, NH-OR, NH- O-(CH 2 ) n COOR, or NH-O-(CH 2 ) n CONR 2 .
  • a 1 and A 2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
  • a 1 and A 2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula IV:
  • R 6 is hydrogen, OR, or NR 2 .
  • R is hydrogen or acyl.
  • R 1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
  • a 1 and A 2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
  • a 1 and A 2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula V:
  • R 6 is (CH 2 ) n C(O)OR, or -(CH 2 ) n C(O)NR 2 ; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
  • R 6 is -CH 2 C(O)N(Me)OMe.
  • R 1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
  • a 1 and A 2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
  • a 1 and A 2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
  • R 2 and R 4 in any of the above formula structures are independently OR, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If);
  • R is independently alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; provided that at least one of R 2 and R 4 is a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If).
  • the present invention provides compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R 2 and R 4 has structural formula (Ia), at least one of L 1 and L 2 is -O-, and p is 0 or 1.
  • L 1 and L 2 are both -O-.
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R 2 and R 4 has structural formula (Ib), and R 5a and R 6a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R 2 and R 4 has structural formula (Ic), and R 5a , R 6a , and R 7a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R 2 and R 4 has structural formula (Id), and L 1 is -O-.
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R 2 and R 4 has structural formula (Ie), and L 1 is -O-.
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R 2 and R 4 has structural formula (If), and R 5a and R 6a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
  • the present invention provides compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
  • the present invention also provides specific compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvent, or ester thereof.
  • Compounds of the present invention having a chiral center may exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms.
  • the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically-active, diastereomeric, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein.
  • the compounds are prepared in optically active form by asymmetric synthesis using the processes described herein or synthetic transformations known to those skilled in the art.
  • Examples of methods to obtain optically active materials are known in the art, and include at least the following.
  • physical separation of crystals a technique whereby macroscopic crystals of the individual enantiomers are manually separated. This technique can be used if crystals of the separate enantiomers exist, i.e., the material is a conglomerate, and the crystals are visually distinct;
  • simultaneous crystallization a technique whereby the individual enantiomers are separately crystallized from a solution of the racemate, possible only if the latter is a conglomerate in the solid state;
  • enzymatic resolutions a technique whereby partial or complete separation of a racemate by virtue of differing rates of reaction for the enantiomers with an enzyme;
  • enzymatic asymmetric synthesis a synthetic technique whereby at least one step of the synthesis uses an enzymatic reaction to obtain an enatiomerically pure or enriched synthetic precursor of the desired enantiomer;
  • chemical asymmetric synthesis a technique whereby at least
  • first- and second-order asymmetric transformations a technique whereby diastereomers from the racemate equilibrate to yield a preponderance in solution of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer or where preferential crystallization of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer perturbs the equilibrium such that eventually in principle all the material is converted to the crystalline diastereomer from the desired enantiomer.
  • kinetic resolutions this technique refers to the achievement of partial or complete resolution of a racemate (or of a further resolution of a partially resolved compound) by virtue of unequal reaction rates of the enantiomers with a chiral, non-racemic reagent or catalyst under kinetic conditions; ix) enantiospecific synthesis from non-racemic precursors— a synthetic technique whereby the desired enantiomer is obtained from non-chiral starting materials and where the stereochemical integrity is not or is only minimally compromised over the course of the synthesis; x) chiral liquid chromatography— a technique whereby the enantiomers of a racemate are separated in a liquid mobile phase by virtue of their differing interactions with a stationary phase.
  • the stationary phase can be made of chiral material or the mobile phase can contain an additional chiral material to provoke the differing interactions; xi) chiral gas chromatography ⁇ a technique whereby the racemate is volatilized and enantiomers are separated by virtue of their differing interactions in the gaseous mobile phase with a column containing a fixed non-racemic chiral adsorbent phase; xii) extraction with chiral solvents—a technique whereby the enantiomers are separated by virtue of preferential dissolution of one enantiomer into a particular chiral solvent; or xiii) transport across chiral membranes—a technique whereby a racemate is placed in contact with a thin membrane barrier.
  • the barrier typically separates two miscible fluids, one containing the racemate, and a driving force such as concentration or pressure differential causes preferential transport across the membrane barrier. Separation occurs as a result of the non-racemic chiral nature of the membrane which allows only one enantiomer of the racemate to pass through.
  • Ci_4 alkyl Whenever a term in the specification is identified as a range (i.e. Ci_4 alkyl), the range independently refers to each element of the range.
  • Ci_ 4 alkyl means, independently, C 1 , C 2 , C3 or C 4 alkyl.
  • substituents when one or more substituents are referred to as being "independently selected from” a group, this means that each substituent can be any element of that group, and any combination of these groups can be separated from the group.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be independently selected from X, Y and Z, this separately includes the groups R 1 is X and R 2 is X; R 1 is X and R 2 is Y; R 1 is X and R 2 is Z;
  • R 1 is Y and R 2 is X; R 1 is Y and R 2 is Y; R 1 is Y and R 2 is Z; R 1 is Z and R 2 is X; R 1 is Z and R 2 is Y; and R 1 is Z and R 2 is Z.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon, including but not limited to groups with C 1 to C 10 .
  • alkyl also includes “lower alkyl”.
  • lower alkyl refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon, including groups with Ci to C 4 , and if appropriate a cyclic alkyl group (for example cyclopropyl).
  • alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, ⁇ opropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, secbutyl, isobutyl, tertbutyi, cyclobutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1,1- dimethylpropyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • the alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, acyl, acyloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, thiol, imine, sulfonic acid, sulfate, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, ester, carboxylic acid, amide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, thioester, thioether, acid halide, anhydride, oxime, hydrazine, carbamate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, phosphonate, or any other viable functional group that does not
  • halo or halogen, as used herein, includes chloro, bromo, iodo, and fluoro.
  • chiral as used herein includes a compound that has the property that it is not superimposable on its mirror image.
  • alkylthio refers to a straight or branched chain alkylsulfide of the number of carbons specified, such as for example, Ci_4alkylthio, ethylthio, -S-alkyl, -S- alkenyl, -S-alkynyl, etc.
  • alkylamino'Or “arylamino” refer to an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively. Unless otherwise specifically stated in this application, when alkyl is a suitable moiety, then it is a lower alkyl, whether substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkylsulfonyl means a straight or branched alkylsulfone of the number of carbon atoms specified, as for example, Ci_6 alkylsulfonyl or methylsulfonyl.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to a straight or branched chain ester of a carboxylic acid derivative of the number of carbon atoms specified, such as for example, a methoxycarbonyl, MeOCO-.
  • nitro means -NO 2 ;
  • sulfhydryl means -SH; and the term “sulfonyl” means -SO 2 .
  • alkenyl and alkynyl refer to alkyl moieties, including both substituted and unsubstituted forms wherein at least one saturated C-C bond is replaced by a double or triple bond.
  • C 2 -6 alkenyl may be vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1- butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, or 5-hexenyl.
  • C 2 _ 6 alkynyl may be ethynyl, 1- propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3- pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, or 5-hexynyl.
  • alkylene includes a saturated, straight chain, divalent alkyl radical of the formula -(CH 2 )D-, wherein "n” may be any whole integer from 1 to 10.
  • alkyl alkoxy
  • alkenyl alkynyl
  • alkynyl alkynyl
  • alkylene includes both straight chain and branched groups.
  • reference to an individual radical such as “propyl” embraces only that straight-chain radical, whereas a branched chain isomer such as “isopropyl” is specifically termed such.
  • aryl refers to any stable monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic carbon ring of up to 8 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic as defined by the Huckel 4n+2 rule, and especially phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl.
  • the term includes both substituted and unsubstituted moieties.
  • the aryl group can be substituted with any described moiety, including but not limited to one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of halogen (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), hydroxyl, amino, azido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either protected or unprotected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in
  • alkaryl or “alkylaryl” refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent or an alkyl group linked to the molecule through an aryl group as defined herein.
  • aralkyl or “arylalkyl” refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyl substituent or linked to the molecule through an alkyl group as defined above.
  • cycloalkyl includes a ring of C3_8, including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • alkoxy means a straight or branched chain alkyl group having an attached oxygen radical, the alkyl group having the number of carbons specified or any number within this range. For example, a "-O-alkyl", Ci_4 alkoxy, methoxy, etc.
  • acyl or "O-linked ester” includes a group of the formula C(O)R', wherein R' is an straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), carboxylate residue of an amino acid, aryl including phenyl, heteroaryl, alkaryl, aralkyl including benzyl, alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl; or substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl), aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, Ci to C 4 alkyl or Ci to C 4 alkoxy, sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxy-trityl, substituted benzyl, alkaryl, aralkyl
  • Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group.
  • acyl groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methylacetyl, cyclopropylacetyl, cyclopropyl- carboxy, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, hexanoyl, heptanoyloctanoyl, neo-heptanoyl, phenylacetyl, 2-acetoxy-2-phenylacetyl, diphenylacetyl, ⁇ -methoxy- ⁇ -trifluoromethyl-phenylacetyl, bromoacetyl, 2-nitro-benzeneacetyl, 4-chloro-benzeneacetyl, 2-chloro-2,2-diphenylacetyl, 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl, trimethylacetyl, chlorodifluoroacetyl, perfluoroacet
  • heteroatom includes an atom other than carbon or hydrogen in the structure of a heterocyclic compound, nonlimiting examples of which are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or boron.
  • heterocycle includes non- aromatic ring systems having four to fourteen members, preferably five to ten, in which one or more ring carbons, preferably one to four, are each replaced by a heteroatom.
  • heterocyclic rings examples include 3-lH-benzimidazol-2-one, (l-substituted)-2-oxo-benzimidazol-3- yl, 2-tetrahydro-furanyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 3-tetrahydropyranyl, 4- tetra-hydropyranyl, [l,3]-dioxalanyl, [l,3]-dithiolanyl, [l,3]-dioxanyl, 2-tetra-hydro- thiophenyl, 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 2-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 2- thiomorpholinyl, 3-thiomorpholinyl, 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3- pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, 1-piperidinyl
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic”, as it is used herein, is a group in which a non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring is fused to one or more aromatic or non-aromatic rings, such as in an indolinyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring.
  • heterocycle or “heterocyclic” whether saturated or partially unsaturated, also refers to rings that are optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “heteroaralkyl” or “heteroarylalkoxy”, refers to heteroaromatic ring groups having five to fourteen members.
  • heteroaryl rings include 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, 3-furazanyl, N- imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5- isoxazolyl, 2-oxadiazolyl, 5-oxadiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2- pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-pyrimidyl, 3-pyrida
  • heteroaryl is a group in which a heteroatomic ring is fused to one or more aromatic or nonaromatic rings where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Examples include tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquino-linyl, and pyrido [3,4- d]pyrimidinyl.
  • heteroaryl also refers to rings that are optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the term “heteroaryl ring” or the term “heteroaromatic”.
  • amino as used herein unless otherwise specified, includes a moiety represented by the structure "-NR 2 ", and includes primary, secondary and tertiary amines optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and/or sulfonyl groups.
  • R 2 may represent two hydrogen atoms, two alkyl moieties, or one hydrogen and one alkyl moiety.
  • quaternary amine as used herein includes quaternary ammonium salts that have a positively charged nitrogen. They are formed by the reaction between a basic nitrogen in the compound of interest and an appropriate quaternizing agent such as, for example, methyliodide or benzyliodide. Appropriate counterions accompanying a quaternary amine include acetate, trifluoroacetate, chloro, bromo and iodo ions.
  • the above-mentioned functional groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, etc, include the substituted form of those funcitonal groups, i.e., substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted arylalkyl, substituted alkylaryl, etc,.
  • substituted includes multiple degrees of substitution by one or more named substituents such as, for example, halo, hydroxyl, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, nitro, cyano, azido, amino, carboxamido, etc.
  • substituents such as, for example, halo, hydroxyl, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, nitro, cyano, azido, amino, carboxamido, etc.
  • substituents such as, for example, halo, hydroxyl, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, nitro, cyano, azido, amino, carboxamido, etc.
  • protected refers to a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes.
  • oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • protecting group refers to a group that may be attached to a reactive group, including heteroatoms such as oxygen or nitrogen, to prevent the the reactive group from participating in a reaction. Any protecting groups taught in Greene, et ah, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991 may be used.
  • suitable protecting groups include but are not limited to alkoxyalkyl groups such as ethoxymethyl and methoxymethyl; silyl protecting groups, such tert- butyldimethyl silyl (TBS), phenyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), 2- trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM) and 2-trimethylsilylethyl; and benzyl and substituted benzyl.
  • alkoxyalkyl groups such as ethoxymethyl and methoxymethyl
  • silyl protecting groups such tert- butyldimethyl silyl (TBS), phenyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), 2- trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM) and 2-trimethylsilylethyl
  • TBS tert- butyldimethyl silyl
  • TMS phenyldimethylsilyl
  • TMS trimethylsilyl
  • SEM 2- trimethylsilylethoxymethyl
  • Salt thereof means any acid and/or base addition salt of a compound of the present invention.
  • Solvate thereof means a compound of the present invention formed by solvation
  • solvent is hydrate.
  • solvate thereof includes but is not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof.
  • Ester thereof means any ester of a compound of the present invention in which any of the -COOH functions of the molecule is replaced by a -COOR function, in which the R moiety of the ester is any carbon-containing group which forms a stable ester moiety, including but not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and substituted derivatives thereof.
  • esteer thereof includes but is not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means a salt, solvate, and/or ester of a compound of the present invention which is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, generally water or oil-soluble or dispersible, and effective for their intended use.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts. Lists of suitable salts are found in, e.g., S. M. Birge et al, J. Pharm. ScL, 1977, 66, pp. 1-19. In cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the compounds as salts may be appropriate.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts or complexes refers to salts or complexes that retain the desired biological activity of the compounds of the present invention and exhibit minimal undesired toxico logical effects.
  • Nonlimiting examples of such salts are (a) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts (for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and the like), and salts formed with organic acids including tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, ⁇ -ketoglutarate, and ⁇ -glycerophosphate salts, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, pamoic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, and polygalcturonic acid; (b) base addition salts formed with metal cations such
  • quaternary salts known by those skilled in the art, which specifically include the quaternary ammonium salt of the formula - NR + A " , wherein R is as defined above and A is a counterion, including chloride, bromide, iodide, -O-alkyl, toluenesulfonate, methylsulfonate, sulfonate, phosphate, or carboxylate (such as benzoate, succinate, acetate, glycolate, maleate, malate, citrate, tartrate, ascorbate, benzoate, cinnamoate, mandeloate, benzyloate, and diphenylacetate).
  • R is as defined above and A is a counterion, including chloride, bromide, iodide, -O-alkyl, toluenesulfonate, methylsulfonate, sulfonate, phosphate, or carboxylate (such as benzoate, succ
  • compositions may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • Prodrug refers to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the active compound.
  • Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated to produce the active compound.
  • patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
  • biological sample includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; preparations of an enzyme suitable for in vitro assay; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
  • cancer includes, but is not limited to, solid tumors and blood borne tumors and include, but is not limited to, the following cancers: breast, ovary, cervix, prostate, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, glioblastoma, stomach, skin, keratoacanthoma, lung, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone, colon, adenoma, pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin's, hairy cells, buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx, small intestine, colon-rectum, large intestin
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof.
  • GSK-3-mediated disease or “GSK-3-mediated condition” mean any disease or other deleterious condition or state in which GSK-3 is known to play a role.
  • diseases or conditions include, without limitation, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, AIDS-associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML), multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia, cardiomycete hypertrophy, reperfusion/ischemia, and baldness.
  • CDK-2-mediated disease or “CDK-2-mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor.
  • Such conditions include, without limitation, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, such as are described for example in Fischer, P. M. and Lane, D. P., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 7, 1213-1245 (2000); Mani, S., Wang, C, Wu, K., Francis, R. and Pestell, R., Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 9, 1849 (2000); Fry, D. W. and Garrett, M. D., Current Opinion in Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic Investigational Drugs, 2, 40-59 (2000).
  • ERK-mediated disease or "ERK-mediated condition”
  • ERK-2-mediated disease or "ERK-2-mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a ERK-2 inhibitor.
  • Such conditions include, without limitation, cancer, stroke, diabetes, hepatomegaly, cardiovascular disease including cardiomegaly, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, viral disease, autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, restenosis, psoriasis, allergic disorders including asthma, inflammation, neurological disorders and hormone-related diseases.
  • ERK-2 protein kinase and its implication in various diseases has been described for example in Bokemeyer et al. 1996, Kidney Int. 49, 1187; Anderson et al, 1990, Nature 343, 651; Crews et al, 1992, Science 258, 478; Bjorbaek et al., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18848; Rouse et al., 1994, Cell 78, 1027; Raingeaud et al., 1996, MoI. Cell Biol. 16, 1247; Raingeaud et al. 1996; Chen et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10952; Oliver et al., 1995, Proc.
  • AKT -mediated disease or "AKT -mediated condition”
  • AKT-mediated disease or “AKT-mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a AKT inhibitor.
  • AKT-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, proliferative disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • AKT also known as protein kinase B
  • Src-mediated disease or “Src-mediated condition”
  • Src-mediated disease or “Src-mediated condition”
  • diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a Src inhibitor.
  • Such conditions include, without limitation, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cancer, symptomatic treatment of bone metastasis, and Paget's disease.
  • Src protein kinase and its implication in various diseases has been described for example in Soriano, Cell, 69, 551 (1992); Soriano et al., Cell, 64, 693 (1991); Takayanagi, J. Clin.
  • Lck-mediated disease or “Lck-mediated condition”
  • Lck-mediated disease or “Lck-mediated condition”
  • Lck-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases such as transplant rejection, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, and leukemia. The association of Lck with various diseases has been described for example in Molina et al., Nature, 357, 161 (1992).
  • Abl-mediated disease or “Abl-mediated condition”, as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which AbI is known to play a role.
  • the terms “Abl-mediated disease” or “Abl-mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an AbI inhibitor.
  • Abl-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, leukemias, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia. The association of AbI with various diseases has been described for example in Druker, et al., N. Engl. J. Med.2001, 344, 1038-1042.
  • cKit-mediated disease or "cKit-mediated condition”
  • cKit-mediated condition mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which cKit is known to play a role.
  • cKit-mediated disease or "cKit-mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an cKit inhibitor.
  • cKit-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, mastocytosis/mast cell leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, sinonasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, seminoma/dysgerminoma, throid carcinoma, samll-cell lung carcinoma, malignant melanoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, acute myelogenious leukemia, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, angiosarcoma, endometrial carcinom, pediatric T-cell ALL/lymphoma, breast carcinoma and prostate carcinoma.
  • the association of cKit with various diseases has been described for example in Heinrich, et al., J. Clinical Oncology 2002, 20, 1692- 1703.
  • Flt3-mediated disease or “Flt3-mediated condition”, as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which Flt3 is known to play a role.
  • the terms “Flt3 -mediated disease” or “Flt3 -mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an Flt3 inhibitor.
  • Flt3 -mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, acute myelogenous leukemia, mixed lineage leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. The association of Flt3 with various diseases has been described for example in Sternberg and Licht, Curr. Opin Hematol. 2004, 12, 7-13.
  • KDR-mediated disease or "KDR-mediated condition”
  • KDR-mediated condition mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which KDR is known to play a role.
  • KDR-mediated disease or “KDR-mediated condition” also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an KDR inhibitor.
  • KDR-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, carcinoma of the lung, breast, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, bladder, ovary and endometrium, intracranial tumors including glioblatoma multiforme, sporadic capillary hemangioblastoma, hematological malignancies, including T cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma and promyelocytic leukemia, age-related macular degeneration, herpetic ocular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral ischemia and endometriosis.
  • the association of KDR with various diseases has been described for example in Ferrara, Endocrine Reviews 2004, 25, 581-611.
  • HSP90-mediated disease or "HSP90-mediated condition” refers to a condition in which HSP90 is known to pay a role.
  • the conditions include but are not limited to inflammatory disorders, abnormal cellular proliferation, autoimmune disorders, ischemia, fibrogenetic disorders including but not limited to scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis. (Strehlow, WO 02/02123; PCT/USO 1/20578).
  • the compounds described herein are particularly useful for the treatment or prevention of a disorder mediated by kinases or mediated by HSP90.
  • the compounds described herein are useful for the treatment or prevention of a proliferative disorder, including cancer metastasis.
  • the compounds described herein are useful for the treatment or prevention of an inflammatory disorder associated by kinases or HSP90.
  • Tumors in NF2 and NFl patients are unique in that they are slow growing tumors. Both NF2 and NFl tumors have mutations or loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes although the tumor suppressor genes are different- NF2 or NFl genes, respectively.
  • the inventors of the present invention have discovered that inhibitors of HSP90 potently blocked the proliferation of NF2-def ⁇ cient and NFl -deficient tumor cells and also delay the growth of NF2-deficient and NFl -deficient tumors in mice. Merlin regulates the abundance and turnover of multiple cell surface receptors and interacts with multiple pathways. Many of these proteins are client proteins of HSP90.
  • ErbB2 and other receptor tyrosine kinases, AKT, and Raf are well-established client proteins of HSP90.
  • aberrant activation of the PBK/ AKT pathway has been found in human schwannomas from NF2 patients (as compared to normal nerves), in human NF2-def ⁇ cient tumor xenografts (e.g. meningiomas and mesotheliomas), and in mouse Nf2-def ⁇ cient Schwann cell tumors
  • Neurofibromin is a negative regulator of Ras.
  • Raf the direct downstream effector of Ras, is a well-known client protein of HSP90.
  • Neurofibromin has also been shown to regulate AKT. Therefore, a compound that inhibits HSP90 will likely be able to reduce the amount of AKT and other HSP90 client proteins such as ErbB2, IGF-IR, and Raf in the NF2-deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells.
  • a compound that inhibits the activity of HSP90 is a compound that directly binds to the HSP90 protein or modifies the HSP90 protein post-translationally or regulate the transcription of HSP proteins such as HSP70 and HSP27 (Zaarur et al., 2006, Cancer Res. 66(3):1783-1791).
  • HSP90 can be acetylated and inactivated by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (Kovacs et al., 2005, MoI.
  • HDAC histone deacetylase
  • HSP90 inhibitory compounds are determined to be useful for the treatment of NF2-deficient tumors and NFl -deficient tumors which may not respond well to traditional chemotherapy and other cancer therapies which target fast growing and heterogeneous cancer cells.
  • NF2- Associated Tumors NF2- Associated Tumors
  • NF2 neurofibromatosis type-2
  • This genetic characteristic i.e., inactivation of the NF2 gene, differentiates tumors found in NF2 patients from genetically heterogeneous tumors such as breast and colon cancer tumors.
  • NF2 patients have NF2-deficient meningiomas whereas some non-NF2-deficient meningiomas may contain mutations in many different oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
  • NF2-deficient tumors refer to tumors which contain a nonfunctioning NF2 gene.
  • a non- functioning NF2 gene can be the result of a one or more insertion or deletion mutations within the NF2 gene, for instance, missense or nonsense mutations, mutations in the promoter or enhancer or introns that lead to no/low expression of the NF2 gene, or the deletion of the entire NF2 gene.
  • NF2-deficient tumors are found in mesotheliomas and in patients with NF2, and include schwannomas, meningiomas, and other tumors associated with the nervous system. NF2-deficient tumors are also found in all patients with sporadic schwannomas and in 50%-70% of patients with meningiomas.
  • NF2-deficient bilateral vestibular schwannomas i.e., Schwann cell tumors
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to inhibit the growth and/or kill NF2-deficient schwannoma cells, including those associated with vestibular schwannomas, spinal cord and other peripheral nerve schwannomas and sporadic schwannomas.
  • NF2-def ⁇ cient tumors refer to tumors which contain a nonfunctioning NF2 gene.
  • Merlin interacts with or regulates, but is not limited to, proteins and pathways such as Paxillin/Integrin- ⁇ l/ErbB2, EGFR, Patched/Smoothened, HRS, CD44, E- Cadherin, Fat, EBP50/NHE-RF/PDGFR, Wingless, Notch, Rac-PAK, PBK-AKT, Ras-Raf- Mek-Erk2, Hippo pathways, and downstream proteins thereof.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic of involvement of Merlin with multiple cell surface proteins and signaling pathways. Targeting multiple proteins or pathways may be necessary for treating NF2.
  • NFl -Associated Tumors Patients with neurofibromatosis type- 1 (NFl) have NFl -deficient tumors. This genetic characteristic, i.e., inactivation of the NFl gene, differentiates tumors found in NFl patients from genetically heterogeneous tumors such as breast and colon cancer tumors. For instance, tumors found in NFl patients all have NFl gene mutations whereas patients with other cancers have mutations in different genes or overexpression of different genes. As used herein, "NFl -deficient tumors" refer to tumors which contain a nonfunctioning NFl gene.
  • a non- functioning NFl gene can be the result of one or more insertion or deletion mutations within the NFl gene, for instance, missense or nonsense mutations, mutations in the promoter or enhancer or introns that lead to no/low expression of the NFl gene, or the deletion of the entire NFl gene.
  • NFl -deficient tumors are found in patients with NFl, and include dermal, subdermal, plexiform neurofibromas, and MPNST and other tumors associated with the nervous system. NFl -deficiency also predisposes individuals to a rare form of leukemia, JMML.
  • NFl diagnosis is confirmed by fulfilling NIH clinical criteria or by finding an NFl mutation with mutational analysis.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to inhibit the growth and/or kill NFl -deficient tumors, including dermal, subdermal, plexiform neurofibromas, MPNST, gliomas, astrocytomas, pheochromocytomas and JMML.
  • the present invention provides the use of the compounds of formula I, II, III, IV or V, as HSP90 inhibitors for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of tumors or symptoms resulted from neurofibromatosis. Also provided are compositions comprising the compounds and processes for the preparation of the compounds.
  • the present invention includes methods of inhibiting the growth of NF2-deficient and/or NFl -deficient tumor cells by contacting, i.e., treating, the NF2-deficient or NFl- deficient tumor cells with radicicol and its derivatives, such as one or more compounds of formula I, II, III, IV, or V as described above.
  • the present invention also includes methods of decreasing proliferation of NF2-def ⁇ cient or NFl -deficient tumor cells by contacting the cells with radicicol and its derivatives, such as one or more compounds of formula I, II, III, IV, or V as described above.
  • inhibition of the growth of NF2 or NFl cells is determined by comparing a sample of NF2-deficient or NFl -deficient tumor cells treated with compounds of the present invention to a control, such as a sample of untreated NF2-deficient or NFl- deficient tumor cells or a sample of cells treated with a known inert compound.
  • a control such as a sample of untreated NF2-deficient or NFl- deficient tumor cells or a sample of cells treated with a known inert compound.
  • both samples of NF2-deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells should consist of approximately the same number of cells and be of the same cell type, e.g., NF2-deficient schwannomas or NFl- deficient MPNST cells.
  • NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells treated with radicicol and its derivatives may decrease in number by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or about 100% following compound treatment compared to the control.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is applied directly to the site of a NF2-deficient tumor or NFl -deficient tumor.
  • the HSP90 inhibitor can be applied by local treatment which encompasses both topical treatment and intralesional or intradermal treatment at the site of the tumor. Therefore, the inhibitor can be injected into, topically applied onto or near a NF2-deficient tumor or NFl -deficient tumor.
  • the inhibitor is applied intralesionally to NF2-deficient tumors or NFl -deficient tumors by methods known in the art.
  • the present invention includes a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject comprising administering to said subject with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function a therapeutically effective amount of at least one composition comprising at least one compound of the present invention, which inhibits or slows growth of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or NFl -deficient tumors, reduces the number of said tumors or inhibits and/or reduces associated symptoms as compared to no treatment with the composition as a control level to determine treatment utility.
  • NF2 neurofibromatosis type 2
  • NFl neurofibromatosis type 1
  • the method is particularly directed to the administration of the at least one composition comprising a compound of the present invention resulting in a decrease in size and/or number of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or of one or more NFl -deficient tumors.
  • the method of the present invention comprises administering a compound of the present invention which inhibits or reduces the function of HSP90 complex. More specifically, the compound of the present invention binds and inhibits the HSP90 protein, modifies HSP90 protein posttranslationally, and/or increases HSP70 or other HSP proteins from their normal levels in the NF2-deficient or NFl -deficient tumors.
  • the administration of a compound of the present invention results in the upregulation or increase in HSP70 in said subject.
  • the method comprises administering a compound of the present invention that degrades or reduces one or more client proteins of HSP90 and the phosphorylated forms of the client proteins. Additionally, the method comprises administering a compound of the present invention that inhibits or reduces activity or phosphorylation of signaling pathway proteins associated with one or more client proteins of HSP90.
  • the one or more client proteins are selected from the group consisting of ErbB2, AKT, and Raf.
  • the HSP90 inhibitor inhibits or reduces activity or phosphorylation of the signaling pathways proteins, such as PBK, mTOR, GSK3, 4E-BP1, Bad, FKHR, HSP90, S6K, S6, Mek, and Erkl/2.
  • the method of the present invention treats, prevents or ameliorates tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or condition(s) associated with the loss of NF2 function.
  • NF2 neurofibromatosis type 2
  • the one or more NF2-deficient tumors comprise vestibular schwannomas, and more specifically comprise a unilateral vestibular schwannoma or a bilateral vestibular schwannoma.
  • the one or more NF2-deficient tumors that are treated comprise spinal cord schwannomas, sporadic schwannomas, peripheral nerve schwannomas, schwannoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, ependymoma, glioma and astrocytoma.
  • the method comprises the administration of a compound of the present invention to obtain results in an improvement in at least one of the subject's hearing, balance and vision; increase in muscle mass, reduction in tumor burden in the subject, which the latter is identified using a MRI or a CAT scan.
  • the method of the present invention treats, prevents or ameliorates tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or condition(s) associated with the loss of NFl function.
  • NFl neurofibromatosis type 1
  • the one or more NFl -deficient tumors comprise a dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, optic pathway astrocytomas, optic neuromas, optic gliomas, cerebral astrocytomas, cerebral gliomas, ependymomas, pheochromocytomas and ganglioneuromas, rhabdomyosarcomas, neurofibrosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors ("MPNST”), malignant schwannomas, and JMML.
  • MPNST peripheral nerve sheath tumors
  • the present invention also includes a method of inhibiting or reducing the growth or number of NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells comprising contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with at least one composition comprising at least one compound of the present invention which inhibits or slows growth and/or reduces the number of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or NFl -deficient tumors.
  • This method comprises contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with said compound occurs in vitro or ex vivo.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells are Nf2- deficient mouse Schwann cells and said NFl -deficient tumor cells are NfI -deficient mouse Schwann cells.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells are NF2-deficient human schwannoma cells and said NF 1 -deficient tumor cells are NF 1 -deficient human Schwann cells.
  • the NF2- deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of NF2-deficient schwannoma cell line cells, NF2-deficient meningioma cell line cells and NF2-deficient mesothelioma cell line cells.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of HEI 193 cells, SF1335 cells, BAR cells and RAV cells.
  • the NFl-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of human MPNST cells, primary neurofibroma cells derived from NFl patients, mouse N/7, ⁇ ?53-deficient MPNST cell lines established from cisNfl;p53 mice, and NfI-/- mouse cells, such as Schwann cells, mouse embryonic cells, and leukemia cells. More specifically, the NFl-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ST88-14, 88-3, 90-8, and sNF96.2.
  • the NF2-def ⁇ cient tumor cells or NFl-deficient tumor cells that are contacted with said HSP90 inhibitor can occur in vivo.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl-deficient tumor cells are from a human, canine, rat or mouse.
  • the method of the present invention comprises contacting the NF2-deficient tumor cells or the NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention that results in an inhibition of HSP90 function.
  • the method further comprises contacting the NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention that results in an upregulation of HSP70. Further the contact of the NF2-deficient tumor cells or the NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention results in degradation of ErbB2 and/or phosphorylated ErbB2, in degradation of Akt and/or phosphorylated Akt or in degradation of Raf and/or phosphorylated Raf.
  • the contact of the NF2- deficient tumor cells or said NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention results in a reduction in phosphorylation of proteins downstream of the ErbB2, Akt or Raf signaling pathway.
  • the degradation or upregulation of the proteins or reduction in phosphorylated proteins is detected using an antibody.
  • the present invention includes a method for screening a test compound for treatment of NF-2 or NF-I comprising treating or contacting NF-2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells with said test compound, wherein a degradation of one or more client proteins of HSP90 or a decrease in activity of signaling pathways associated with one or more client proteins of HSP90 or an increase in HSP70 is indicative of an efficacious treatment of NF-2 or NF-I .
  • the method further comprises assessing inhibition of HSP90 function.
  • the inhibition of HSP90 function results in an upregulation of HSP70.
  • the one or more client proteins of HSP90 are selected from the group consisting of ErbB2, AKT, and Raf.
  • the signaling pathways are associated with one or more client proteins of HSP90 are ErbB2 pathway, AKT pathway or Raf pathway which contain at least one protein selected from group consisting of ErbB2, AKT, Raf, mTOR, GSK3, 4E-BP1, Bad, FKHR, S6K, S6, Mek, and Erkl/2.
  • the one or more client proteins is AKT, the AKT is degraded by said test compound, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of AKT.
  • the treatment results in reduced phosphorylation of S6, GSK3, FKHR, Mek, or Erkl/2.
  • the reduced phosphorylation is detected using an antibody.
  • the method of the present invention further comprises measuring NF-2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound, wherein a decrease in the number of NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound or a decrease in proliferation of NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound is indicative of an efficacious treatment.
  • the method further comprises comparing the NF2-deficient cells or NF-I- deficient cells following treatment to untreated NF2 deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells, wherein a decrease in one or more client proteins of the HSP90 following treatment with the test compound compared to untreated NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells is indicative of an efficacious treatment.
  • the method further comprising comparing the NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment to untreated NF2 deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells, wherein a decrease in number of NF2 deficient cells or NF-I- deficient cells following treatment with the test compound or a decrease in proliferation of NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound compared to untreated NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells is indicative of an efficacious treatment.
  • the treatment of the NF2-deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells with said test compound occurs in vitro or ex vivo.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells are Nf2- deficient mouse Schwann cells and the NFl -deficient tumor cells are NfI -deficient mouse Schwann cells. Also the NF2-deficient tumor cells are NF2-deficient human schwannoma cells and said NFl -deficient tumor cells are NFl -deficient human Schwann cells.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of NF2- deficient schwannoma cell line cells, NF2-deficient meningioma cell line cells and NF2- deficient mesothelioma cell line cells.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of HEI193 cells, SF1335 cells, BAR cells and RAV cells.
  • the NFl- deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of human MPNST cells, primary neurofibroma cells derived from NFl patients, mouse NfI ;p53 -deficient MPNST cell lines established from cisNfl;p53 mice, and NfI-/- mouse cells, such as Schwann cells, mouse embryonic cells, and leukemia cells. More specifically, the NFl -deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ST88-14, 88-3, 90-8, and sNF96.2.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells that are contacted with said HSP90 inhibitor can occur in vivo.
  • the NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl -deficient tumor cells are from a human, canine, rat or mouse.
  • An aspect of the invention relates to compounds and compositions that are useful for treating cancer.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the treatment of the following cancers: breast, ovary, cervix, prostate, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, glioblastoma, stomach, skin, keratoacanthoma, lung, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone, colon, adenoma, pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin's, hairy cells, buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx, small intestine, colon-rectum, large intestine, rectum, brain and central nervous system, and leukemia.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for treating cancer comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V described herein to a patient with cancer.
  • Angiogenesis is characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells to form new blood vessels (often called neovascularization). Inhibition of mitosis of endothelial cells results in inhibition of angiogenesis. Another aspect of this invention therefore relates to inhibition of undesirable mitosis, including undesirable angiogenesis.
  • a mammalian disease characterized by undesirable cell mitosis includes, but is not limited to, excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, such as psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular angiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and Osier Weber syndrome (Osier- Weber-Rendu disease).
  • endothelial cells e.g., atherosclerosis
  • compositions described above can be used as a birth control agent by reducing or preventing uterine vascularization required for embryo implantation. Accordingly, the compositions described above can be used to block ovulation and implantation of a blastula or to block menstruation (induce amenorrhea).
  • Diseases associated with undesirable mitosis including neovascularization can be treated according to the present invention.
  • diseases include, but are not limited to, ocular neovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasias, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, Sjogren's syndrome, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mooren's ulcer, Terrien's marginal degeneration, marginal keratolysis,
  • diseases associated with undesirable mitosis including neovascularization can be treated according to the present invention.
  • diseases include, but are not limited to, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget' s disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, Eales' disease, Bechet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargart's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, and post-laser complications.
  • diseases include, but are not limited to, diseases associated with rubeosis (neovascularization of the iris and the angle) and diseases caused by the abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibrous tissue including all forms of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, whether or not associated with diabetes.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory diseases including, but no limited to, excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, such as psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular angiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and Osier Weber syndrome (Osier- Weber-Rendu disease).
  • endothelial cells e.g., atherosclerosis
  • compositions described above can be used to block ovulation and implantation of a blastula or to block menstruation (induce amenorrhea).
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting HSP90 activity in a patient, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method for treating a disease that is mediated by HSP90.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora A activity in a patient, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a GSK-
  • 3-mediated disease with a GSK-3 inhibitor comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • One aspect of this invention relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, which method comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients. Another method relates to inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, which is useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Another method relates to inhibiting the phosphorylation of .beta.-catenin, which is useful for treating schizophrenia.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with a GSK-3 inhibitor of formula I, II, III, IV or V.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient comprising administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a CDK- 2-mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an ERK- 2-mediated diseases comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting ERK-2 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an AKT- mediated diseases comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting AKT activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a Src- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Src activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an Lck- mediated disease with an Lck inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Lck activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an AbI- mediated disease with an AbI inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting AbI activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a cKit- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting cKit activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a Flt3- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Flt3 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a KDR- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting KDR activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
  • An amount effective to inhibit protein kinase is an amount that causes measurable inhibition of the kinase activity when compared to the activity of the enzyme in the absence of an inhibitor. Any method may be used to determine inhibition, such as, for example, the Biological Testing Examples described below.
  • Mammals, and specifically humans, suffering from a respiratory disorder can be treated by the inhalation, systemic, oral, topical, or transdermal administration of a composition comprising an effective amount of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the compounds or compositions are typically administered by oral or inhalation administration.
  • compounds can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, parenterally, orally, submucosally, by inhalation, transdermally via a slow release patch, or topically, in an effective dosage range to treat the target condition.
  • an effective dose can be readily determined by the use of conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective dose, a number of factors are considered including, but not limited to: the species of patient; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; and the use of concomitant medication.
  • the compounds of the invention are in the form of an inhaled dosage.
  • the compounds may be in the form of an aerosol suspension, a dry powder or liquid particle form.
  • the compounds may be prepared for delivery as a nasal spray or in an inhaler, such as a metered dose inhaler.
  • Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (“MDI") generally deliver aerosolized particles suspended in chlorofluorocarbon propellants such as CFC-I l, CFC- 12, or the non-chlorofluorocarbons or alternate propellants such as the fluorocarbons, HFC- 134A or HFC-227 with or without surfactants and suitable bridging agents.
  • Dry-powder inhalers can also be used, either breath activated or delivered by air or gas pressure such as the dry-powder inhaler disclosed in the Schering Corporation International Patent Application No. PCT/US92/05225, published 7 Jan. 1993 as well as the TurbuhalerTM (available from Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.) or the RotahalerTM (available from Allen & Hanburys) which may be used to deliver the aerosolized particles as a finely milled powder in large aggregates either alone or in combination with some pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g. lactose; and nebulizers.
  • some pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g. lactose
  • lactose lactose
  • nebulizers e.g. nebulizers.
  • the compounds of the invention may be also administered in specific, measured amounts in the form of an aqueous suspension by use of a pump spray bottle.
  • the aqueous suspension compositions of the present invention may be prepared by admixing the compounds with water and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the aqueous suspension compositions according to the present invention may contain, inter alia, water, auxiliaries and/or one or more of the excipients, such as: suspending agents, e.g., micro crystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxpropyl-methyl cellulose; humectants, e.g.
  • glycerin and propylene glycol e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate, phosphoric acid, sodium phospate as well as mixtures of citrate and phosphate buffers; surfactants, e.g. Polysorbate 80; and antimicrobial preservatives, e.g., benzalkonium chloride, phenylethyl alcohol and potassium sorbate.
  • acids, bases or buffer substances for adjusting the pH e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate, phosphoric acid, sodium phospate as well as mixtures of citrate and phosphate buffers
  • surfactants e.g. Polysorbate 80
  • antimicrobial preservatives e.g., benzalkonium chloride, phenylethyl alcohol and potassium sorbate.
  • Typical systemic dosages for all of the herein described conditions are those ranging from 0.01 mg/kg to 1500 mg/kg of body weight per day as a single daily dose or divided daily doses.
  • Preferred dosages for the described conditions range from 0.5-1500 mg per day.
  • a more particularly preferred dosage for the desired conditions ranges from 5-750 mg per day.
  • Typical dosages can also range from 0.01 to 1500, 0.02 to 1000, 0.2 to 500, 0.02 to 200, 0.05 to 100, 0.05 to 50, 0.075 to 50, 0.1 to 50, 0.5 to 50, 1 to 50, 2 to 50, 5 to 50, 10 to 50, 25 to 50, 25 to 75, 25 to 100, 100 to 150, or 150 or more mg/kg/day, as a single daily dose or divided daily doses.
  • the compounds are given in doses of between about 1 to about 5, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 25 or about 25 to about 50 mg/kg.
  • Typical dosages for topical application are those ranging from 0.001 to 100% by weight
  • the compounds are conveniently administered in units of any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to one containing from about 7 to 3000 mg, from about 70 to 1400 mg, or from about 25 to 1000 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • an oral dosage of from about 50 to 1000 mg is usually convenient, including in one or multiple dosage forms of 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 mgs.
  • Lower dosages may be preferable, for example, from about 10-100 or 1-50 mgs.
  • Also contemplated are doses of 0.1-50 mg, 0.1-20 mgs., or 0.1-10 mgs.
  • lower doses may be utilized in the case of administration by a non-oral route, as for example, by injection or inhalation.
  • the compound is administered for a sufficient time period to alleviate the undesired symptoms and the clinical signs associated with the condition being treated.
  • the active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutic amount of compound in vivo in the absence of serious toxic effects.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in these pharmaceutical compositions are generally known in the art.
  • ion exchangers include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, solvents, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, silicates, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, oils, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
  • buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, solvents, salts
  • Pharmaceutically accepted vehicles can contain mixtures of more than one excipient in which the components and the ratios can be selected to optimize desired characteristics of the formulation including but not limited to shelf-life, stability, drug load, site of delivery, dissolution rate, self-emulsif ⁇ cation, control of release rate and site of release, and metabolism.
  • Formulations can be prepared by a variety of techniques known in the art. Examples of formulation techniques can be found in literature publications and in texts such as "Water- insoluble drug formulation", edited by Rong Liu, 2000, Interpharm Press.
  • compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally- acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or di-glycerides.
  • Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically- acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
  • a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
  • Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other surface- active emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
  • concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated.
  • the active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.
  • One mode of administration of the active compound for systemic delivery is oral.
  • Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • dosage unit form When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
  • dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or other enteric agents.
  • the compound or its salts can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like.
  • a syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens
  • liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the compound is then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.
  • appropriate lipid(s) such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol
  • Suitable vehicles or carriers for topical application can be prepared by conventional techniques, such as lotions, suspensions, ointments, creams, gels, tinctures, sprays, powders, pastes, slow-release transdermal patches, suppositories for application to rectal, vaginal, nasal or oral mucosa.
  • thickening agents include petrolatum, beeswax, xanthan gum, or polyethylene, humectants such as sorbitol, emollients such as mineral oil, lanolin and its derivatives, or squalene.
  • the compound can also be mixed with other active materials which do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action.
  • the active compounds can be administered in conjunction, i.e. combination or alternation, with other medications used in the treatment of respiratory disorders.
  • the compounds can be administered in combination or alternation with drugs typically useful for treatment or prevention of asthma, such as certain anti-inflammatory drugs and bronchodilators.
  • Corticosteroids inhaled and oral
  • mast cell stabilizers and the leukotriene modifier drugs are typically a useful anti-inflammatory medication for people suffering from asthma. These drugs reduce swelling and mucus production in the airways.
  • Bronchodilators typically relieve the symptoms of asthma by relaxing the muscle bands that tighten around the airways. This action rapidly opens the airways, letting more air come in and out of the lungs. Bronchodilators also help clear mucus from the lungs.
  • Inhaled corticosteroids typically used compounds include Inhaled corticosteroids, which prevent rather than relieve symptoms.
  • Inhaled corticosteroids include: Advair (a combination medication that includes a corticosteroid (fluticasone) plus a long acting bronchodilator drug (in this case a ⁇ - 2 adrenergic receptor agonist, salmeterol)), aerobid (flunisolide), azmacort (triamcinolone), flovent (fluticasone), methylprednisolone, prednisone, pulmicort or serevent diskus (salmeterol powder), theophylline, qvar, and xopenex (levalbuterol), Inhaled corticosteroids come in three forms: the metered dose inhaler (MDI), dry powder inhaler (DPI) and nebulizer solutions.
  • MDI metered dose inhaler
  • DPI dry powder inhaler
  • nebulizer solutions
  • Systemic steroids include: methylprednisolone (Medrol, Methylpred, SoIu- Medrol), prednisone (Deltasone) and prednisolone (Prelone, Pediapred, Orapred).
  • Mast Cell Stabilizers include Intal and Tilade, which work by preventing the release of irritating and inflammatory substances from mast cells.
  • Leukotriene modifiers include accolate and singular and accolate (zafirlukast), singulair (montelukast) and zyflo (zileuton).
  • the compounds can be administered in combination with nonsteroidal antiinflammatories such as ibuprofen, indomethacin, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, sulindac.
  • the compound can also be administered with corticosteriods. Any of the compounds described herein for combination or alternation therapy can be administered as any prodrug that upon administration to the recipient, is capable of providing directly or indirectly, the parent compound.
  • Nonlimiting examples are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts (alternatively referred to as "physiologically acceptable salts"), and a compound which has been alkylated or acylated at an appropriate position. The modifications can affect the biological activity of the compound, in some cases increasing the activity over the parent compound.
  • Modular synthetic processes can be used for preparing macrocyclic compounds in non-prodrug forms, such as the active form or the active form with protecting groups.
  • the methods and procedures for preparing macrocyclic compounds in non-prodrug forms are described in detail in the International Application PCT/US2007/017754 and US Serial No. 11/891,652, both filed on August 10, 2007 and entitled "Macrocyclic Compounds Useful as Inhibitors of Kinase and HSP90", the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Various prdrugs can be synthesized from the active macrocyclic compounds through the methods known to one skilled in the art for making prodrugs.
  • the phosphate ester of a hydroxyl group can be prepared via reacting the hydroxyl group with a phosphorylating agent, such as phosphoryl chloride analogs.
  • a phosphorylating agent such as phosphoryl chloride analogs.
  • Sodium salts of all phosphonates may be otained by treatment of the final compound with basic ion resin such as Dowex 550 a .
  • Schemes 1, 2, and 3 below illustrate the general synthetic strategy for the synthesis of bis-phosphate prodrug, mono-phosphate prodrug wherein the phosphate is para to the carbonyl, and mono-phosphate prodrug wherein the phosphate is ortho to the carbonyl.
  • Grubbs' II Grubbs' second generation catalyst (ruthenium[l,3-bis(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolinylidene)dichloro(phenylmethylene)
  • LiHMDS Lithium hexamethyldisilazide LiN(SiMCs) 2 ) ⁇ M Micromolar concentration ( ⁇ mol.l 1 )
  • PS-TBD (1, 5 ,7)-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dodeca-5-ene-7-methyl polystyrene
  • Phosphate compounds Ia, Ib, and 15 were prepared through hydrolysis of the corresponding phosphoamidate compounds 11a, lib, and 14 described as follows. A solution of the corresponding phosphoamidate macrocycle was treated with a 5% TFA solution in MeOHZH 2 O 50/50 solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and followed by LCMS untill total consumption of the starting material. The solvent were removed in vacuo and the compound was purified by reverse phase (C 18) chromatography.
  • EXAMPLE 5 The synthesis of phosphate compounds Ia, Ib, 29, 30, 31, and 32: Additional phosphate compounds including Compounds 29, 30, 31, and 32 were prepared according to the synthetic methods described in Schemes 4 and 5 below.
  • the Weinreb amide 24 was obtained from the alkene 20 containing the required trans alkene via a sequence based on well established chemistry. Compounds 26 and 27 were thus obtained in 17% and 25% yield from from 16a and b respectively. These syntheses could readily be scaled up to prepare over 1O g of the pochoxime A or B.
  • the bis-phosphate derivative 31 was prepare in the same way as the ort/zo-substitued analogue but using an excess of bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride and two equivalents of DBU.
  • the phosphonooxymethyl derivative 32 could be accessed by the same methodology using di- tert-butyi chloromethylphosphonate (Ueda, Y.; Matiskella, J. D.; Golik, J.; Connolly, T. P.; Hudyma, T. W.; Venkatesh, S.; DaIi, M.; Kang, S.
  • Crystalline phosphate drugs Ia and Ib were tested first in several different organic- and aqueous-based media, including water, PBS, ETOH, DMA, CMC, and PG.
  • the phosphate prodrugs were found to be very soluble in water and PBS compared to the parent drugs.
  • 29 parent 0 parent, 31 parent, 32 parent.
  • Cell proliferation assays were performed in various oncology cell lines, including breast cancer (BT474 and MDA-MB468), leukemia (K562 CML and MV4;11 AML), colon (HCTl 16), prostate cancer (PC-3), Tarceva- and Iressa-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, HCC829 and H1975), gastric cancer (N87) as well as glioblastoma (A172) cell lines.
  • An appropriate number of cells (to reach -70% confluence in 4 days) was plated in 96- well plates and cultured in the presence of vehicle, or increasing concentrations of Ia parent, other active analogs (Ib parent and 29 parent), or 17AAG for 4 days (0.001-5 DM).
  • a phosphate prodrug can be converted to its active parent in cells.
  • Ib displayed quite potent cellular activity although it is generally weaker than the Ib parent (Table 1). Since the prodrug Ib does not bind Hsp90 in vitro, the cellular activity observed must be due to the conversion of the prodrug to the parent compound by phosphatases present in these cells.
  • the phosphate prodrugs may not be active unless hydrolysis of the prodrug occur rapidly in vivo. Hydrolysis of prodrug in vivo was estimated by incubating phosphate prodrugs in vitro with mouse small intestine and liver homogenates, mouse plasma, and artificial gastric fluid. Plasma was freshly collected from nude mice. Liver and intestine homogenates were prepared by adding 3 volume of saline to freshly collected mouse tissues and homogenized using glass homogenizer. Gastric fluid was prepared by adding 80 mL of IM hydrochloric acid to 800 mL of water and then supplementing with 2.0 g of sodium chloride and 3.2 g of pepsin powder.
  • the concentration of the parent drugs of Ia and Ib was quantitated using standard curve prepared using each vehicle.
  • the disintegration of Ia and Ib and the formation of their corresponding parents were shown in Figures IA and IB.
  • the results indicate that Ia and Ib decrease and the respective parent drugs form quickly in liver and intestine homogenates.
  • the parent drugs accumulate to about 20% which remain stable for up to 60 minutes. Both Ia and Ib are stable in plasma (about 90% intact at 60 minutes) and slightly less stable in artificial gastric fluid (about 70% intact at 60 minutes).
  • the whole blood was withdrawn from mice via cardio-puncture and placed in EDTA anticoagulant tubes.
  • the test articles were spiked to whole blood at final concentration of 5 ⁇ g/mL (at least 2 mL) and incubated at 37°C. 200 ⁇ L whole blood was taken at 0 (immediate after incubation), 5 min, 15 min and 30 min and then was centrifuged to separate plasma and cellular elements. Plasma was transferred to clean tubes. 50 ⁇ L of plasma and cellular elements were processed by addition of 3 volumes (150 ⁇ L) of ice-cold methanol. After centrifugation, the supernatants were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis of test articles in both plasma and cellular elements. The concentration in plasma and cellular elements at different timepoints was listed in Table 4.
  • the concentration of Ia and Ib in plasma is larger than the nominated concentration in whole blood (5 ⁇ g/mL), which indicated that the partition of the test articles was mainly in plasma.
  • the in vitro studies allow us to estimate the hydrolysis of prodrug to the parent drug.
  • the purpose of the study is: (i) to define plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of water soluble prodrugs in mice following oral administration, and (ii) to determine bioavailability of the prodrugs.
  • Phosphate prodrugs are dissolved in appropriate vehicles to yield clear solutions with final concentration of 25 mg/ml for oral administration (pH ⁇ 7).
  • Adult Balb/c mice (5-6 weeks of age, body weight: 17 g to 20 g) are dosed with 4, 20, 100, 500 mg/kg of prodrugs and three mice per groups are needed.
  • AUC Area under the drug concentration curve
  • AUMC area under the first moment of the drug concentration curve

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Abstract

The present invention includes macrocyclic prodrug compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them. The present invention also includes use of these compounds in the treatment of various diseases including an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, a hormone-related disease, and tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis.

Description

MACROCYCLIC PRODRUG COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS
THERAPEUTICS
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/030,446, filed on February 21, 2008 and entitled "MACROCYCLIC PRODRUG COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS THERAPEUTICS", the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. This application is also related to International Application No. PCT/US2007/017754 and US Serial No. 11/891,652, both filed on August 10, 2007 and entitled "Macrocyclic Compounds Useful as Inhibitors of Kinase and HSP90;" and International Application No. PCT/US2007/075739, filed on August 10, 2007 and entitled "Treatment of Neurofibromatosis with Radicicol and its Derivatives;" and International Application No. PCT/US2009/031149, filed on January 15, 2009 and entitled "Synthesis of Resorcylic Acid Lactones Useful as Therapeutic Agents;" and the content of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to prodrugs of novel derivatives, analogs and intermediates of the natural products radicicol and pochonins, and to their syntheses. The present invention further relates to use of these compounds in the treatment of various diseases including an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, a hormone- related disease, and tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the mid-1950's, it was discovered that phosphorylation can reversibly alter the function of enzymes by means of protein kinases which catalyze phosphorylation, or by protein phosphatases which are involved in the dephosphorylation step. These reactions play an essential role in regulating many cellular processes, especially signaling transduction pathways. In the late 1970's, the Rous sarcoma virus (v-Src)'s transforming factor was discovered to be a protein kinase, and also tumor-promoting phorbol esters were found to be potent activators of protein kinase C, revealing the first known connection between disease and abnormal protein phosphorylation. Since then transduction mechanistic defects have been found to cause numerous oncogenic processes and to have a role in diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. (T. Hunter, Cell, 100:113-127 (2000); P. Cohen, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 1 :309 (2002)). Thus selective kinase and phosphatase inhibitors have emerged as important drug targets, and inhibition of kinase phosphorylation activity is one of the most promising strategies for chemotherapy. Three kinase inhibitor drugs are already approved: Gleevec, which inhibits AbI, and Iressa and Tarceva, which both inhibit EGFR.
Figure imgf000003_0001
Gleevec (imatinib) - STI 571 Tarceva (erlotinib) - OSI774 inhibitor of the Abelson kinase; Rl = CCH; R2 = H; R3 = R4 = CH2OCH3 approved for chronic myelogenous leukemia
Iressa (gefitinib) - ZDl 839
Figure imgf000003_0002
inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); approved for lung cancer
Modulation of protein activity by kinase-mediated phosphorylation or phosphatase- mediated dephosphorylation of a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue is at the center of most signal transduction mechanisms. (T. Hunter, Cell, 100:113 (2000)). Small molecule inhibitors such as 6-dimethylaminopurine and staurosporine were instrumental in elucidating the importance of such phosphorylation mechanisms and shed light on the biological function of kinases. Kinases bind to ATP with a Km of 0.1-10 μM, and transfer the γ- phosphate group selectively to a specific residue of a given protein. The core domain of kinases, consisting of the ATP -binding site with the residues involved in phosphotransfer reaction, are highly conserved throughout the kinome. (G. Manning et at., Science, 298:1912 (2002)). This led to the speculation that inhibitors targeting this highly conserved ATP- binding pocket would not only have to compete with ATP present at high concentration (mM) but would necessarily lack selectivity. The discovery that modified purines such as (R)-roscovitine were potent and fairly selective inhibitors (L. Meijer and E. Raymond, Ace. Chem. Res., 36:417 (2003)) refuted that notion and inspired the synthesis of combinatorial libraries around the purine scaffold (Y. T. Chang et ah, Chem. Biol, 6:361 (1999); S. Ding et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 124:1594 (2002)), yielding important leads. (N. S. Gray et al, Science, 281 :533 (1998); M. Knockaert et al, Chem. Biol, 7:411 (2000)).
Figure imgf000004_0001
6-dimethyl- aminopurine staurosporine (i?)-roscovitine
Macrocyclic resorcylic acid lactones have also been investigated in this respect. The archetypes of this class of compounds are radicicol and the related pochonins, which are a structurally related group of secondary metabolites isolated from cultures of the clavicipitaceous hyphomycete Pochonia genus, such as Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulate strain P0297. See, e.g., V. Hellwig et al, J. Natural Prod., 66(6):829-837 (2003). Halohydrin and oxime derivatives of radicicol were prepared and evaluated for their v-src tyrosine kinase inhibitory, antiproliferative, and antitumor in vitro activity (T. Agatsuma et al, Bioorg. & Med. Chem., 10(11):3445-3454 (2002).
Like kinases, heat shock proteins (HSPs) interact with ATP and are important targets for controlling disease, however they have a different mechanistic effect. Immediately after exposure to a stress such as heat, hypoxia or acidosis, cells in most tissues rapidly escalate production rate of the HSPs. It is now believed that heat HSPs are molecular chaperones, i.e., they prevent improper associations and assist in the correct folding of other cellular proteins collectively termed clients and substrates. HSP 's are also found in association with tumors and other pathophysiological conditions. In fact, chaperone proteins facilitate the survival of tumor cells in stressful environments by facilitating tolerance of alterations inside the cell. HSPs are ubiquitous, highly conserved among the species, and usually classified by molecular weight to the following major families: HSPlOO, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and small HSPs. These families have structural and functional differences, but work cooperatively at different stages of protein folding. HSP90 has attracted particular attention due to its association with many types of signaling molecules such as v-Src and Raf that play a critical role in malignant transformation and metastasis development. Thus, HSP90 inhibitors are desired for designing chemotherapies, and also for elucidating the interplay in complex signaling networks.
Heat Shock Protein 90's (Hsp90s) are ubiquitous chaperone proteins that maintain the proper conformation of many "client" proteins (see Kamal et. al. Trends MoI. Med. 2004, 10, 283-290; Dymock et. al. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 2004, 14, 837-847; Isaacs et. al. Cancer Cell, 2003, 3, 213; Maloney et. al. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2002, 2, 3-24 and Richter et. al. J. Cell. Physiol. 2001, 188, 281-290), and are involved in folding, activation and assembly of a wide range of proteins, including key proteins involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control and transcriptional regulation. Researchers have reported that HSP90 chaperone proteins are associated with important signaling proteins, such as steroid hormone receptors and protein kinases, including, e.g., Raf-1, EGFR, v-Src family kinases, Cdk4, and ErbB-2 (Buchner, TIBS, 1999, 24, 136-141; Stepanova et. al., Genes Dev. 1996, 10, 1491-502; Dai et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 22030-4). Studies further indicate that certain co-chaperones, e.g., Hsp70, p60/Hop/Stil, Hip, Bagl, HSP40/Hdj2/Hsjl, immunophilins, p23, and p50, may assist HSP90 in its function (see for example Caplan, Trends in Cell Biol, 1999, 9, 262-268). Inhibition of Hsp90 causes these client proteins to adopt aberrant conformations, and these abnormally folded proteins are rapidly eliminated by the cell via ubiquitinylation and proteasome degradation. Interestingly, the list of Hsp90 client proteins includes a series of notorious oncogenes. Four of them are clinically validated cancer targets: HER-2/neu (Herceptin® (trastuzumab)), Bcr-Abl (Gleevec® (imatinib mesylate)), the estrogen receptor (tamoxifen), and the androgen receptor (Casodex® (bicalutamide)), while the others play a critical role in the development of cancer. Some of the most sensitive Hsp90 clients are involved in growth signalling (Raf-1, Akt, cdk4, Src, Bcr-Abl, etc). In contrast, few tumor suppressor genes, if any, seem to be clients of Hsp90 (for lists of client proteins see Pratt et. al. Exp. Biol. Med. 2003, 228, 111-133; Workman et. al. Cancer Lett. 2004, 206, 149-157 and Zhang et. al. J. MoI. Med. 2004, 82, 488-499.), and consequently, inhibition of Hsp90 has an overall anti-proliferative effect. In addition, some client proteins are involved in other fundamental processes of tumorigenesis, namely apoptosis evasion (e.g. Apaf-1, RIP, Akt), immortality (e.g. hTert), angiogenesis (e.g. VEGFR, Flt-3, FAK, HIF-I), and metastasis (c- Met).
However medicinal HSP inhibitors must be selective because HSPs also play a constructive role. Under non-stressed conditions, HSP90 is one of the most abundant proteins present in the eukaryotic cells, representing between 1-2% of the total cellular protein content and increasing only about two-fold when cells are stressed. Upon binding with the native client HSP90 is an essential housekeeper, e.g., for folding of nascent polypeptides, transporting proteins across membranes, and for normal protein turnover. Moreover, HSP90 plays a crucial role in post-translational regulation of signaling molecules, leading to their activation. HSP90 rarely functions alone but instead works with chaperone HSP70, with co- chaperones (HSP40, CDC37/p50, AHAl, p23), and with accessory proteins.
The numerous client proteins of HSP90 play a crucial role in growth control, cell survival and development processes, and those clients are known to include receptor tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases, steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors and telomerase. Oncogenic mutants of clients are also clients themselves but have higher requirements for HSP90 function, for instance the mutant v-SRC tyrosine kinase requires more protein-folding capability from HSP90's cooperative assembly of proteins (Y. Xu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96:109 (1999); .H. Oppermann et al., Ibid., 78:1067 (1981); L. Whitesell et al., Ibid., 91 :8324 (1994). Likewise, mutations of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 lead to the most common molecular genetic defect found in human cancers, and most p53 mutants show extended interactions with HSP90 (probably because of aberrant conformations), preventing their usual ubiquity lation and subsequent degradation by the proteasome (M.V. Blagosklonny et al., Ibid., 93:8379 (1996). However despite its ubiquitous participation, HSP90's clients are mostly pro-growth signaling proteins, and its chaperoning function is subverted during oncogenesis, leading to development of malignant transformation and the maintenance of transformed phenotypes.
In addition to anti-cancer and antitumorgenic activity, HSP90 inhibitors have also been implicated in a wide variety of other utilities, including use as anti-inflammation agents, anti-infectious disease agents, agents for treating autoimmunity, agents for treating ischemia, and agents useful in promoting nerve regeneration (See, e.g., Rosen et al., WO 02/09696; PCT/USO 1/23640; Degranco et al., WO 99/51223; PCT/US99/07242; Gold, U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,974 Bl). There are reports in the literature that fibrogenetic disorders including but not limited to scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis may be treatable. (Strehlow, WO 02/02123; PCT/USO 1/20578). Ansamycins and other HSP90 inhibitors thus hold great promise for the treatment and/or prevention of many types of disorders. However, many of the natural-product derived Hsp90 inhibitors exhibit pharmaceutical deficiencies; their relative insolubility makes them difficult to formulate and administer, and they are not easily synthesized and currently must, at least in part, be generated through fermentation. Further, the dose limiting toxicity of ansamyins is hepatic. For example, the semi-synthetic inhibitor 17-allylamino,17- desmethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG), currently in phase II clinical trials, is expensive to manufacture, difficult to formulate (the NCI clinical protocol consists of injecting a DMSO solution of 17-AAG) and at present administered only parenterally. Although the 17- dimethylaminoethylamino analog (17-DM AG) is more soluble, it exhibits all of the side effects of 17-AAG as well as gastrointestinal hemorrhaging in preclinical toxicity studies (Glaze et. al. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer. Res. 2003, 44, 162-162 and Eiseman et. al. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2005, 55, 21-32). Radicicol (RC), another natural product Hsp90 inhibitor, is poorly water-soluble and is inactive in tumor xenograft models. Semi-synthetic oxime derivatives of radicicol provide better solubility and substantially improved the pharmacological profile in murine models, but are still limited to intravenous administration (Ikuina et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2534-2541. Furthermore, radicicol and its oximes contain an oxirane ring which has been viewed as a liability for stability and toxicity, prompting the synthesis of cycloproparadicicol: Yang et. al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7881 and 2003, 125, 9602-9603.) Despite the potential of ansamycins, alternative HSP90 inhibitors are therefore needed.
Fully synthetic, orally active inhibitors of Hsp90 have been sought in order to provide more flexible dosing schedule options, and to possibly avoid the side-effects of the natural product inhibitors. Chiosis et al. described the design and synthesis of purine analogs that mimic geldanamycin and other ansamycins in their ability to bind the ATP binding pocket of, and thus inhibit, HSP90. See International Patent Application PCT/US01/46303 (WO 02/36075; Chemistry & Biology 8:289-299 (2001). The specific compounds that Chiosis et al. described included a trimethoxybenzyl entity substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5. Using gel-binding assays, these were shown to bind HSP90 approximately 20-fold less avidly than 17-AAG.
More recently, other novel non-natural product Hsp90 inhibitors have been reported (e.g. PU3 and CCTOl 8159; see Chiosis et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 10, 3555-3564; Vilenchik et. al. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 787-797; Chiosis et. al. WO 0236075, 2002; Drysdale et. al. WO 03/055860 Al, 2003; Wright et. al. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11, 775-785; Dymock et. al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 325-328; Dymock et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 4212- 4215. Structure of Hsp90 in complex with PU3 pdb code 1UY6, and with PU24FC1: pdb code IUYF and Clevenger et. al. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 4459-4462). The structures of these inhibitors were designed using the crystal structures of Hsp90 in complex with ATP, geldanamycin, or radicicol. The 8-benzyladenines such as PU3 were designed to adopt the same C-shaped conformation as geldanamycin (Chiosis et. al. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 2003, 3, 371-376) with the adenine ring pointing to the adenine -binding site (hinge region), and the trimethoxybenzene ring emulating the H-bond accepting nature of the quinone ring of geldanamycin. (The benzene ring of PU3 was not designed to have exactly the same orientation as the quinone ring of geldanamycin. Rather, the trimethoxybenzene moiety was designed to point in the same general direction and form a hydrogen bond with Lysl l2, an amino acid which forms a hydrogen bond with the quinone ring of geldanamycin.) The recently obtained crystal structure of Hsp90 in complex with PU3 confirmed that the purine ring occupies the position normally occupied by ADP/ATP, but the benzene ring points in a direction opposite to the predicted one, to form a r-stacking interaction with Phel38. Nevertheless, PU3 inhibits Hsp90 (HER-2 degradation assay, HER-2 IC50=40 μM) and afforded a valuable starting point for further optimization. Structure-activity studies based on PU3 led to the more active PU24FC1 (HER-2 ICso=1.7 μM) which was subsequently also co- crystallized with Hsp90. When PU24FC1 was formulated in DMSO/EtOH/phosphate- buffered saline 1 :1 :1 and administered intraperitoneally to mice bearing MCF-7 xenograft tumors, it induced at 100-300 mg/kg down-regulation of HER-2 and Raf-1, a pharmacodynamic response consistent with Hsp90 inhibition, and at 200 mg/kg it significantly repressed tumor growth. Very high doses (500-1000 mg/kg) of PU24FC1 were required to observe a similar pharmacodynamic response upon oral administration, and no 8- benzyladenine has been reported to inhibit tumor growth by the oral route. In our hands, PU24FC1 proved to be too insoluble to be effectively formulated and delivered orally. So far, despite extensive SAR studies to improve potency and pharmaceutics properties, Hsp90 inhibitors have not demonstrated activity in animal models of human cancer (xenografts) when administered orally. The discovery of the 8-benzyladenines led to the design of 8-sulfanyladenines
(Kasibhatla et. al. WO 3037860, 2003 and Llauger et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 2892- 2905), exemplified by 8-(2-iodo-5-methoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-9-pent-4-ynyl-9H-purin-6- ylamine, which exhibited excellent potency in several cell-based assays, but was poorly soluble in water and did not have sufficient oral bioavailability in clinically acceptable formulations.
When HSP90 is inhibited, its clients are degraded, i.e., the unfolded protein is ubiquitinated, followed by proteasome-mediated hydrolysis. Most of the inhibitors reported so far bind to the N-terminal domain {vide infra), but some are reported to interact with the C-terminal domain; HSP90 has binding sites for ATP in both locations. The function of HSP90's C terminus is not entirely clear, but compounds interacting in this domain clearly impair HSP90 function and have anti-cancer effects. Some resorcylic acid lactones have been found to inhibit HSP90, thus natural products radicicol and geldanamycin (P. Delmotte and J. Delmotte-Plaquee, Nature (London), 171 :344 (1953); and C. DeBoer et al., J Antibiot (Tokyo), 23:442 (1970), respectively) were shown to suppress the transformed phenotype of cell expressing activated Src (HJ. Kwon et al., Cancer Research, 52:6926 (1992); Y. Uehara et al., Virology, 164:294 (1988)). Related compounds such as herbimycin have been reported to have similar effects (S. Omura et al., J Antibiot (Tokyo), 32:255 (1979).
Figure imgf000009_0001
Radicicol Geldanamycin
Other resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) studied in this respect include 17-allylamino-
17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) (D.B. Solit et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 8:986 (2002); L.R. Kelland et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91 :1940 (1999)); 17DMAG (J.L. Eiseman et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 55:21-32 (2005)); IPI-504 (J. Ge et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:4606 (2006); oxime derivatives such as KF25706 (S. Soga, et al., Cancer Res., 59:2931 (1999)) and KF55823 (S. Soga et al., Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 48:435 (2001)); and Danishefsky et α/.'s cycloproparadicicol (A. Rivkin et al., Ibid.,, 44:2838 (2005)). Structurally related variants include chimeric inhbitors having radicicol's carboxyresorcinol and the geldanamycin 's benzoquinone (R.C. Clevenger and B. S. Blagg, Org. Lett., 6:4459 (2004); G. Shen and B.S. Blagg, Ibid., 7:2157 (2004); G. Shen et al., J. Org Chem. , 71 :7618 (2006)).
Figure imgf000009_0002
Radicicol-based HSP90 inhibitors
Figure imgf000010_0001
Radamide Radester Radanamycin
Chimeric inhibitors of HSP90
Purines such as PU3 have been studied in an effort to design small molecules that fit HSP90's ATP binding site (G. Chiosis, et al, Chem Biol 8, 289-299 (2001); G. Chiosis, et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 10:3555 (2002); L. LLauger, et al, J. Med. Chem.. 48:2892 (2005); H. He et al, Ibid., 49:381 (2006); M.A. Biamonte et al, Ibid., 49:817 (2006)).
Figure imgf000010_0002
Purine-based designed HSP90 inhibitors
Pyrazoles (1-35) (M.G. Rowlands et al, Anal. Biochem., 327:176 (2004); B.W. Dymock et al, J. Med. Chem., 48:4212 (2005)) and benzothiazolothio-purines (1-36) (L. Zhang, et al, J. Med. Chem., 49:5352 (2006) have been reported recently also as small- molecule inhibitors of these enzymes.
Figure imgf000010_0003
Other classes of HSP90 inhibitors
Radicicol has been of particular interest. A 14-member macro lide, and also known as monorden, radicicol is a potent, highly competitive and highly selective ligand for HSP90's ATP-binding pocket. HSP90 is an ATPase rather than a kinase, and its ATP-binding pocket has a Bergerat fold (A. Bergerat et al.,, Nature, 386:414 (1997); R. Dutta and M. Inouye, Trends Biochem. Sci., 25:24 (2000)) which is distinct from kinases' ATP-binding pockets. (S. M. Roe et al., J. Med. Chem., 42:260 (1999)). Considerable interest in radicicol's medicinal applications have followed the initial findings. (See U.S. Patent No. 6,946,456; and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003-0211469, 2004-0102458, 2005-0074457, 2005-0261263, 2005-0267087, 2006-0073151, 2006-0251574, 2006-0269618, 2007- 0004674, and 2007-0010432).
Figure imgf000011_0001
radicicol pochonin C
HSP-90 inhibitor (20 nM) Helicase-primase LL-783,277 cocrystal structure inhibitor MEK inhibitor (4 nM)
Figure imgf000011_0002
hypothemycin F87-2509.04: R = OMe;
Inhibits Ras function aigialomycin D
Promotes degradation of (cellular assay) CDKl/cyclin B (5.7 mM)
ARE-containing genes CDK5/p25 (5.8 mM)
(cellular assay)
Strikingly, some resorcylic macrolides that are close analogs of radicicol are known to inhibit kinases but not HSP90. Indeed, LL-Z1640-2 was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of TAKl kinase for which radicicol and other resorcylides were not active. (J. Ninomiya-Tsuji et al., J. Biol. Chem., 278:18485 (2003); P. Rawlins et al., Int. J. Immunopharma., 21 :799 (1999); K. Takehana et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 257:19 (1999); A. Zhao et al., J. Antibiotics, 52:1086 (1999)). Closely related LL-783,227, where one of the olefins has been reduced, is a potent inhibitor of MEK kinase. (A. Zhao et al., J. Antibiotics 52:1086 (1999)). Compound F87-2509.04 was found to induce degradation of mRNA containing AU-rich elements (ARE) (T. Kastelic et al, Cytokine, 8:751 (1996)) and hypothemycin was found to inhibit the Ras-mediated cellular signaling. (H. Tanaka et al, Jap. J. Cancer Res., 90:1139 (1999)). We have recently shown that aigialomycin D is a CDK inhibitor. (S. Barluenga et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 46(24):3951 (2006)).
Other close analogs of radicicol do inhibit HSP90. Pochonin D is a potent inhibitor of HSP90. (E. Moulin et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 127(19):6999 (2005)). And pochonin A has been reported to be a 90 nM inhibitor of HSP90. Pochonin C was found to be an inhibitor of herpes' helicase-primase, which is an ATPase rather than a kinase. (V. Hellwig et al., J. Nat. Prod., 66:829 (2003)). Although radicicol and pochonin C are structurally very similar, they have very different conformations in solution, and different biological activities. (S. Barluenga et al, Chem. Eur. J, 11 :4935 (2005). Thus it appears the "floppiness" of the macrocyclic may play an essential role in inhibitory differences among resorcylic acid macrolides, and in any case makes those effects difficult to predict by theoretical methods. Some resorcylic acid macrolides had been known as kinase or phosphatase inhibitors
(U.S. Patent Nos. 5,674,892; 5,728,726; 5,731,343; and 5,795,910), or to inhibit other enzymes (U.S. Patent No. 5,710,174 inhibiting FXIIIa catalysis of fibrin cross-linking). Resorcylic acid macrolides were also employed for other medical indications (U.S. Patent Nos. 3,453,367; 3,965,275; 4,035,504; 4,670,249; 4,778,821; 4,902,711; and 6,635,671). Radicicol and the pochonins are natural products; intermediates for synthesizing some of their analogues of them may be obtained by fermentation, however relying only upon those natural products or their fermentation derivatives severely limits the range of compounds. Thus a number of novel resorcylic acid macrolides have been synthesized. Many of these are zearalane and related compounds in which the macrocyclic ring contains no carbon-carbon double bond other than between carbons of the phenyl ring. (U.S. Patent serial nos. 3,373,038; 3,586,701; 3,621,036; 3,631,179; 3,687,982; 3,704,249; 3,751,431; 3,764,614; 3,810,918; 3,836,544; 3,852,307; 3,860,616; 3,901,921; 3,901,922; 3,903,115; 3,957,825; 4,042,602; 4,751,239; 4,849,447; and 2005-0256183). Syntheses have also been reported for resorcylic acid macrolides characterized by one double bond between ring carbons outside the phenyl ring. (U.S. Patent serial nos. 3,196,019; 3,551,454; 3,758,511; 3,887,583; 3,925,423; 3,954,805; and 4,088,658). Most of those are 14-member macrocycles, but syntheses have also been reported for the 12-member macrocycle analogs. (U.S. Patent serial nos. 5,710,174; 6,617,348; and 2004-0063778. and PCT publication no. WO 02/48135) Syntheses have also been reported for radicicol-related compounds having two non- aromatic double bonds and either a halide or a 1,2-oxo group (i.e., an epoxide) on the macrocyclic ring. (U.S. Patent serial nos. 4,228,079; 5,597,846; 5,650,430; 5,977,165; 7,115,651; and Japanese patent document nos. JP 6-279279A, JP 6-298764A, JP 9-202781A, JP 10-265381A2; and JP 2000-236984). Syntheses of oximes of radicicol-related compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patent serial nos. 5,977,165; 6,239,168; 6,316,491; 6,635,662; 2001-0027208; 2004-0053990; Japanese patent document no. JP 2003- 113183A2; and PCT publication no. WO 99/55689 Synthesis of cyclopropa-analogs of radicicol is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,115,651 and PCT Publication No. WO 05/061481. Syntheses of some other resorcylic acid macrolide analogs are disclosed in U.S. patent publication no. 2006-0247448 and in PCT publication no. WO 02/48135. Radicicol as well as Pochonins A and C have also been synthesized. (S. Barluenga et al, Angew. Chemie, 43(26):3467-3470 (2004); S. Barluenga et al, Chemistry - A European Journal, l l(17):4935-4952 (August 19, 2005); E. Moulin et al, et al, Organic Letters, 7(25):5637- 5639 (December 8, 2005).
Despite the progress described above, chemical biologists continue to suffer from a limited ability to knock out specific kinase activity in order to deconvolute the role of specific kinases within complex signaling networks. Small molecules that can permeate cells have promise for solving this problem. And it has become increasingly apparent that the biological function of kinases is often regulated by their conformation, which is in turn dictated by their phosphorylation level and by intra- and inter-molecular associations. Small molecule inhibitors also have the potential to discriminate between different conformations of a given kinase, thus small molecules offer a means to dissect the respective functions of those conformation. Unfortunately the portfolio of known kinase inhibitors cannot yet support the full range of work to be done in parsing the roles of the various members of the kinome. This is not a merely academic pursuit, because the rationality of drug design will continue to suffer until kinase mechanisms and their selectivity is understood.
Thus there is an ongoing need for kinase inhibitors and HSP90 inhibitors that not only have improved potency and selectivity, but also have improved solubility and bioavailability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides compounds having structural formula I, II, III, IV and V, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and/or esters; pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds or therir pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and/or esters; and the use of the compounds or therir pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and/or esters for the treatment of kinase-mediated or HSP90-mediated disorders.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000014_0001
wherein:
R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR2, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, -SO2N(R)2, -N(R)SO2R, -N(CO)R, - N(CO)NR2, -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, -(CO)OR, -(CO)NR2, -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR2, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000014_0002
provided that at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If);
L1 and L2 are each independently a covalent bond, -0-, or -NR3a-; p is O, 1, or 2; Rla and R2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, -alkylene-C(O)-O-R4a, or -alkylene-O-C(O)-O-R4a; and
R3a and R4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl;
L3 and L4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR2, or SR; R5a, R6a, and R7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alky lhetero aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR2, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, - SO2N(R)2, -N(R)SO2R, -N(CO)R, -N(CO)NR2, -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, - (CO)OR, -(CO)NR2, -0(CO)OR, or -0(CO)NR2;
Z has a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), and (Ie);
A1 and A2 together are -CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-, 1 ,2-cyclopropadiyl, or 1,2-oxirane; B1 and B2 together are -CH2-CH2- or Bi and B2 together represent a covalent bond;
X1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR2, NH-OR, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, -N-O- (CH2)n-CO2-R; or X1 together with X2 or X3 represents a covalent bond;
X2 and X3 are both hydrogen, or one of X2 and X3 is hydrogen and the other together with X1 represents a covalent bond;
X4 and X5 together are =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R or =N-N-S02R; or one of X4 and X5 is hydrogen and the other is OH, OR, 0(CO)R, 0(CO)OR, 0(CO)NR2, -(CH2)n- 0(CO)OR, -(CH2)n-O(CO)NR2; or one of X4 and X5 together with X6 represents a covalent bond and the other of X4 and X5 is OH, OR, 0(CO)R, 0(CO)OR, or
0(CO)NR2;
X6 is hydrogen or X6 together with one of X4 and X5 represents a covalent bond; and each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; or when two R groups are bonded to the same nitrogen, the two R groups taken together with the nitrogen form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000016_0001
II wherein, R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-O-(CH2)nCOOR, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-SOR or =N-N-SO2R.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000016_0002
III wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, acyl or a protecting group. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000017_0001
IV wherein R6 is hydrogen, OR, or NR2.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000017_0002
V wherein R6 is (CH2)nC(O)OR, or -(CH2)nC(O)NR2; and n is 1, 2 or 3. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject suffering from neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject suffering from neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating a neurodegenerative disease in a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula I, II, III, IV, or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention provides use of a compound of formula I,
II, III, IV, or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of a neurodegenerative disease,
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or reducing the growth or number of NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells comprising contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with at least one compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutically acceptable tautomer, salt, solvate, ester, and/or prodrug thereof.
In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective HSP 90-inhibiting amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided. In some embodiments, the carrier is suitable for oral, parenteral, inhalation, topical or intradermal administration.
In still other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of formula I, II, III, IV or V comprises particles that are less than about 2 microns average particle size. In stil other embodiments, the composition is incorporated into a biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises an additive selected from an antioxidant, a buffer, a bacteriostat, a liquid carrier, a solute, a suspending agent, a thickening agent, a flavoring agent, a gelatin, glycerin, a binder, a lubricant, an inert diluent, a preservative, a surface active agent, a dispersing agent, a biodegradable polymer, or any combination thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a disease comprising administering to the patient with the disease an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, wherein the disease is an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, or a hormone-related disease.
In one embodiment, a method of treating a patient with cancer is provided comprising administering to the patient having the cancer an effective cancer-treating amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, wherein the cancer may be a solid tumor, a blood borne tumor, breast cancer, cancer of the ovary, cancer of the cervix, prostate cancer, cancer of the testis, cancer of the urinary tract, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the larynx, glioblastoma, stomach cancer, skin cancer, keratoacanthoma, lung cancer, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone cancer, colon cancer, adenoma, cancer of the pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin's, hairy cells, buccal cavity cancer, pharynx cancer, lip cancer, tongue cancer, mouth cancer, cancer of the pharynx, cancer of the small intestine, colon-rectum cancer, cancer of the large intestine, cancer of the rectum, brain cancer and cancer of the central nervous system, or leukemia.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a disease associated with undesirable neovascularization comprising administering to the patient with the undersirable neovascularization an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V.
The disease associated with undesirable neovasculariation comprises ocular neovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasias, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, Sjogren's syndrome, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mooren's ulcer, Terrien's marginal degeneration, marginal keratolysis, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis, Wegener's sarcoidosis, Scleritis, Steven- Johnson disease, pemphigoid, radial keratotomy, or corneal graph rejection, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget' s disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, Eales' disease, Bechet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargart's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, or post-laser complications.
In still another embodiment, a method of treating a patient with an inflammatory disease is provided comprising administering to the patient with the inflammatory disease an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V. The inflammatory disease may be excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells, atherosclerosis, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, retrolental fibroplasia, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma or Osier Weber syndrome.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figures IA and IB show the In vitro hydrolysis of phosphate prodrugs Ia and Ib to their parent compounds in liver homogenate and intestine homogenate.
Figures 2 A and 2B show the In vitro hydrolysis of phosphate prodrugs Ia and Ib to their parent compounds in plasma and artificial gastric fluid.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Provided are novel compounds based on the resorcylic acid lactones that are useful as inhibitors of kinases and HSP90. Also provided are compositions comprising the compounds and processes for the preparation of the compounds. Use of the compounds for the inhibition of kinases and HSP-90, and a method for the treatment of kinase-mediated or HSP90- mediated diseases comprising administering an effective kinase-inhibiting amount or an effective HSP90-inhibiting amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V to a patient with a kinase-mediated or HSP90-mediated disease, are provided.
Compounds
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000020_0001
wherein:
R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR2, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, -SO2N(R)2, -N(R)SO2R, -N(CO)R, - N(CO)NR2, -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, -(CO)OR, -(CO)NR2, -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR2, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000021_0001
provided that at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If);
L1 and L2 are each independently a covalent bond, -0-, or -NR3a-; p is O, 1, or 2;
Rla and R2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl,
-alkylene-C(O)-O-R4a, or -alkylene-O-C(O)-O-R4a; and
R3a and R4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; L3 and L4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR2, or SR;
R5a, R6a, and R7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl; R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR2, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, - SO2N(R)2, -N(R)SO2R, -N(CO)R, -N(CO)NR2, -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, - (CO)OR, -(CO)NR2, -0(CO)OR, or -0(CO)NR2; Z has a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), and (Ie);
A1 and A2 together are -CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-, 1 ,2-cyclopropadiyl, or 1,2-oxirane;
B1 and B2 together are -CH2-CH2- or Bi and B2 together represent a covalent bond;
X1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR2, NH-OR, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, -N-O- (CH2)n-CO2-R; or X1 together with X2 or X3 represents a covalent bond;
X2 and X3 are both hydrogen, or one of X2 and X3 is hydrogen and the other together with X1 represents a covalent bond;
X4 and X5 together are =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R or =N-N-S02R; or one of X4 and X5 is hydrogen and the other is OH, OR, 0(CO)R, 0(CO)OR, 0(CO)NR2, -(CH2)n- 0(CO)OR, -(CH2)n-O(CO)NR2; or one of X4 and X5 together with X6 represents a covalent bond and the other of X4 and X5 is OH, OR, 0(CO)R, 0(CO)OR, or 0(CO)NR2;
X6 is hydrogen or X6 together with one of X4 and X5 represents a covalent bond; and each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; or when two R groups are bonded to the same nitrogen, the two R groups taken together with the nitrogen form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
In another emobidiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula II:
Figure imgf000022_0001
wherein, R7 is =0, =S, =N-OR, =N-O-(CH2)nCOOR, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2,
=N-N-SOR or =N-N-SO2R.
In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl. In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-. In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, A1 and A2 together are 1,2- oxirane.
In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl; R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, , aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH- or -C(OH)-C(OH)-; X1 is hydrogen, halogen or NH-OR; and R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-
(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R. Preferably, R7 is =0. It is also preferable that R7 is =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, or =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2.
In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl; R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, , aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane; X1 is hydrogen, halogen or NH-OR; and R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R. In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl; R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH- or -C(OH)- C(OH)-; X1 together with X2 represent a bond; and R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N- 0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R. Preferable, R1 is H or Cl; R5 is hydrogen, methyl, propyl, isopropyl or phenyl; and R7 is =N-0R, =N- 0-(CH2)nC00R, or =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2. It is also preferable that R1 is Cl and R5 is hydrogen. It is also preferable that n is 1. It is also preferable that R5 is hydrogen and R7 is =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, or =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2. It is also preferable that R5 is hydrogen and R7 is =N-0R.
In one embodiment of the compound of formula II, R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl; R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane; X1 together with X2 represent a bond; and R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-
(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R. Preferably, R7 is =0. It is also preferable that R7 is =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, or =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula III:
Figure imgf000024_0001
wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, acyl or a protecting group.
In one embodiment of formula (III), R is hydrogen or acyl; and R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
In one embodiment of formula (III), R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
In one embodiment of formula (III), X1 together with X2 represent a covalent bond.
In one embodiment of formula (III), X1 is hydrogen, halogen, NH-OR, NH- O-(CH2)nCOOR, or NH-O-(CH2)nCONR2.
In one embodiment of formula (III), A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-.
In one embodiment of formula (III), In one embodiment of formula (III), A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
In one embodiment of formula (III), A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula IV:
Figure imgf000024_0002
IV wherein R6 is hydrogen, OR, or NR2.
In one embodiment of formula IV, R is hydrogen or acyl. In one embodiment of formula IV, R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl. In one embodiment of formula IV, R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl. In one embodiment of formula IV, A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-. In one embodiment of formula IV, A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
In one embodiment of formula IV, A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula V:
Figure imgf000025_0001
V wherein R6 is (CH2)nC(O)OR, or -(CH2)nC(O)NR2; and n is 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment of formula V, R6 is -CH2C(O)N(Me)OMe.
In one embodiment of formula V, R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl. In one embodiment of formula V, R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl. In one embodiment of formula V, A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-. In one embodiment of formula V, A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
In one embodiment of formula V, A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, R2 and R4 in any of the above formula structures are independently OR, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If); R is independently alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; provided that at least one of R2 and R4 is a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If).
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000028_0001
Figure imgf000029_0001
Figure imgf000029_0002
Figure imgf000030_0001
Figure imgf000031_0001
Figure imgf000031_0002
Figure imgf000032_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000036_0001
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0001
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000041_0002
Figure imgf000042_0001
Figure imgf000043_0001
Figure imgf000044_0001
Figure imgf000045_0001
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001
Figure imgf000048_0001
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ia), at least one of L1 and L2 is -O-, and p is 0 or 1. Preferably, L1 and L2 are both -O-.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ib), and R5a and R6a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ic), and R5a, R6a, and R7a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Id), and L1 is -O-.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ie), and L1 is -O-.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (If), and R5a and R6a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
In some specific embodiments, the present invention provides compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvent, or ester thereof.
Additional Specific Compounds
In one aspect, the present invention also provides specific compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000054_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvent, or ester thereof.
These specific compounds can be formulated in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein and be used for treating various diseases as described herein.
Stereoisomerism and Polymorphism
Compounds of the present invention having a chiral center may exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. The present invention encompasses any racemic, optically-active, diastereomeric, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein.
In one embodiment, the compounds are prepared in optically active form by asymmetric synthesis using the processes described herein or synthetic transformations known to those skilled in the art.
Examples of methods to obtain optically active materials are known in the art, and include at least the following. i) physical separation of crystals—a technique whereby macroscopic crystals of the individual enantiomers are manually separated. This technique can be used if crystals of the separate enantiomers exist, i.e., the material is a conglomerate, and the crystals are visually distinct; ii) simultaneous crystallization—a technique whereby the individual enantiomers are separately crystallized from a solution of the racemate, possible only if the latter is a conglomerate in the solid state; iii) enzymatic resolutions—a technique whereby partial or complete separation of a racemate by virtue of differing rates of reaction for the enantiomers with an enzyme; iv) enzymatic asymmetric synthesis— a synthetic technique whereby at least one step of the synthesis uses an enzymatic reaction to obtain an enatiomerically pure or enriched synthetic precursor of the desired enantiomer; v) chemical asymmetric synthesis— a synthetic technique whereby the desired enantiomer is synthesized from an achiral precursor under conditions that produce asymmetry (i.e., chirality) in the product, which may be achieved using chrial catalysts or chiral auxiliaries; vi) diastereomer separations— a technique whereby a racemic compound is reacted with an enantiomerically pure reagent (the chiral auxiliary) that converts the individual enantiomers to diastereomers. The resulting diastereomers are then separated by chromatography or crystallization by virtue of their now more distinct structural differences and the chiral auxiliary later removed to obtain the desired enantiomer; vii) first- and second-order asymmetric transformations— a technique whereby diastereomers from the racemate equilibrate to yield a preponderance in solution of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer or where preferential crystallization of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer perturbs the equilibrium such that eventually in principle all the material is converted to the crystalline diastereomer from the desired enantiomer. The desired enantiomer is then released from the diastereomer; viii) kinetic resolutions— this technique refers to the achievement of partial or complete resolution of a racemate (or of a further resolution of a partially resolved compound) by virtue of unequal reaction rates of the enantiomers with a chiral, non-racemic reagent or catalyst under kinetic conditions; ix) enantiospecific synthesis from non-racemic precursors— a synthetic technique whereby the desired enantiomer is obtained from non-chiral starting materials and where the stereochemical integrity is not or is only minimally compromised over the course of the synthesis; x) chiral liquid chromatography— a technique whereby the enantiomers of a racemate are separated in a liquid mobile phase by virtue of their differing interactions with a stationary phase. The stationary phase can be made of chiral material or the mobile phase can contain an additional chiral material to provoke the differing interactions; xi) chiral gas chromatography~a technique whereby the racemate is volatilized and enantiomers are separated by virtue of their differing interactions in the gaseous mobile phase with a column containing a fixed non-racemic chiral adsorbent phase; xii) extraction with chiral solvents—a technique whereby the enantiomers are separated by virtue of preferential dissolution of one enantiomer into a particular chiral solvent; or xiii) transport across chiral membranes—a technique whereby a racemate is placed in contact with a thin membrane barrier. The barrier typically separates two miscible fluids, one containing the racemate, and a driving force such as concentration or pressure differential causes preferential transport across the membrane barrier. Separation occurs as a result of the non-racemic chiral nature of the membrane which allows only one enantiomer of the racemate to pass through.
Definitions
Whenever a term in the specification is identified as a range (i.e. Ci_4 alkyl), the range independently refers to each element of the range. As a non-limiting example, Ci_4 alkyl means, independently, C1, C2, C3 or C4 alkyl. Similarly, when one or more substituents are referred to as being "independently selected from" a group, this means that each substituent can be any element of that group, and any combination of these groups can be separated from the group. For example, if R1 and R2 can be independently selected from X, Y and Z, this separately includes the groups R1 is X and R2 is X; R1 is X and R2 is Y; R1 is X and R2 is Z;
R1 is Y and R2 is X; R1 is Y and R2 is Y; R1 is Y and R2 is Z; R1 is Z and R2 is X; R1 is Z and R2 is Y; and R1 is Z and R2 is Z.
The term "alkyl" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon, including but not limited to groups with C1 to C10. The term "alkyl" also includes "lower alkyl".
The term "lower alkyl" refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon, including groups with Ci to C4, and if appropriate a cyclic alkyl group (for example cyclopropyl).
Illustrative examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, ώopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, secbutyl, isobutyl, tertbutyi, cyclobutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1,1- dimethylpropyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and cyclohexyl. Unless otherwise specified, the alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, acyl, acyloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, thiol, imine, sulfonic acid, sulfate, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, ester, carboxylic acid, amide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, thioester, thioether, acid halide, anhydride, oxime, hydrazine, carbamate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, phosphonate, or any other viable functional group that does not inhibit the pharmacological activity of this compound, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene, et al, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
The term "halo" or "halogen", as used herein, includes chloro, bromo, iodo, and fluoro.
The term "chiral" as used herein includes a compound that has the property that it is not superimposable on its mirror image.
The term "alkylthio" refers to a straight or branched chain alkylsulfide of the number of carbons specified, such as for example, Ci_4alkylthio, ethylthio, -S-alkyl, -S- alkenyl, -S-alkynyl, etc.
The terms "alkylamino'Or "arylamino" refer to an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively. Unless otherwise specifically stated in this application, when alkyl is a suitable moiety, then it is a lower alkyl, whether substituted or unsubstituted.
The term "alkylsulfonyl" means a straight or branched alkylsulfone of the number of carbon atoms specified, as for example, Ci_6 alkylsulfonyl or methylsulfonyl. The term "alkoxycarbonyl" refers to a straight or branched chain ester of a carboxylic acid derivative of the number of carbon atoms specified, such as for example, a methoxycarbonyl, MeOCO-.
As used herein, the term "nitro" means -NO2; the term "sulfhydryl" means -SH; and the term "sulfonyl" means -SO2. The terms "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" refer to alkyl moieties, including both substituted and unsubstituted forms wherein at least one saturated C-C bond is replaced by a double or triple bond. Thus, C2-6 alkenyl may be vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1- butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, or 5-hexenyl. Similarly, C2_6 alkynyl may be ethynyl, 1- propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3- pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, or 5-hexynyl.
The term "alkylene" includes a saturated, straight chain, divalent alkyl radical of the formula -(CH2)D-, wherein "n" may be any whole integer from 1 to 10. "Alkyl", "alkoxy", "alkenyl", "alkynyl", etc., includes both straight chain and branched groups. However, reference to an individual radical such as "propyl" embraces only that straight-chain radical, whereas a branched chain isomer such as "isopropyl" is specifically termed such.
The term "aryl" as used herein and unless otherwise specified refers to any stable monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic carbon ring of up to 8 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic as defined by the Huckel 4n+2 rule, and especially phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl. The term includes both substituted and unsubstituted moieties. The aryl group can be substituted with any described moiety, including but not limited to one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of halogen (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), hydroxyl, amino, azido, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either protected or unprotected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in
Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Ed., 1999.
The term "alkaryl" or "alkylaryl" refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent or an alkyl group linked to the molecule through an aryl group as defined herein. The term "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyl substituent or linked to the molecule through an alkyl group as defined above.
The term "cycloalkyl" includes a ring of C3_8, including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl. The term "alkoxy" means a straight or branched chain alkyl group having an attached oxygen radical, the alkyl group having the number of carbons specified or any number within this range. For example, a "-O-alkyl", Ci_4 alkoxy, methoxy, etc.
The term "acyl" or "O-linked ester" includes a group of the formula C(O)R', wherein R' is an straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl (including lower alkyl), carboxylate residue of an amino acid, aryl including phenyl, heteroaryl, alkaryl, aralkyl including benzyl, alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl; or substituted alkyl (including lower alkyl), aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, Ci to C4 alkyl or Ci to C4 alkoxy, sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxy-trityl, substituted benzyl, alkaryl, aralkyl including benzyl, alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl. Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group. In nonlimiting embodiments, acyl groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methylacetyl, cyclopropylacetyl, cyclopropyl- carboxy, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, hexanoyl, heptanoyloctanoyl, neo-heptanoyl, phenylacetyl, 2-acetoxy-2-phenylacetyl, diphenylacetyl, α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethyl-phenylacetyl, bromoacetyl, 2-nitro-benzeneacetyl, 4-chloro-benzeneacetyl, 2-chloro-2,2-diphenylacetyl, 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl, trimethylacetyl, chlorodifluoroacetyl, perfluoroacetyl, fluoroacetyl, bromodifluoroacetyl, methoxyacetyl, 2-thiopheneacetyl, chlorosulfonylacetyl, 3-methoxyphenylacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, tert-butylacetyl, trichloroacetyl, monochloro-acetyl, dichloroacetyl, 7H-dodecafluoro-heptanoyl, perfluoro- heptanoyl, 7H-dodeca-fluoroheptanoyl, 7-chlorododecafluoro-heptanoyl, 7-chloro- dodecafluoro-heptanoyl, 7H-dodecafluoroheptanoyl, 7H-dodeca-fluoroheptanoyl, nona- fluoro-3 ,6-dioxa-heptanoyl, nonafluoro-3 ,6-dioxaheptanoyl, perfluoroheptanoyl, methoxybenzoyl, methyl 3-amino-5-phenylthiophene-2-carboxyl, 3,6-dichloro-2- methoxy-benzoyl, 4-(l,l,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethoxy)-benzoyl, 2-bromo-propionyl, omega- aminocapryl, decanoyl, n-pentadecanoyl, stearyl, 3-cyclopentyl-propionyl, 1-benzene- carboxyl, O-acetylmandelyl, pivaloyl acetyl, 1-adamantane-carboxyl, cyclohexane- carboxyl, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxyl, cyclopropane-carboxyl, cyclobutane-carboxyl, perfluorocyclohexyl carboxyl, 4-methylbenzoyl, chloromethyl isoxazolyl carbonyl, perfluorocyclohexyl carboxyl, crotonyl, 1 -methyl- lH-indazole-3 -carbonyl, 2-propenyl, isovaleryl, 1-pyrrolidinecarbonyl, 4-phenylbenzoyl.
The term "acylamino" includes a group having a structure of "-N(R')-C(=O)-R' ", wherein each R' is independently as defined above. The term "carbonyl" includes a group of the structure "-C(=O)-X-R' " or "X-
C(=O)-R' ", where X is O, S, or a bond, and each R is independently as defined above.
The term "heteratom" includes an atom other than carbon or hydrogen in the structure of a heterocyclic compound, nonlimiting examples of which are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or boron. The term "heterocycle", "heterocyclyl", or "heterocyclic" as used herein includes non- aromatic ring systems having four to fourteen members, preferably five to ten, in which one or more ring carbons, preferably one to four, are each replaced by a heteroatom. Examples of heterocyclic rings include 3-lH-benzimidazol-2-one, (l-substituted)-2-oxo-benzimidazol-3- yl, 2-tetrahydro-furanyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 3-tetrahydropyranyl, 4- tetra-hydropyranyl, [l,3]-dioxalanyl, [l,3]-dithiolanyl, [l,3]-dioxanyl, 2-tetra-hydro- thiophenyl, 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 2-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 2- thiomorpholinyl, 3-thiomorpholinyl, 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3- pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, A- piperidinyl, 4-thiazolidinyl, diazolonyl, N-substituted diazolonyl, 1-phthalimidinyl, benzoxanyl, benzopyrrolidinyl, benzopiperidinyl, benzoxolanyl, benzothiolanyl, and benzothianyl. Also included within the scope of the term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic", as it is used herein, is a group in which a non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring is fused to one or more aromatic or non-aromatic rings, such as in an indolinyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the non-aromatic heteroatom-containing ring. The term "heterocycle", "heterocyclyl", or "heterocyclic" whether saturated or partially unsaturated, also refers to rings that are optionally substituted.
The term "heteroaryl", used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in "heteroaralkyl" or "heteroarylalkoxy", refers to heteroaromatic ring groups having five to fourteen members. Examples of heteroaryl rings include 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, 3-furazanyl, N- imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5- isoxazolyl, 2-oxadiazolyl, 5-oxadiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2- pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-pyrimidyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 5-tetrazolyl, 2-triazolyl, 5-triazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, acridinyl, and benzoisoxazolyl. Also included within the scope of the term "heteroaryl", as it is used herein, is a group in which a heteroatomic ring is fused to one or more aromatic or nonaromatic rings where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Examples include tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquino-linyl, and pyrido [3,4- d]pyrimidinyl. The term "heteroaryl" also refers to rings that are optionally substituted. The term "heteroaryl" may be used interchangeably with the term "heteroaryl ring" or the term "heteroaromatic".
The term "amino" as used herein unless otherwise specified, includes a moiety represented by the structure "-NR2", and includes primary, secondary and tertiary amines optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and/or sulfonyl groups. Thus R2 may represent two hydrogen atoms, two alkyl moieties, or one hydrogen and one alkyl moiety. The term "amido" as used herein includes an amino-substituted carbonyl, while the term "amidino" means a group having the structure "-C(=NH)-NH2".
The term "quaternary amine" as used herein includes quaternary ammonium salts that have a positively charged nitrogen. They are formed by the reaction between a basic nitrogen in the compound of interest and an appropriate quaternizing agent such as, for example, methyliodide or benzyliodide. Appropriate counterions accompanying a quaternary amine include acetate, trifluoroacetate, chloro, bromo and iodo ions.
It should be understood that the above-mentioned functional groups, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, etc, include the substituted form of those funcitonal groups, i.e., substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted arylalkyl, substituted alkylaryl, etc,. The term "substituted" includes multiple degrees of substitution by one or more named substituents such as, for example, halo, hydroxyl, thio, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, nitro, cyano, azido, amino, carboxamido, etc. Where multiple substituent possibilities exist, the compound can be substituted by one or more of the disclosed or claimed substituent groups, independently from one another, and taken singly or plurally.
The term "protected" as used herein and unless otherwise defined refers to a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes. A wide variety of oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
The term "protecting group" as used herein refers to a group that may be attached to a reactive group, including heteroatoms such as oxygen or nitrogen, to prevent the the reactive group from participating in a reaction. Any protecting groups taught in Greene, et ah, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991 may be used. Examples of suitable protecting groups include but are not limited to alkoxyalkyl groups such as ethoxymethyl and methoxymethyl; silyl protecting groups, such tert- butyldimethyl silyl (TBS), phenyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), 2- trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM) and 2-trimethylsilylethyl; and benzyl and substituted benzyl.
It should be understood that the various possible stereoisomers of the groups mentioned above and herein are within the meaning of the individual terms and examples, unless otherwise specified. As an illustrative example, "1 -methyl-butyl" exists in both (R) and the (S) form, thus, both (R)-I -methyl-butyl and (S)-I -methyl-butyl is covered by the term "1 -methyl-butyl", unless otherwise specified.
"Salt thereof means any acid and/or base addition salt of a compound of the present invention. The term "salt thereof includes but is not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. "Solvate thereof means a compound of the present invention formed by solvation
(the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute), or an aggregate that consists of a solute ion or molecule with one or more solvent molecules. One example of solvent is hydrate. The term "solvate thereof includes but is not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. "Ester thereof means any ester of a compound of the present invention in which any of the -COOH functions of the molecule is replaced by a -COOR function, in which the R moiety of the ester is any carbon-containing group which forms a stable ester moiety, including but not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl and substituted derivatives thereof. The term "ester thereof includes but is not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof.
"Pharmaceutically acceptable" means a salt, solvate, and/or ester of a compound of the present invention which is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, generally water or oil-soluble or dispersible, and effective for their intended use.
Where applicable and compatible with the chemical properties of the compound of the present invention, "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" includes pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts. Lists of suitable salts are found in, e.g., S. M. Birge et al, J. Pharm. ScL, 1977, 66, pp. 1-19. In cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the compounds as salts may be appropriate. The term pharmaceutically acceptable salts or complexes refers to salts or complexes that retain the desired biological activity of the compounds of the present invention and exhibit minimal undesired toxico logical effects. Nonlimiting examples of such salts are (a) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts (for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and the like), and salts formed with organic acids including tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and α-glycerophosphate salts, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, pamoic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, and polygalcturonic acid; (b) base addition salts formed with metal cations such as zinc, calcium, bismuth, barium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, sodium, potassium, lithium and the like, or with a cation formed from ammonia, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, D-glucosamine, tetraethylammonium, or ethylenediamine; or (c) combinations of (a) and (b); e.g., a zinc tannate salt or the like. Also included in this definition are pharmaceutically acceptable quaternary salts known by those skilled in the art, which specifically include the quaternary ammonium salt of the formula - NR+A", wherein R is as defined above and A is a counterion, including chloride, bromide, iodide, -O-alkyl, toluenesulfonate, methylsulfonate, sulfonate, phosphate, or carboxylate (such as benzoate, succinate, acetate, glycolate, maleate, malate, citrate, tartrate, ascorbate, benzoate, cinnamoate, mandeloate, benzyloate, and diphenylacetate).
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
"Prodrug", as used herein, refer to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the active compound. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated to produce the active compound.
The term "patient" includes human and veterinary subjects. The term "biological sample", as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; preparations of an enzyme suitable for in vitro assay; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
The term "cancer" includes, but is not limited to, solid tumors and blood borne tumors and include, but is not limited to, the following cancers: breast, ovary, cervix, prostate, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, glioblastoma, stomach, skin, keratoacanthoma, lung, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone, colon, adenoma, pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin's, hairy cells, buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx, small intestine, colon-rectum, large intestine, rectum, brain and central nervous system, and leukemia. The term "cancer" includes primary cancer, cancers secondary to treatment, and metastatic cancers.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof.
The terms "GSK-3-mediated disease, or "GSK-3-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease or other deleterious condition or state in which GSK-3 is known to play a role. Such diseases or conditions include, without limitation, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, AIDS-associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML), multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia, cardiomycete hypertrophy, reperfusion/ischemia, and baldness. The terms "CDK-2-mediated disease" or CDK-2-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease or other deleterious condition in which CDK-2 is known to play a role. The terms "CDK-2-mediated disease" or "CDK-2-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a CDK-2 inhibitor. Such conditions include, without limitation, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, restenosis, angiogenesis, glomerulonephritis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, alopecia, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, such as are described for example in Fischer, P. M. and Lane, D. P., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 7, 1213-1245 (2000); Mani, S., Wang, C, Wu, K., Francis, R. and Pestell, R., Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 9, 1849 (2000); Fry, D. W. and Garrett, M. D., Current Opinion in Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic Investigational Drugs, 2, 40-59 (2000).
The terms "ERK-mediated disease" or "ERK-mediated condition", as used herein mean any disease or other deleterious condition in which ERK may play a role. The terms "ERK-2-mediated disease" or "ERK-2-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a ERK-2 inhibitor. Such conditions include, without limitation, cancer, stroke, diabetes, hepatomegaly, cardiovascular disease including cardiomegaly, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, viral disease, autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, restenosis, psoriasis, allergic disorders including asthma, inflammation, neurological disorders and hormone-related diseases. ERK-2 protein kinase and its implication in various diseases has been described for example in Bokemeyer et al. 1996, Kidney Int. 49, 1187; Anderson et al, 1990, Nature 343, 651; Crews et al, 1992, Science 258, 478; Bjorbaek et al., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18848; Rouse et al., 1994, Cell 78, 1027; Raingeaud et al., 1996, MoI. Cell Biol. 16, 1247; Raingeaud et al. 1996; Chen et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10952; Oliver et al., 1995, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 210, 162; Moodie et al., 1993, Science 260, 1658; Frey and Mulder, 1997, Cancer Res. 57, 628; Sivaraman et al., 1997, J Clin. Invest. 99, 1478; Whelchel et al., 1997, Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 16, 589.
The terms "AKT -mediated disease" or "AKT -mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease or other deleterious condition in which AKT is known to play a role. The terms "AKT -mediated disease" or "AKT-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a AKT inhibitor. AKT-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, proliferative disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. The association of AKT, also known as protein kinase B, with various diseases has been described for example in Khwaja, A., Nature, pp. 33-34, 1990; Zang, Q. Y., et al, Oncogene, 19 2000; Kazuhiko, N., et al, The Journal of Neuroscience, 20 2000.
The terms "Src-mediated disease" or "Src-mediated condition", as used herein mean any disease or other deleterious condition in which Src is known to play a role. The terms "Src-mediated disease" or "Src-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with a Src inhibitor. Such conditions include, without limitation, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cancer, symptomatic treatment of bone metastasis, and Paget's disease. Src protein kinase and its implication in various diseases has been described for example in Soriano, Cell, 69, 551 (1992); Soriano et al., Cell, 64, 693 (1991); Takayanagi, J. Clin. Invest, 104, 137 (1999); Boschelli, Drugs of the Future 2000, 25(7), 717, (2000); Talamonti, J. Clin. Invest., 91, 53 (1993); Lutz, Biochem. Biophys. Res. 243, 503 (1998); Rosen, J. Biol. Chem., 261, 13754 (1986); Bolen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2251 (1987); Masaki, Hepatology, 27, 1257 (1998); Biscardi, Adv. Cancer Res., 76, 61 (1999); Lynch, Leukemia, 7, 1416 (1993); Wiener, Clin. Cancer Res., 5, 2164 (1999); Staley, Cell Growth Diff, 8, 269 (1997). The terms "Lck-mediated disease" or "Lck-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which Lck is known to play a role. The terms "Lck-mediated disease" or "Lck-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an Lck inhibitor. Lck-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases such as transplant rejection, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, and leukemia. The association of Lck with various diseases has been described for example in Molina et al., Nature, 357, 161 (1992).
The terms "Abl-mediated disease" or "Abl-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which AbI is known to play a role. The terms "Abl-mediated disease" or "Abl-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an AbI inhibitor. Abl-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, leukemias, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia. The association of AbI with various diseases has been described for example in Druker, et al., N. Engl. J. Med.2001, 344, 1038-1042. The terms "cKit-mediated disease" or "cKit-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which cKit is known to play a role. The terms "cKit-mediated disease" or "cKit-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an cKit inhibitor. cKit-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, mastocytosis/mast cell leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, sinonasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, seminoma/dysgerminoma, throid carcinoma, samll-cell lung carcinoma, malignant melanoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, acute myelogenious leukemia, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, angiosarcoma, endometrial carcinom, pediatric T-cell ALL/lymphoma, breast carcinoma and prostate carcinoma. The association of cKit with various diseases has been described for example in Heinrich, et al., J. Clinical Oncology 2002, 20, 1692- 1703.
The terms "Flt3-mediated disease" or "Flt3-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which Flt3 is known to play a role. The terms "Flt3 -mediated disease" or "Flt3 -mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an Flt3 inhibitor. Flt3 -mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, acute myelogenous leukemia, mixed lineage leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. The association of Flt3 with various diseases has been described for example in Sternberg and Licht, Curr. Opin Hematol. 2004, 12, 7-13.
The terms "KDR-mediated disease" or "KDR-mediated condition", as used herein, mean any disease state or other deleterious condition in which KDR is known to play a role. The terms "KDR-mediated disease" or "KDR-mediated condition" also mean those diseases or conditions that are alleviated by treatment with an KDR inhibitor. KDR-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, carcinoma of the lung, breast, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, bladder, ovary and endometrium, intracranial tumors including glioblatoma multiforme, sporadic capillary hemangioblastoma, hematological malignancies, including T cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma and promyelocytic leukemia, age-related macular degeneration, herpetic ocular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral ischemia and endometriosis. The association of KDR with various diseases has been described for example in Ferrara, Endocrine Reviews 2004, 25, 581-611. The term "HSP90-mediated disease" or "HSP90-mediated condition" refers to a condition in which HSP90 is known to pay a role. The conditions include but are not limited to inflammatory disorders, abnormal cellular proliferation, autoimmune disorders, ischemia, fibrogenetic disorders including but not limited to scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis. (Strehlow, WO 02/02123; PCT/USO 1/20578).
Method of Treatment
The compounds described herein, are particularly useful for the treatment or prevention of a disorder mediated by kinases or mediated by HSP90. In one embodiment, the compounds described herein, are useful for the treatment or prevention of a proliferative disorder, including cancer metastasis. In another embodiment, the compounds described herein, are useful for the treatment or prevention of an inflammatory disorder associated by kinases or HSP90.
Tumors in NF2 and NFl patients are unique in that they are slow growing tumors. Both NF2 and NFl tumors have mutations or loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes although the tumor suppressor genes are different- NF2 or NFl genes, respectively. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that inhibitors of HSP90 potently blocked the proliferation of NF2-defϊcient and NFl -deficient tumor cells and also delay the growth of NF2-deficient and NFl -deficient tumors in mice. Merlin regulates the abundance and turnover of multiple cell surface receptors and interacts with multiple pathways. Many of these proteins are client proteins of HSP90. For instance, ErbB2 and other receptor tyrosine kinases, AKT, and Raf are well-established client proteins of HSP90. In addition, aberrant activation of the PBK/ AKT pathway has been found in human schwannomas from NF2 patients (as compared to normal nerves), in human NF2-defϊcient tumor xenografts (e.g. meningiomas and mesotheliomas), and in mouse Nf2-defϊcient Schwann cell tumors
(reference is made to a PCT/US2007/70366 entitled "Treatment of Neurofibromatosis with Inhibitors of a Signal Transduction Pathway," filed on June 4, 2007, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference). Neurofibromin is a negative regulator of Ras. Raf, the direct downstream effector of Ras, is a well-known client protein of HSP90. Neurofibromin has also been shown to regulate AKT. Therefore, a compound that inhibits HSP90 will likely be able to reduce the amount of AKT and other HSP90 client proteins such as ErbB2, IGF-IR, and Raf in the NF2-deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells. Reduction of the amount or activity of these proteins may be useful to reduce or stabilize the proliferation of NF2- deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells or to cause apoptosis of NF2-deficient cells or NFl- deficient cells. A compound that inhibits the activity of HSP90 is a compound that directly binds to the HSP90 protein or modifies the HSP90 protein post-translationally or regulate the transcription of HSP proteins such as HSP70 and HSP27 (Zaarur et al., 2006, Cancer Res. 66(3):1783-1791). For instance, HSP90 can be acetylated and inactivated by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (Kovacs et al., 2005, MoI. Cell 18(5):601-607; Fuino et al., 2003, MoI. Cancer Ther. 2:971-984; Aoyagi and Archer, 2005, Trends Cell. Biol. 15(11):565-567). For this reason, HSP90 inhibitory compounds are determined to be useful for the treatment of NF2-deficient tumors and NFl -deficient tumors which may not respond well to traditional chemotherapy and other cancer therapies which target fast growing and heterogeneous cancer cells. NF2- Associated Tumors
Patients with neurofibromatosis type-2 (NF2) have NF2-deficient tumors. This genetic characteristic, i.e., inactivation of the NF2 gene, differentiates tumors found in NF2 patients from genetically heterogeneous tumors such as breast and colon cancer tumors. For instance, NF2 patients have NF2-deficient meningiomas whereas some non-NF2-deficient meningiomas may contain mutations in many different oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
As used herein, "NF2-deficient tumors" refer to tumors which contain a nonfunctioning NF2 gene. A non- functioning NF2 gene can be the result of a one or more insertion or deletion mutations within the NF2 gene, for instance, missense or nonsense mutations, mutations in the promoter or enhancer or introns that lead to no/low expression of the NF2 gene, or the deletion of the entire NF2 gene. NF2-deficient tumors are found in mesotheliomas and in patients with NF2, and include schwannomas, meningiomas, and other tumors associated with the nervous system. NF2-deficient tumors are also found in all patients with sporadic schwannomas and in 50%-70% of patients with meningiomas. The presence of NF2-deficient bilateral vestibular schwannomas, i.e., Schwann cell tumors, is a hallmark of NF2. The methods of the present invention can be used to inhibit the growth and/or kill NF2-deficient schwannoma cells, including those associated with vestibular schwannomas, spinal cord and other peripheral nerve schwannomas and sporadic schwannomas. Merlin and signaling proteins and pathways
As used herein, "NF2-defϊcient tumors" refer to tumors which contain a nonfunctioning NF2 gene. Merlin interacts with or regulates, but is not limited to, proteins and pathways such as Paxillin/Integrin-βl/ErbB2, EGFR, Patched/Smoothened, HRS, CD44, E- Cadherin, Fat, EBP50/NHE-RF/PDGFR, Wingless, Notch, Rac-PAK, PBK-AKT, Ras-Raf- Mek-Erk2, Hippo pathways, and downstream proteins thereof. Figure 1 is a schematic of involvement of Merlin with multiple cell surface proteins and signaling pathways. Targeting multiple proteins or pathways may be necessary for treating NF2. NFl -Associated Tumors Patients with neurofibromatosis type- 1 (NFl) have NFl -deficient tumors. This genetic characteristic, i.e., inactivation of the NFl gene, differentiates tumors found in NFl patients from genetically heterogeneous tumors such as breast and colon cancer tumors. For instance, tumors found in NFl patients all have NFl gene mutations whereas patients with other cancers have mutations in different genes or overexpression of different genes. As used herein, "NFl -deficient tumors" refer to tumors which contain a nonfunctioning NFl gene. A non- functioning NFl gene can be the result of one or more insertion or deletion mutations within the NFl gene, for instance, missense or nonsense mutations, mutations in the promoter or enhancer or introns that lead to no/low expression of the NFl gene, or the deletion of the entire NFl gene. NFl -deficient tumors are found in patients with NFl, and include dermal, subdermal, plexiform neurofibromas, and MPNST and other tumors associated with the nervous system. NFl -deficiency also predisposes individuals to a rare form of leukemia, JMML.
NFl diagnosis is confirmed by fulfilling NIH clinical criteria or by finding an NFl mutation with mutational analysis. The methods of the present invention can be used to inhibit the growth and/or kill NFl -deficient tumors, including dermal, subdermal, plexiform neurofibromas, MPNST, gliomas, astrocytomas, pheochromocytomas and JMML.
The present invention provides the use of the compounds of formula I, II, III, IV or V, as HSP90 inhibitors for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of tumors or symptoms resulted from neurofibromatosis. Also provided are compositions comprising the compounds and processes for the preparation of the compounds.
The present invention includes methods of inhibiting the growth of NF2-deficient and/or NFl -deficient tumor cells by contacting, i.e., treating, the NF2-deficient or NFl- deficient tumor cells with radicicol and its derivatives, such as one or more compounds of formula I, II, III, IV, or V as described above. The present invention also includes methods of decreasing proliferation of NF2-defϊcient or NFl -deficient tumor cells by contacting the cells with radicicol and its derivatives, such as one or more compounds of formula I, II, III, IV, or V as described above.
In one embodiment, inhibition of the growth of NF2 or NFl cells is determined by comparing a sample of NF2-deficient or NFl -deficient tumor cells treated with compounds of the present invention to a control, such as a sample of untreated NF2-deficient or NFl- deficient tumor cells or a sample of cells treated with a known inert compound. Prior to contacting cells with compounds of the present invention, both samples of NF2-deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells (treated and control) should consist of approximately the same number of cells and be of the same cell type, e.g., NF2-deficient schwannomas or NFl- deficient MPNST cells. NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells treated with radicicol and its derivatives may decrease in number by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or about 100% following compound treatment compared to the control.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is applied directly to the site of a NF2-deficient tumor or NFl -deficient tumor. For instance, the HSP90 inhibitor can be applied by local treatment which encompasses both topical treatment and intralesional or intradermal treatment at the site of the tumor. Therefore, the inhibitor can be injected into, topically applied onto or near a NF2-deficient tumor or NFl -deficient tumor. In one embodiment of the invention, the inhibitor is applied intralesionally to NF2-deficient tumors or NFl -deficient tumors by methods known in the art.
The present invention includes a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject comprising administering to said subject with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function a therapeutically effective amount of at least one composition comprising at least one compound of the present invention, which inhibits or slows growth of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or NFl -deficient tumors, reduces the number of said tumors or inhibits and/or reduces associated symptoms as compared to no treatment with the composition as a control level to determine treatment utility. The method is particularly directed to the administration of the at least one composition comprising a compound of the present invention resulting in a decrease in size and/or number of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or of one or more NFl -deficient tumors. The method of the present invention comprises administering a compound of the present invention which inhibits or reduces the function of HSP90 complex. More specifically, the compound of the present invention binds and inhibits the HSP90 protein, modifies HSP90 protein posttranslationally, and/or increases HSP70 or other HSP proteins from their normal levels in the NF2-deficient or NFl -deficient tumors. The administration of a compound of the present invention results in the upregulation or increase in HSP70 in said subject. Further, the method comprises administering a compound of the present invention that degrades or reduces one or more client proteins of HSP90 and the phosphorylated forms of the client proteins. Additionally, the method comprises administering a compound of the present invention that inhibits or reduces activity or phosphorylation of signaling pathway proteins associated with one or more client proteins of HSP90. The one or more client proteins are selected from the group consisting of ErbB2, AKT, and Raf. The HSP90 inhibitor inhibits or reduces activity or phosphorylation of the signaling pathways proteins, such as PBK, mTOR, GSK3, 4E-BP1, Bad, FKHR, HSP90, S6K, S6, Mek, and Erkl/2. The method of the present invention treats, prevents or ameliorates tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or condition(s) associated with the loss of NF2 function. More specifically the one or more NF2-deficient tumors comprise vestibular schwannomas, and more specifically comprise a unilateral vestibular schwannoma or a bilateral vestibular schwannoma. Additionally, the one or more NF2-deficient tumors that are treated comprise spinal cord schwannomas, sporadic schwannomas, peripheral nerve schwannomas, schwannoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, ependymoma, glioma and astrocytoma.
The method comprises the administration of a compound of the present invention to obtain results in an improvement in at least one of the subject's hearing, balance and vision; increase in muscle mass, reduction in tumor burden in the subject, which the latter is identified using a MRI or a CAT scan.
The method of the present invention treats, prevents or ameliorates tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or condition(s) associated with the loss of NFl function. More specifically the one or more NFl -deficient tumors comprise a dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, optic pathway astrocytomas, optic neuromas, optic gliomas, cerebral astrocytomas, cerebral gliomas, ependymomas, pheochromocytomas and ganglioneuromas, rhabdomyosarcomas, neurofibrosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors ("MPNST"), malignant schwannomas, and JMML. The present invention also includes a method of inhibiting or reducing the growth or number of NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells comprising contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with at least one composition comprising at least one compound of the present invention which inhibits or slows growth and/or reduces the number of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or NFl -deficient tumors. This method comprises contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with said compound occurs in vitro or ex vivo. The NF2-deficient tumor cells are Nf2- deficient mouse Schwann cells and said NFl -deficient tumor cells are NfI -deficient mouse Schwann cells. Or the NF2-deficient tumor cells are NF2-deficient human schwannoma cells and said NF 1 -deficient tumor cells are NF 1 -deficient human Schwann cells. The NF2- deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of NF2-deficient schwannoma cell line cells, NF2-deficient meningioma cell line cells and NF2-deficient mesothelioma cell line cells. The NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of HEI 193 cells, SF1335 cells, BAR cells and RAV cells. The NFl-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of human MPNST cells, primary neurofibroma cells derived from NFl patients, mouse N/7,γ?53-deficient MPNST cell lines established from cisNfl;p53 mice, and NfI-/- mouse cells, such as Schwann cells, mouse embryonic cells, and leukemia cells. More specifically, the NFl-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ST88-14, 88-3, 90-8, and sNF96.2. The NF2-defϊcient tumor cells or NFl-deficient tumor cells that are contacted with said HSP90 inhibitor can occur in vivo. The NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl-deficient tumor cells are from a human, canine, rat or mouse.
The method of the present invention comprises contacting the NF2-deficient tumor cells or the NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention that results in an inhibition of HSP90 function. The method further comprises contacting the NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention that results in an upregulation of HSP70. Further the contact of the NF2-deficient tumor cells or the NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention results in degradation of ErbB2 and/or phosphorylated ErbB2, in degradation of Akt and/or phosphorylated Akt or in degradation of Raf and/or phosphorylated Raf. More specifically, the contact of the NF2- deficient tumor cells or said NFl-deficient tumor cells with a compound of the present invention results in a reduction in phosphorylation of proteins downstream of the ErbB2, Akt or Raf signaling pathway. The degradation or upregulation of the proteins or reduction in phosphorylated proteins is detected using an antibody. In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method for screening a test compound for treatment of NF-2 or NF-I comprising treating or contacting NF-2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells with said test compound, wherein a degradation of one or more client proteins of HSP90 or a decrease in activity of signaling pathways associated with one or more client proteins of HSP90 or an increase in HSP70 is indicative of an efficacious treatment of NF-2 or NF-I . The method further comprises assessing inhibition of HSP90 function. The inhibition of HSP90 function results in an upregulation of HSP70. The one or more client proteins of HSP90 are selected from the group consisting of ErbB2, AKT, and Raf. Additionally, the signaling pathways are associated with one or more client proteins of HSP90 are ErbB2 pathway, AKT pathway or Raf pathway which contain at least one protein selected from group consisting of ErbB2, AKT, Raf, mTOR, GSK3, 4E-BP1, Bad, FKHR, S6K, S6, Mek, and Erkl/2. Specifically, the one or more client proteins is AKT, the AKT is degraded by said test compound, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of AKT. The treatment results in reduced phosphorylation of S6, GSK3, FKHR, Mek, or Erkl/2. The reduced phosphorylation is detected using an antibody.
The method of the present invention further comprises measuring NF-2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound, wherein a decrease in the number of NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound or a decrease in proliferation of NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound is indicative of an efficacious treatment.
Additionally, the method further comprises comparing the NF2-deficient cells or NF-I- deficient cells following treatment to untreated NF2 deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells, wherein a decrease in one or more client proteins of the HSP90 following treatment with the test compound compared to untreated NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells is indicative of an efficacious treatment. Additionally, the method further comprising comparing the NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment to untreated NF2 deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells, wherein a decrease in number of NF2 deficient cells or NF-I- deficient cells following treatment with the test compound or a decrease in proliferation of NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells following treatment with the test compound compared to untreated NF2-deficient cells or NF-I -deficient cells is indicative of an efficacious treatment. The treatment of the NF2-deficient cells or NFl -deficient cells with said test compound occurs in vitro or ex vivo. The NF2-deficient tumor cells are Nf2- deficient mouse Schwann cells and the NFl -deficient tumor cells are NfI -deficient mouse Schwann cells. Also the NF2-deficient tumor cells are NF2-deficient human schwannoma cells and said NFl -deficient tumor cells are NFl -deficient human Schwann cells.
The NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of NF2- deficient schwannoma cell line cells, NF2-deficient meningioma cell line cells and NF2- deficient mesothelioma cell line cells. The NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of HEI193 cells, SF1335 cells, BAR cells and RAV cells. The NFl- deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of human MPNST cells, primary neurofibroma cells derived from NFl patients, mouse NfI ;p53 -deficient MPNST cell lines established from cisNfl;p53 mice, and NfI-/- mouse cells, such as Schwann cells, mouse embryonic cells, and leukemia cells. More specifically, the NFl -deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ST88-14, 88-3, 90-8, and sNF96.2. The NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells that are contacted with said HSP90 inhibitor can occur in vivo. The NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl -deficient tumor cells are from a human, canine, rat or mouse. An aspect of the invention relates to compounds and compositions that are useful for treating cancer.
Another aspect of the invention relates to the treatment of the following cancers: breast, ovary, cervix, prostate, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, glioblastoma, stomach, skin, keratoacanthoma, lung, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone, colon, adenoma, pancreas, adenocarcinoma, thyroid, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin's, hairy cells, buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx, small intestine, colon-rectum, large intestine, rectum, brain and central nervous system, and leukemia.
Another aspect of the invention is a method for treating cancer comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V described herein to a patient with cancer.
Angiogenesis is characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells to form new blood vessels (often called neovascularization). Inhibition of mitosis of endothelial cells results in inhibition of angiogenesis. Another aspect of this invention therefore relates to inhibition of undesirable mitosis, including undesirable angiogenesis. A mammalian disease characterized by undesirable cell mitosis, as defined herein, includes, but is not limited to, excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, such as psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular angiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and Osier Weber syndrome (Osier- Weber-Rendu disease).
Other undesired angiogenesis involves normal processes including ovulation and implantation of a blastula. The compositions described above can be used as a birth control agent by reducing or preventing uterine vascularization required for embryo implantation. Accordingly, the compositions described above can be used to block ovulation and implantation of a blastula or to block menstruation (induce amenorrhea).
Diseases associated with undesirable mitosis including neovascularization can be treated according to the present invention. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, ocular neovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasias, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, Sjogren's syndrome, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis, Mycobacteria infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mooren's ulcer, Terrien's marginal degeneration, marginal keratolysis, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis, Wegener's sarcoidosis, Scleritis, Steven-Johnson disease, pemphigoid, radial keratotomy, and corneal graph rejection.
Other diseases associated with undesirable mitosis including neovascularization can be treated according to the present invention. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget' s disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, Eales' disease, Bechet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargart's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, and post-laser complications. Other diseases include, but are not limited to, diseases associated with rubeosis (neovascularization of the iris and the angle) and diseases caused by the abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibrous tissue including all forms of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, whether or not associated with diabetes. Another aspect of the invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory diseases including, but no limited to, excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, such as psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular angiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and Osier Weber syndrome (Osier- Weber-Rendu disease). Other undesired angiogenesis involves normal processes including ovulation and implantation of a blastula. Accordingly, the compositions described above can be used to block ovulation and implantation of a blastula or to block menstruation (induce amenorrhea).
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting HSP90 activity in a patient, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. The invention also provides a method for treating a disease that is mediated by HSP90.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting Aurora A activity in a patient, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a GSK-
3-mediated disease with a GSK-3 inhibitor, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
One aspect of this invention relates to a method of enhancing glycogen synthesis and/or lowering blood levels of glucose in a patient in need thereof, which method comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. This method is especially useful for diabetic patients. Another method relates to inhibiting the production of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, which is useful in halting or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Another method relates to inhibiting the phosphorylation of .beta.-catenin, which is useful for treating schizophrenia.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a biological sample, which method comprises contacting the biological sample with a GSK-3 inhibitor of formula I, II, III, IV or V. Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting GSK-3 activity in a patient comprising administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a CDK- 2-mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting CDK-2 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an ERK- 2-mediated diseases comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting ERK-2 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an AKT- mediated diseases comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting AKT activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound. Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a Src- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Src activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an Lck- mediated disease with an Lck inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Lck activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an AbI- mediated disease with an AbI inhibitor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting AbI activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a cKit- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting cKit activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound. Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a Flt3- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting Flt3 activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a KDR- mediated disease comprising administering to a patient in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting KDR activity in a biological sample or a patient, which method comprises administering to the patient a compound of formula I, II, III, IV or V, or a composition comprising said compound. An amount effective to inhibit protein kinase, is an amount that causes measurable inhibition of the kinase activity when compared to the activity of the enzyme in the absence of an inhibitor. Any method may be used to determine inhibition, such as, for example, the Biological Testing Examples described below.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
Mammals, and specifically humans, suffering from a respiratory disorder can be treated by the inhalation, systemic, oral, topical, or transdermal administration of a composition comprising an effective amount of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
The compounds or compositions are typically administered by oral or inhalation administration. Alternatively, compounds can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, parenterally, orally, submucosally, by inhalation, transdermally via a slow release patch, or topically, in an effective dosage range to treat the target condition.
An effective dose can be readily determined by the use of conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective dose, a number of factors are considered including, but not limited to: the species of patient; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; and the use of concomitant medication.
In a separate embodiment, the compounds of the invention are in the form of an inhaled dosage. In this embodiment, the compounds may be in the form of an aerosol suspension, a dry powder or liquid particle form. The compounds may be prepared for delivery as a nasal spray or in an inhaler, such as a metered dose inhaler. Pressurized metered-dose inhalers ("MDI") generally deliver aerosolized particles suspended in chlorofluorocarbon propellants such as CFC-I l, CFC- 12, or the non-chlorofluorocarbons or alternate propellants such as the fluorocarbons, HFC- 134A or HFC-227 with or without surfactants and suitable bridging agents. Dry-powder inhalers can also be used, either breath activated or delivered by air or gas pressure such as the dry-powder inhaler disclosed in the Schering Corporation International Patent Application No. PCT/US92/05225, published 7 Jan. 1993 as well as the Turbuhaler™ (available from Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.) or the Rotahaler™ (available from Allen & Hanburys) which may be used to deliver the aerosolized particles as a finely milled powder in large aggregates either alone or in combination with some pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g. lactose; and nebulizers.
The compounds of the invention may be also administered in specific, measured amounts in the form of an aqueous suspension by use of a pump spray bottle. The aqueous suspension compositions of the present invention may be prepared by admixing the compounds with water and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The aqueous suspension compositions according to the present invention may contain, inter alia, water, auxiliaries and/or one or more of the excipients, such as: suspending agents, e.g., micro crystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxpropyl-methyl cellulose; humectants, e.g. glycerin and propylene glycol; acids, bases or buffer substances for adjusting the pH, e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate, phosphoric acid, sodium phospate as well as mixtures of citrate and phosphate buffers; surfactants, e.g. Polysorbate 80; and antimicrobial preservatives, e.g., benzalkonium chloride, phenylethyl alcohol and potassium sorbate.
Typical systemic dosages for all of the herein described conditions are those ranging from 0.01 mg/kg to 1500 mg/kg of body weight per day as a single daily dose or divided daily doses. Preferred dosages for the described conditions range from 0.5-1500 mg per day. A more particularly preferred dosage for the desired conditions ranges from 5-750 mg per day. Typical dosages can also range from 0.01 to 1500, 0.02 to 1000, 0.2 to 500, 0.02 to 200, 0.05 to 100, 0.05 to 50, 0.075 to 50, 0.1 to 50, 0.5 to 50, 1 to 50, 2 to 50, 5 to 50, 10 to 50, 25 to 50, 25 to 75, 25 to 100, 100 to 150, or 150 or more mg/kg/day, as a single daily dose or divided daily doses. In one embodiment, the compounds are given in doses of between about 1 to about 5, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 25 or about 25 to about 50 mg/kg. Typical dosages for topical application are those ranging from 0.001 to 100% by weight of the active compound.
The compounds are conveniently administered in units of any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to one containing from about 7 to 3000 mg, from about 70 to 1400 mg, or from about 25 to 1000 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. For example, an oral dosage of from about 50 to 1000 mg is usually convenient, including in one or multiple dosage forms of 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 mgs. Lower dosages may be preferable, for example, from about 10-100 or 1-50 mgs. Also contemplated are doses of 0.1-50 mg, 0.1-20 mgs., or 0.1-10 mgs. Furthermore, lower doses may be utilized in the case of administration by a non-oral route, as for example, by injection or inhalation.
The compound is administered for a sufficient time period to alleviate the undesired symptoms and the clinical signs associated with the condition being treated. The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutic amount of compound in vivo in the absence of serious toxic effects. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in these pharmaceutical compositions are generally known in the art. They include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, solvents, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, silicates, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, oils, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. Pharmaceutically accepted vehicles can contain mixtures of more than one excipient in which the components and the ratios can be selected to optimize desired characteristics of the formulation including but not limited to shelf-life, stability, drug load, site of delivery, dissolution rate, self-emulsifϊcation, control of release rate and site of release, and metabolism.
Formulations can be prepared by a variety of techniques known in the art. Examples of formulation techniques can be found in literature publications and in texts such as "Water- insoluble drug formulation", edited by Rong Liu, 2000, Interpharm Press.
If administered intravenously, carriers can be physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, NJ) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally- acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically- acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other surface- active emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation. The concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time. One mode of administration of the active compound for systemic delivery is oral.
Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or other enteric agents.
The compound or its salts can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
In a preferred embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the compound is then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.
Suitable vehicles or carriers for topical application can be prepared by conventional techniques, such as lotions, suspensions, ointments, creams, gels, tinctures, sprays, powders, pastes, slow-release transdermal patches, suppositories for application to rectal, vaginal, nasal or oral mucosa. In addition to the other materials listed above for systemic administration, thickening agents, emollients, and stabilizers can be used to prepare topical compositions. Examples of thickening agents include petrolatum, beeswax, xanthan gum, or polyethylene, humectants such as sorbitol, emollients such as mineral oil, lanolin and its derivatives, or squalene.
Combination Treatment
The compound can also be mixed with other active materials which do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action. The active compounds can be administered in conjunction, i.e. combination or alternation, with other medications used in the treatment of respiratory disorders.
The compounds can be administered in combination or alternation with drugs typically useful for treatment or prevention of asthma, such as certain anti-inflammatory drugs and bronchodilators. Corticosteroids (inhaled and oral), mast cell stabilizers, and the leukotriene modifier drugs are typically a useful anti-inflammatory medication for people suffering from asthma. These drugs reduce swelling and mucus production in the airways. Bronchodilators typically relieve the symptoms of asthma by relaxing the muscle bands that tighten around the airways. This action rapidly opens the airways, letting more air come in and out of the lungs. Bronchodilators also help clear mucus from the lungs.
Typically used compounds include Inhaled corticosteroids, which prevent rather than relieve symptoms. Inhaled corticosteroids include: Advair (a combination medication that includes a corticosteroid (fluticasone) plus a long acting bronchodilator drug (in this case a β- 2 adrenergic receptor agonist, salmeterol)), aerobid (flunisolide), azmacort (triamcinolone), flovent (fluticasone), methylprednisolone, prednisone, pulmicort or serevent diskus (salmeterol powder), theophylline, qvar, and xopenex (levalbuterol), Inhaled corticosteroids come in three forms: the metered dose inhaler (MDI), dry powder inhaler (DPI) and nebulizer solutions. Systemic steroids include: methylprednisolone (Medrol, Methylpred, SoIu- Medrol), prednisone (Deltasone) and prednisolone (Prelone, Pediapred, Orapred). Mast Cell Stabilizers include Intal and Tilade, which work by preventing the release of irritating and inflammatory substances from mast cells. Leukotriene modifiers include accolate and singular and accolate (zafirlukast), singulair (montelukast) and zyflo (zileuton).
The compounds can be administered in combination with nonsteroidal antiinflammatories such as ibuprofen, indomethacin, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, sulindac. The compound can also be administered with corticosteriods.Any of the compounds described herein for combination or alternation therapy can be administered as any prodrug that upon administration to the recipient, is capable of providing directly or indirectly, the parent compound. Nonlimiting examples are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts (alternatively referred to as "physiologically acceptable salts"), and a compound which has been alkylated or acylated at an appropriate position. The modifications can affect the biological activity of the compound, in some cases increasing the activity over the parent compound. Processes for the Preparation of the Compounds
Modular synthetic processes can be used for preparing macrocyclic compounds in non-prodrug forms, such as the active form or the active form with protecting groups. The methods and procedures for preparing macrocyclic compounds in non-prodrug forms are described in detail in the International Application PCT/US2007/017754 and US Serial No. 11/891,652, both filed on August 10, 2007 and entitled "Macrocyclic Compounds Useful as Inhibitors of Kinase and HSP90", the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Various prdrugs can be synthesized from the active macrocyclic compounds through the methods known to one skilled in the art for making prodrugs. For example, the phosphate ester of a hydroxyl group can be prepared via reacting the hydroxyl group with a phosphorylating agent, such as phosphoryl chloride analogs. Sodium salts of all phosphonates may be otained by treatment of the final compound with basic ion resin such as Dowex 550a.
Schemes 1, 2, and 3 below illustrate the general synthetic strategy for the synthesis of bis-phosphate prodrug, mono-phosphate prodrug wherein the phosphate is para to the carbonyl, and mono-phosphate prodrug wherein the phosphate is ortho to the carbonyl.
Scheme 1: General synthetic strategy for the synthesis of bis-phosphate prodrug
Figure imgf000086_0001
Scheme 2: General synthetic strategy for the synthesis of para -mono-phosphate
Figure imgf000086_0002
Scheme 3: General synthetic strategy for the synthesis of o/t/zo-mono-phosphate prodrug
Figure imgf000087_0001
The following abbreviations are used herein.
Ac Acetyl (CH3C=0)
ADP Adenosine diphosphate AIBN Azobis(isobutyronitrile)
AU AUyI
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
BER Borohydride exchange resin
BBN Borabicyclononane Bn Benzyl
Bz Benzoyl
CAN C eric ammonium nitrate
CSA Camphorsulfonic acid δ Chemical shift (NMR) dba Dibenzylideneacetone
DBU l,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
DDQ 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone
DEAD Diethyl azodicarboxylate
DIAD Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate d.e. Diastereoisomeric excess
DET Diethyl tartrate
DHP Dihydropyran
DIBAL or Dibal-H Diisobutylaluminum hydride
DIC N, N '-diisopropy lcarbodiimide DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine
DMDO Dimethyldioxirane
DMF Dimethylformamide
DMPI Dess-Martin periodinane
DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide
DNA Desoxyribo nucleic acid dppe 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane
EC50 Plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of maximum effect in vivo
EDC 1 -Ethyl-3 - [3 -dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid e.e. Enantiomeric excess
EOM Ethoxymethyl (CH3CH2OCH2)-
FDA Food and Drug Administration
Fmoc 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
GI50 Concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell growth
Grubbs' II Grubbs' second generation catalyst: (ruthenium[l,3-bis(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolinylidene)dichloro(phenylmethylene)
(tricyclohexylphosphane)
Grubbs' II
Figure imgf000088_0001
HFIP Hexafluoroisopropanol
HMDS Hexamethyldisilazide
HMPA Hexamethylphosphorictriamide
HOBT JV-Hydroxybenzotriazole
HPLC High performance chromatography
HRMS High resolution mass spectrometry
HSP90 Heat shock protein 90
Hunig's Base Diisopropylethylamine
IC50 Concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro imid. Imidazole
IpC2BH Bis-isopinocamphorylborane J Coupling constant
KHMDS Potassium hexamethyldisilylamide
L.C. Liquid chromatography
LDA Lithium diisopropylamide
LiHMDS Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiN(SiMCs)2) μM Micromolar concentration (μmol.l 1)
MAP Mitogen-activated protein mCPBA meto-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid
MOM Methoxymethyl (CH3OCH2-) mRNA Messenger ribonucleic acid
M.S. Mass spectrum
NaHMDS Sodium hexamethyldisilazide
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
NMM JV-Methylmorpholine
NMO Λ/-Methylmorpholine-iV-oxide
NOE(SY) Nuclear overhauser effect
PCC Pyridinium chlorochromate
PDC Pyridinium dichromate
PG Protecting Group
PMB /?αra-Methoxybenzyl
PNA Peptide nucleic acid
Piv Pivaloyl
PS- Polymer supported
PS-TBD (1, 5 ,7)-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dodeca-5-ene-7-methyl polystyrene
Pyr or Py Pyridine rac Racemic
RAL Resorcylic acid lactone
RCM Ring-closing metathesis
RedAl Sodium bis(methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride
Rf Retention factor
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RT Room temperature
SAE Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation
SAR Structure-activity relationship SEM 2-Trimethylsilylethoxymethoxy
TBAF Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride
TBAI Tetra-n-butylammonium iodide
TBDPS t-Butyldiphenylsilyl TBHP t-Butylhydroperoxide
TBS t-Butyldimethylsilyl
Teoc 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl
Tf Triflate (CF3SO3)
TFA Trifluoroacetic acid TFAA Trifluoroacetic acetic anhydride
THF Tetrahydrofuran
THP Tetrahydropyran
TLC Thin layer chromatography
TMS Trimethylsilyl Ts Tosyl (P-CH3C6H4SO2) p-τson /?αra-Toluenesulfonic acid
Examples
EXAMPLE 1 : Synthesis of/?αra-mono-phosphoamidate compounds 10a and 10b:
Figure imgf000090_0001
To a solution of the corresponding phenol macrocyclic compound 10a or 10b (1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 were added DBU (0.9 equiv), bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride (1.0 equiv) and DMAP (cat.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then organic phase was washed with sat. NH4Cl aq. and brine and then dried over MgSO4. The desired mono phosphate 11a and lib was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc to 5% MeOH in EtOAc) and isolated in a 50-60% yield.
Figure imgf000091_0001
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 11.53 (s, IH), 11.16 (s, IH), 7.11 (s, IH), 7.06 (s, IH), 6.51 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, IH), 5.97 (dt, J = 15.6, 7.5 Hz, IH), 5.42-5.35 (m, IH), 5.32-5.28 (m, 2H), 5.13 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, IH), 5.09-5.05 (m, 2H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.37-4.33 (m, 4H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 3.53-3.52 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.41 (m, 4H), 2.70 (s. 6H), 2.70 (s, 6H), 2.68 (s, 6H), 2.67 (s, 6H), 2.57-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.21- 2.17 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.52 (m, 8H), 1.44-1.40 (m, 2H); HRMS (MALDI- TOF) m/z 633.2263 ([M + Na+]; C28H40ClN4O7PNa requires 633.2221).
Figure imgf000091_0002
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) (H 1.22 (s, IH), 11.20 (s, IH), 6.81 (d, J= 2.1 Hz, IH), 6.79 (d, J= 1.7 Hz, IH), 6.66 (d, J= 16.1 Hz, IH), 6.65 (d, J= 2.1 Hz, IH), 6.57 (d, J= 1.7 Hz, IH), 6.16 (dt, J = 16.1, 7.0 Hz, IH), 6.07 (dt, J = 16.1, 6.4 Hz, IH), 5.80 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, IH), 5.40-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.32-5.29 (m, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.53-4.51 (m, 4H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 3.56 (bs, 4H), 3.40 (bs, 4H), 2.73-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.70 (s, 12H), 2.67 (s, 12H), 2.49-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.14 (bs, 4H), 2.11-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.56 (m, 8H); HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z 599.2652 ([M + Na+]; C28H4IN4O7PNa requires 599.2611). EXAMPLE 2: Synthesis of or//zo-mono-phosphoamidate compound 13:
Figure imgf000092_0001
To a solution of bis-phenol 10a (300 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (5 niL) at 0 0C under nitrogen atmosphere, were added /-Pr2NEt (104 μL, 0.63 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and EOMCl (58 μL, 0.63 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The reaction was slowly warmed up to room temperature, and kept stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was then washed with sat. NH4Claq (15 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (20 mL x 2); then the organic layers were combined and washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After evaporation, the residue was purified by column chromatography (the ratio of eluent of petroleum ether : ethyl acetate, 3:2) to give rise to 165 mg of the desired monoprotected compound 12 (49%). This compound may also be obtained from the selective deprotection of the EOM group ortho to the carbonyl by treatment with TFA in MeOH: THF at room temperature.
Figure imgf000092_0002
To the solution of the mono-EOM-protected macrocycle 12 (165 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) at O0C under nitrogen atmosphere, were added DBU (93 μL, 0.62 mmol, 2.0 equiv), bis (dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride (67 μL, 0.46 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and DMAP (3.8 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.10 equiv). The reaction was slowly warmed up to room temperature, and kept stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with sat. NH4Claq (15 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (15 mL x 2), the combined organic layers were then washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After evaporation, the residue underwent column chromatography (the ratio of eluent of petroleum ether : ethyl acetate, 1 :1, then EA, EA:MeOH=10:l) to give 114 mg of the desired monoprotected compound 13 (55%).
EXAMPLE 3: Synthesis of bis-phosphoamidate compound 14:
Figure imgf000093_0001
To a solution of the corresponding bis phenol macrocyclic compound 10a (1.0 equiv) in CH2Cl2 were added DBU (2.0 equiv), bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride (3.0 equiv) and DMAP (cat.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was extracted with brine and dried over MgSO4. The desired bis phosphate 14 was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc to 5% MeOH in EtOAc).
Figure imgf000093_0002
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 6.47(d, J = 16.4 Hz, IH), 6.45 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, IH), 6.43 (s, IH), 6.04 (dt, J= 16.4, 6.4 Hz, IH), 5.93 (dt, J= 15.8, 7.0 Hz, IH), 5.37 (d, J= 15.8 Hz, IH), 5.29-5.08 (m, 4H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 4.18 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.44-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.73 (s, 6H), 2.72 (s, 6H), 2.71 (s, 6H), 2.69 (s, 6H), 2.67 (s, 6H), 2.66 (s, 6H), 2.65 (s, 6H), 2.63 (s, 6H), 2.34-2.27 (m, 4H), 2.07-1.99 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.50 (m, 12H); HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z 767.2814 ([M + Na+]; C32H5IClN6O8P2Na requires 767.2830 ).
EXAMPLE 4: The synthesis of phosphate compounds Ia, Ib, and 15:
Phosphate compounds Ia, Ib, and 15 were prepared through hydrolysis of the corresponding phosphoamidate compounds 11a, lib, and 14 described as follows. A solution of the corresponding phosphoamidate macrocycle was treated with a 5% TFA solution in MeOHZH2O 50/50 solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature and followed by LCMS untill total consumption of the starting material. The solvent were removed in vacuo and the compound was purified by reverse phase (C 18) chromatography.
Figure imgf000094_0001
1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.38 (s, IH), 7.35 (s, IH), 6.54 (d, J= 16.6 Hz, IH), 6.19 (dt, J = 16.1, 6.4 Hz, IH), 6.04 (dt, J = 15.6, 7.5 Hz, IH), 5.46-5.42 (m, 2H), 5.31-5.17 (m, 3H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 4.39-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.52-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.42 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.38 (m, 4H), 2.26-2.22 (m, 4H), 2.12-2.09 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.61 (m, 10 H), 1.55-1.54 (m, 2H), six OH signals are not visible; HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z 579.1217 ([M + Na+]; C24H30ClN2O9PNa requires 579.1276).
Figure imgf000094_0002
1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.81 (s, IH), 6.80 (s, IH), 6.73 (d, J= 16.0 Hz, IH), 6.59 (s, IH), 6.47 (s, IH), 6.33-6.16 (m, 2H), 5.92 (d, J = 16.1Hz, IH), 5.47-5.37 (m, 4H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.41 (t, J= 4.8 Hz, 4H), 3.92 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.62-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.55- 3.52 (m, 4H), 2.50-2.48 (m, 4H), 2.16-2.12 (m, 8 H), 1.72-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.61-1.60 (m, 8H), six OH signals are not visible; HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z 545.1654 ([M + Na+]; C24H3IN2O9PNa requires 545.1665).
Figure imgf000094_0003
1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.76 (s, IH), 7.72 (s, IH), 6.54 (d, J= 16.0 Hz, IH), 6.27 (dt, J= 16.1, 6.4 Hz, IH), 6.05 (dt, J= 15.5, 7.5 Hz, IH), 5.51-5.19 (m, 5H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.31 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (t, J = 4.3 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.59-3.57 (m, 4H), 3.52-3.50 (m, 4H), 2.44-2.39 (m, 4H), 2.14-2.09 (m, 4H), 2.01-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.72- 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.60 (m, 8H), 1.36-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.31 (m, 2H), eight OH signals are not visible; HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z 659.0947 ([M + Na+]; C24H3IClN2Oi2P2Na requires 659.0939).
EXAMPLE 5: The synthesis of phosphate compounds Ia, Ib, 29, 30, 31, and 32: Additional phosphate compounds including Compounds 29, 30, 31, and 32 were prepared according to the synthetic methods described in Schemes 4 and 5 below.
As shown in Scheme 4 below, in the course of scaling up the synthesis of the Compound 26 or 27 macrocycle via the previously developed synthetic route (Moulin, E.; Barluenga, S.; Totzke, F.; Winssinger, N., Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, (34), 8819-8834) based on a ring closing metathesis (RCM), we noted contamination with small amounts of the macrocycle containing the cis alkene produced RCM. We thus investigated an alternative strategy relying on a Mitsunobu macrolactonization with the geometry of the aforementioned alkene fixed. As shown in scheme 4, esters 16 (Barluenga, S.; Wang, C; Fontaine, J. G.; Aouadi, K.; Beebe, K.; Tsutsumi, S.; Neckers, L.; Winssinger, N., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2008, 47, (23), 4432-5) were deprotonated with LDA and reacted with Weinreb amide 24 to afford, after oxime formation, the macrocycles 18. Global silyl deprotection followed by macrocyclization yielded Compounds 26 and 27 upon deprotection with sulfonic acid resin. While the compounds were obtained as an E/Z mixture of the oxime, the more active E isomer could be isolated by recrystalization to greater than 90% purity or as a single isomer by HPLC purification. The Weinreb amide 24 was obtained from the alkene 20 containing the required trans alkene via a sequence based on well established chemistry. Compounds 26 and 27 were thus obtained in 17% and 25% yield from from 16a and b respectively. These syntheses could readily be scaled up to prepare over 1O g of the pochoxime A or B.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of Compound 26 (pochoxime A) and Compound 27 (pochoxime
B).
Figure imgf000096_0001
I2, PPh3, Imid.; KCN Dibal-H
Figure imgf000096_0002
Reagents and conditions: (a) LDA (2.0 equiv), THF, -78 0C, 5 min; 24 (0.9 equiv), -78, 15 min, 17a (65%) 17b (54%); (b) 25 (2.5 equiv), pyridine, 40 0C, 24 h, 18a (50%) 18b (81%); (c) TBAF (2.5 equiv), 23 0C, 3 h; (d) Ph3P (1.5 equiv), DIAD (1.5 equiv), toluene, 0 to 23 0C, 5 h, 19a (60%) 19b (61%); (e) PS-SO3H (5.0 equiv, 3.0 mmol/g), MeOH, 23 0C, 2 h, 26 (90%) 27 (95%); (f) TBDPSCl (1.0 equiv), Imid (1.5 equiv), DMF, 23 0C, 5 h, 85%; (g) Imid (1.5 equiv), Ph3P (1.1 equiv), iodine (1.1 equiv), 0 0C, 6 h; KCN (5.0 equiv), DMSO, 60 0C, 2 h, >90%; (h) Dibal-H (1.05 equiv), CH2Cl2, -78 0C, 30 min, 85%; (i) LiCl (1.2 equiv), 23 (1.2 equiv), DBU (1.0 equiv), CH3CN, 23 0C, 45 min, 80% ; DBU = 1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; Dibal-H = diisobutylaluminium hydride Imid = imidazole PS = polystyrene, TBDPSCl = tert-Butyl diphenyl chlorosilane.
As shown in Scheme 5 below, owing to the greater acidity of the para phenol, Compunds 26, 27, and 28 could be selectively derivatized at that position using 1.0 equivalent of bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride and 0.9 equivalent of DBU. Hydrolysis of the phosphoramide bond with wet TFA in dichloromethane followed by neutralization using anion exchange resin (Amberlite) afforded the pochoxime derivative Ia, Ib, 29, 30, 31, and 32 in excellent yield. To access the para phosphate, the ortho phenol was first selectively protected with an EOM group followed by the same methodology to introduce the phosphate thus yielding pochoxime A derivative 30. The bis-phosphate derivative 31 was prepare in the same way as the ort/zo-substitued analogue but using an excess of bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride and two equivalents of DBU. Finaly, the phosphonooxymethyl derivative 32 could be accessed by the same methodology using di- tert-butyi chloromethylphosphonate (Ueda, Y.; Matiskella, J. D.; Golik, J.; Connolly, T. P.; Hudyma, T. W.; Venkatesh, S.; DaIi, M.; Kang, S. H.; Barbour, N.; Tejwani, R.; Varia, S.; Knipe, J.; Zheng, M.; Mathew, M.; Mosure, K.; Clark, J.; Lamb, L.; Medin, L; Gao, Q.; Huang, S.; Chen, C. P.; Branson, J. J., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13, (21), 3669-72) rather than bis(dimethylamino)phosphoryl chloride. In all cases, the acidic hydrolysis of the phosphoramide or tert-butyl deprotection resulted in an isomerization of the oxime (ca. 1 : 1 E:Z).
Scheme 5: Synthesis of phosphate compounds Ia, Ib, 29, 30, 31, and 32.
Figure imgf000097_0002
Figure imgf000097_0001
Reagents and conditions: (a) P(O)Cl(NMe2)2 (1-3.0 equiv), DBU (0.9 to 2.0 equiv), DMAP (0.01 equiv), CH2Cl2, 23 0C, 12 h, 50-60%; (b) TFA (5%), CH3CN/H2O 50/50; 23 0C, quantitative ; (c) Amberlite IRA68, H2O/CH3CN 1/1, quantitative (d) EOMCl (1.0 equiv), /Pr2EtN (1.0 equiv), CH2Cl2, 0 to 23 0C, 12 h, 49%; (e) di-tert-butyl chloromethylphosphonate (1.0 equiv), Bu4NI (1.0 equiv), CH2Cl2, 23 0C, 12 h, (68%); DBU = l,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; DMAP = 4-Dimethyl aminopyridine; EOMCl = ethoxymethyl chloride; TFA = trifluoroacetic acid.
Bioassays
General procedures for testing solubility and stability of phosphate prodrugs in vitro: Crystalline phosphate drugs Ia and Ib were tested first in several different organic- and aqueous-based media, including water, PBS, ETOH, DMA, CMC, and PG. The phosphate prodrugs were found to be very soluble in water and PBS compared to the parent drugs. Ia parent,
Figure imgf000098_0001
Ib parent,
29 parent, 0 parent,
Figure imgf000098_0002
31 parent,
Figure imgf000099_0001
32 parent.
The maximum observed solubilities with small lots of crystalline drug in 4-mL glass clear tubes were: 1 : at least 82.5 mg/mL in 50% DMA 2: at least 85 mg/mL in water
3: 87.5 mg/mL in 0.5% CMC / 0.1% Tween-20 / 0.45% NaCl for Ia 4: 55 mg/mL in PBS for Ia
5: 155 mg/mL in 10% ETOH / 20% PG / 70% water for Ia 6: 50 mg/mL in 10% ETOH / 20% PG / 70% water for Ia
Inhibition of proliferation of a panel of cancer cell lines by the parent compounds and the prodrugs
Cell proliferation assays were performed in various oncology cell lines, including breast cancer (BT474 and MDA-MB468), leukemia (K562 CML and MV4;11 AML), colon (HCTl 16), prostate cancer (PC-3), Tarceva- and Iressa-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, HCC829 and H1975), gastric cancer (N87) as well as glioblastoma (A172) cell lines. An appropriate number of cells (to reach -70% confluence in 4 days) was plated in 96- well plates and cultured in the presence of vehicle, or increasing concentrations of Ia parent, other active analogs (Ib parent and 29 parent), or 17AAG for 4 days (0.001-5 DM). Cell viability at day 4 was measured by the amount of ATP present in viable cells using ATPlite assay kit according to manufacturer's protocol (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA). IC50 was calculated by fitting the data using XLfit software. Compounds Ia, Ib, and 29 parent drugs exhibited very similar and potent anti-proliferative activity across a broad range of cancer cell lines. Interestingly, the pochoximes maintained anti-proliferative activity against MDA- MB468 which was significantly less sensitive to 17-AAG. Table 1 Growth inhibition and HSP90α affinity of the parent compounds
Growth inhibition (IC50) and HSP90 affinity of pochoxime derivative
(nM)
Cell line Ia parent Ib parent 29 parent 17AAG
BT474 (breast) 7 2 6 5
MDA231 (breast) 2 6 NM
MDA-MB468 9 2 6 780
(breast)
N87 (gastric) A 1
1
K562 (leukemia) 6 4 7 48
MV4;11 (leukemia) 2 11
3
HCTl 16 (colon) 9 11 NM NM
HCC827 (lung) 31 NM NM 56
H 1975 (lung) 25 NM NM 35
A 172(glioblastoma) 42 NM NM NM
HSP90U affinity 21 75 18 32
To determine if a phosphate prodrug can be converted to its active parent in cells, we evaluated the potency of Ib, a phosphate prodrug of Ib parent, in blocking proliferation of BT474, MDA-MB468, and N87 cell lines. As shown in Table 2, Ib displayed quite potent cellular activity although it is generally weaker than the Ib parent (Table 1). Since the prodrug Ib does not bind Hsp90 in vitro, the cellular activity observed must be due to the conversion of the prodrug to the parent compound by phosphatases present in these cells.
Table 2 Growth inhibition and HSP90α affinity of Ib
Growth inhibition (IC 50) and HSP90 affinity of Ib (nM)
Cell line Ib
BT474 (breast) 14
MDA-MB468 37
(breast)
N87 (gastric) 19
HSP90U affinity >10 000
Procedures and results for in vitro conversion of prodrugs using tissue homogenates, plasma, and a mimic of gastric fluid
Since the two OH groups on the phenol ring of the parent drug are required for biological activity, the phosphate prodrugs may not be active unless hydrolysis of the prodrug occur rapidly in vivo. Hydrolysis of prodrug in vivo was estimated by incubating phosphate prodrugs in vitro with mouse small intestine and liver homogenates, mouse plasma, and artificial gastric fluid. Plasma was freshly collected from nude mice. Liver and intestine homogenates were prepared by adding 3 volume of saline to freshly collected mouse tissues and homogenized using glass homogenizer. Gastric fluid was prepared by adding 80 mL of IM hydrochloric acid to 800 mL of water and then supplementing with 2.0 g of sodium chloride and 3.2 g of pepsin powder. The final volume of the artificial gastric fluid was adjusted with water to 1000 mL (pH = 1.1). Appropriate volume of prodrug stock solutions was spiked to the above vehicles to yield the final concentration at 5 μg/mL for Copmound Ia and 80 μg/mL for Compound Ib. 100 μL samples were collected at 0, 2, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. 5 volumes methanol containing internal standard was added immediately. For samples from gastric fluid incubation, 1 volume of 0.01 M Sodium hydroxide was added before injection into LC/MS/MS. All samples were analyzed by LC/MS/MS to quantitate the concentration of Ia, Ib and the corresponding parent drugs. The concentration of the parent drugs of Ia and Ib was quantitated using standard curve prepared using each vehicle. The disintegration of Ia and Ib and the formation of their corresponding parents were shown in Figures IA and IB. The results indicate that Ia and Ib decrease and the respective parent drugs form quickly in liver and intestine homogenates. The parent drugs accumulate to about 20% which remain stable for up to 60 minutes. Both Ia and Ib are stable in plasma (about 90% intact at 60 minutes) and slightly less stable in artificial gastric fluid (about 70% intact at 60 minutes).
We then evaluate other prodrug conversion in vitro using tissue homogenates and a mimic of gastric fluid (pepsin solution at pH 1.1). As shown in Table 3, marginal conversion occurred in the gastric fluid and plasma, while significant conversion was afforded by both the liver and intestine homogenates. Interestingly, 29 and 31 were more efficiently converted than Ia, Ib, 30, and 32 with the best results for the bis-phosphate 31 reaching 43.51.6% conversion with intestine homogenate in 60 minutes. This data suggest that pro-pochoxime
31 would be the most suitable prodrug candidate. Table 3 Conversion (%) of phosphate prodrug to parent drug in tissue homogenates, plasma, and a mimic of gastric fluid. Ia Ib 29 30 31 32
Liver J 18.2 23.2 29.4 10.5 30.5 17.9
Intestine J 18.9 26.6 41.6 11.6 43.5 18.7
Plasma J 3.4 2.2 1.4 0 0 4.0
Gastric fluid J 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 0.3
Procedure to evaluate in vitro partition between plasma and cells in mouse whole blood:
The whole blood was withdrawn from mice via cardio-puncture and placed in EDTA anticoagulant tubes. The test articles were spiked to whole blood at final concentration of 5μg/mL (at least 2 mL) and incubated at 37°C. 200 μL whole blood was taken at 0 (immediate after incubation), 5 min, 15 min and 30 min and then was centrifuged to separate plasma and cellular elements. Plasma was transferred to clean tubes. 50 μL of plasma and cellular elements were processed by addition of 3 volumes (150 μL) of ice-cold methanol. After centrifugation, the supernatants were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis of test articles in both plasma and cellular elements. The concentration in plasma and cellular elements at different timepoints was listed in Table 4.
Table 4.Test articles concentration in plasma and cellular elements
Figure imgf000103_0001
The concentration of Ia and Ib in plasma is larger than the nominated concentration in whole blood (5 μg/mL), which indicated that the partition of the test articles was mainly in plasma.
Procedure to evaluate pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of prodrug in mice:
The in vitro studies allow us to estimate the hydrolysis of prodrug to the parent drug. However, in order to test whether the prodrug approach indeed improve the oral bioavailability, we can test the prodrugs in vivo. The purpose of the study is: (i) to define plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of water soluble prodrugs in mice following oral administration, and (ii) to determine bioavailability of the prodrugs. Phosphate prodrugs are dissolved in appropriate vehicles to yield clear solutions with final concentration of 25 mg/ml for oral administration (pH ~ 7). Adult Balb/c mice (5-6 weeks of age, body weight: 17 g to 20 g) are dosed with 4, 20, 100, 500 mg/kg of prodrugs and three mice per groups are needed. Blood samples are collected from all mice 24 hours prior to administration - to establish a baseline level - and at approximately 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours following p.o. (oral) administration of prodrug. Blood samples are centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 3 to 5 minutes and separated immediately. Compounds in the plasma are extracted immediately with 3 volumes of cold methanol. The concentrations of the parent and the prodrug in plasma are determined. The concentrations in plasma below the limit of quantitation (LOQ = 2.5 ng/mL) are designated as zero. Pharmacokinetic parameters are calculated by model- independent methods. Area under the drug concentration curve (AUC) and area under the first moment of the drug concentration curve (AUMC) are calculated by means of the trapezoidal rule and extrapolated to infinity. Elimination half-life at b phase (tiβb) is calculated, when possible, from the slope of the terminal phase of the log plasma concentration-time points by linear regression. Oral bioavailability are calculated as F(%)=(DoselvxAUCorai(0→oo))/ (DoseoraixAUClv (0→∞))*100%. Preliminary investigations in mice showed that high concentration of the 31 parent in the liver was achieved via intravenous or oral administration of its prodrug 31 (Cmax: 3 838 ng/g by IV (4 mg/kg) and 12 469 ng/g by oral (30mg/kg)) although the concentration of the 31 parent in plasma was lower (Cmax: 197.2 ng/mL by IV (4 mg/kg) and 329.2 ng/mL by oral (30mg/kg). In addition, the oral bioavailability was calculated to be -12.3%.
The description and examples provided herein are merely illustrative, and the invention is not so limited. Numerous variations, permutations and derivatives of these compounds, procedures and uses will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are contemplated within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, all articles, publications, and/or patents referenced above are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each and every one of those articles, publications, and/or patents is individually incorporated by reference for all purposes.

Claims

We claim:
1. A compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof:
Figure imgf000105_0001
wherein:
R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR2, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, -SO2N(R)2, -N(R)SO2R, -N(CO)R, - N(CO)NR2, -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, -(CO)OR, -(CO)NR2, -0(CO)OR, -0(CO)NR2, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000105_0002
provided that at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 have a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If), wherein each R can be the same or different;
L1 and L2 are each independently a covalent bond, -0-, or -NR3a-; p is O, 1, or 2; Rla and R2a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, -alkylene-C(O)-O-R4a, or -alkylene-O-C(O)-O-R4a; and
R3a and R4a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl;
L3 and L4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, OR, NR2, or SR; wherein each R can be the same or different;
R5a, R6a, and R7a are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alky lhetero aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, OR, NR2, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, - SO2N(R)2, -N(R)SO2R, -N(CO)R, -N(CO)NR2, -N(CO)OR, -0(CO)R, -(CO)R, -
(CO)OR, -(CO)NR2, -0(CO)OR, or -0(CO)NR2; wherein each R can be the same or different;
Z has a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), and (Ie); A1 and A2 together are -CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-,
-CH(OH)-CH(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-, 1 ,2-cyclopropadiyl, or 1,2-oxirane;
B1 and B2 together are -CH2-CH2- or Bi and B2 together represent a covalent bond;
X1 is hydrogen, halogen, OR, NR2, NH-OR, SR, S(O)R, S(O)2R, -N-O- (CH2)n-CO2-R; or X1 together with X2 or X3 represents a covalent bond; wherein each
R can be the same or different;
X2 and X3 are both hydrogen, or one of X2 and X3 is hydrogen and the other together with X1 represents a covalent bond;
X4 and X5 together are =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R or =N-N-S02R; or one of X4 and X5 is hydrogen and the other is OH, OR, 0(CO)R, 0(CO)OR, 0(CO)NR2, -(CH2)n- 0(CO)OR, -(CH2)n-O(CO)NR2; or one of X4 and X5 together with X6 represents a covalent bond and the other of X4 and X5 is OH, OR, 0(CO)R, 0(CO)OR, or 0(CO)NR2; wherein each R can be the same or different; X6 is hydrogen or X together with one of X and X represents a covalent bond; and each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; or when two R groups are bonded to the same nitrogen, the two R groups taken together with the nitrogen form a 5-8 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the structure of formula II:
Figure imgf000107_0001
II wherein, R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-O-(CH2)nCOOR, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-SOR or =N-N-SO2R.
3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
4. The compound of claim 2, wherein R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
5. The compound of claim 2, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-.
6. The compound of claim 2, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
7. The compound of claim 2, wherein A1 and A2 together are 1 ,2-oxirane.
8. The compound of claim 2, wherein:
R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl;
R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, , aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH- or -C(OH)-C(OH)-;
X1 is hydrogen, halogen or NH-OR; and
R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2,
=N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R.
9. The compound of claim 2, wherein:
R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl; R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, , aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are 1 ,2-oxirane; X1 is hydrogen, halogen or NH-OR; and
R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R.
10. The compound of claim 2, wherein: R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl;
R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH- or -C(OH)-C(OH)-; X1 together with X2 represent a bond; and
R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R.
11. The compound of claim 2, wherein:
R1 is H, Cl or heterocyclyl;
R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl; A1 and A2 together are 1 ,2-oxirane;
X1 together with X2 represent a bond; and
R7 is =0, =S, =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2, =N-NR2, =N-N-S0R, =N-N-S02R.
12. The compound of claim 10, wherein: R1 is H or Cl;
R5 is hydrogen, methyl, propyl, isopropyl or phenyl; and R7 is =N-0R, =N-0-(CH2)nC00R, or =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2.
13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R1 is Cl and R5 is hydrogen.
14. The compound of claim 12, wherein n is 1.
15. The compound of claim 12, wherein R5 is hydrogen and R7 is =N-O-(CH2)nCOOR, or =N-O-(CH2)nCONR2.
16. The compound of claim 12, wherein R5 is hydrogen and R7 is =N-OR.
17. The compound of claim 8, wherein R7 is =0.
18. The compound of claim 8, wherein R7 is =N-OR, =N-O-(CH2)nCOOR, or =N-O- (CH2)nCONR2.
19. The compound of claim 11, wherein R is =0.
20. The compound of claim 11, wherein R7 is =N-OR, =N-O-(CH2)nCOOR, or =N-O- (CH2)nCONR2.
21. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the formula III :
Figure imgf000109_0001
III wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, acyl or a protecting group.
22. The compound of claim 21, wherein R is hydrogen or acyl; and R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
23. The compound of claim 21, wherein R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
24. The compound of claim 21, wherein X1 together with X2 represent a covalent bond.
25. The compound of claim 21, wherein X1 is hydrogen, halogen, NH-OR, NH- O-(CH2)nCOOR, or NH-O-(CH2)nCONR2.
26. The compound of claim 21, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-.
27. The compound of claim 21, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
28. The compound of claim 21, wherein A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
29. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula IV:
Figure imgf000110_0001
wherein R6 is hydrogen, OR, or NR2.
30. The compound of claim 29, wherein R is hydrogen or acyl.
31. The compound of claim 29, wherein R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
32. The compound of claim 29, wherein R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
33. The compound of claim 29, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-.
34. The compound of claim 29, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
35. The compound of claim 29, wherein A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
36. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula V:
Figure imgf000111_0001
wherein R0 is (CH2)nC(O)OR, or -(CH2)nC(O)NR2; and n is 1, 2 or 3.
37. The compound of claim 36, wherein R6 is -CH2C(O)N(Me)OMe.
38. The compound of claim 36, wherein R1 is H, halogen or heterocyclyl.
39. The compound of claim 36, wherein R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl.
40. The compound of claim 36, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH=CH-.
41. The compound of claim 36, wherein A1 and A2 together are -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-, -CH(OH)-CH(halogen)- or -CH(halogen)-CH(OH)-.
42. The compound of claim 36, wherein A1 and A2 together are 1,2-oxirane.
43. The compound of any of the proceeding claims, wherein R2 and R4 are independently OR, or a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and
(if); R is independently alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, a protecting group; provided that at least one of R2 and R4 is a structural formula selected from the group consisting of (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If).
4. The compound of claim 43 having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000112_0001
Figure imgf000113_0001
Figure imgf000114_0001
Figure imgf000115_0001
Figure imgf000115_0002
Figure imgf000115_0003
Figure imgf000116_0001
Figure imgf000117_0001
Figure imgf000117_0002
Figure imgf000117_0003
Figure imgf000118_0001
Figure imgf000119_0001
Figure imgf000120_0001
Figure imgf000121_0001
Figure imgf000122_0001
Figure imgf000123_0001
Figure imgf000124_0001
Figure imgf000125_0001
Figure imgf000126_0001
Figure imgf000127_0001
Figure imgf000127_0002
Figure imgf000128_0001
Figure imgf000129_0001
Figure imgf000130_0001
Figure imgf000131_0001
Figure imgf000132_0001
Figure imgf000133_0001
Figure imgf000134_0001
Figure imgf000135_0001
Figure imgf000136_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof.
45. The compound of any of claims 1 to 44, wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ia), at least one of L1 and L2 is -O-, and p is 0 or 1.
46. The compound of claim 45, wherein L1 and L2 are both -O-.
47. The compound of any of claims 1 to 44, wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ib), and R , 5aa and R , 6aa are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
48. The compound of any of claims 1 to 44, wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ic), and R5a, R6a, and R7a are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
49. The compound of any of claims 1 to 44, wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Id), and L1 is -O-.
50. The compound of any of claims 1 to 44, wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula (Ie), and L1 Is -O-.
51. The compound of any of claims 1 to 44, wherein one of R2 and R4 has structural formula
(If), and R , 5aa and R , 6aa are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
52. The compound of claim 1 having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000137_0001
Figure imgf000138_0001
Figure imgf000139_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvent, or ester thereof.
53. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of claims 1 to 44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
54. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 53, further comprising at least one additional biologically active agent.
55. Use of at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of a HSP90-mediated disorder.
56. Use of a compound according to claim 55, wherein the HSP90-mediated disorder is selected from the group consisting of an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, a hormone-related disease, and tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis .
57. Use of at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis in a subject suffering neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or a condition associated with the loss of NF2 function or neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFl) or a condition associated with the loss of NFl function.
58. Use of a compound according to claim 57, wherein the at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 50 inhibits or slows growth of one or more NF2-deficient tumors or NFl- deficient tumors, reduces the number of said tumors or inhibits and/or reduces associated symptoms as compared to no treatment with the at least one compound of formula I.
59. Use of a compound according to claim 58, wherein the at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 50 results in a decrease in size and/or number of said one or more NF2- defϊcient tumors.
60. Use of a compound according to claim 59, wherein the one or more NF2-deficient tumors are selected from the group consisting of vestibular schwannomas; spinal cord schwannomas; sporadic schwannomas; peripheral nerve schwannomas; schwannoma; meningioma; mesothelioma; ependymoma; glioma and astrocytoma.
61. Use of a compound according to claim 60, wherein the vestibular schwannomas comprises a unilateral vestibular schwannoma or a bilateral vestibular schwannoma.
62. Use of a compound according to claim 61, wherein the at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 50 decreases size and/or number of said one or more NFl -deficient tumors.
63. Use of a compound according to claims 62, wherein said one or more NFl -deficient tumors are selected from the group consisting of dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, optic pathway astrocytomas, optic neuromas, optic gliomas, cerebral astrocytomas, cerebral gliomas, ependymomas, pheochromocytomas and ganglioneuromas, rhabdomyosarcomas, neurofibrosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors ("MPNST"), malignant schwannomas, and JMML.
64. Use of a compound according to claim 63, wherein the at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 50 improves at least one of the subject's hearing, balance and vision; or increases in muscle mass; or reduces tumor burden in the subject.
65. Use of a compound according to claim 64, further comprising at least one additional active agent.
66. A method of treating a HSP90-mediated disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof with at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof.
67. The method of claim 66, wherein the HSP90-mediated disorder is selected from the group consisting of an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, allergy, asthma, a hormone- related disease, and tumors or symptoms resulting from neurofibromatosis
68. A method of inhibiting or reducing the growth or number of NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells comprising contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl- deficient tumor cells with at least one compound of any of claims 1 to 44, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof.
69. The method of claim 68, wherein the contact of said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl- deficient tumor cells with said at least one compound of formula I occurs in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.
70. The method of claim 69, wherein said NF2-deficient tumor cells are Nf2-defϊcient mouse Schwann cells or NF2-deficient human schwannoma cells; and said NFl -deficient tumor cells are NfI -deficient mouse Schwann cells or NFl-deficient human Schwann cells.
71. The method of claim 70, wherein said NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl -deficient tumor cells are from a human, canine, rat or mouse.
72. The method of claim 71, wherein said NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of NF2-deficient schwannoma cell line cells, NF2-deficient meningioma cell line cells and NF2-deficient mesothelioma cell line cells.
73. The method of claim 72, wherein said NF2-deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of HEI193 cells, SF1335 cells, BAR cells and RAV cells.
74. The method of claim 68, wherein said NFl -deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of human MPNST cells, primary neurofibroma cells derived from NFl patients, mouse Λ//7;/?5J-deficient MPNST cell lines established from cisNfl;p53 mice, and NfI-/- mouse cells, such as Schwann cells, mouse embryonic cells, and leukemia cells.
75. The method of claim 74, wherein said NFl -deficient tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of ST88-14, 88-3, 90-8, and sNF96.2.
76. The method of claim 68, wherein contact of said NF2-deficient tumor cells or said NFl- deficient tumor cells with said at least one compound of formula I results in degradation of ErbB2 and/or phosphorylated ErbB2; degradation of Akt and/or phosphorylated Akt; degradation of Raf and/or phosphorylated Raf; or a reduction in phosphorylation of proteins downstream of the ErbB2, Akt or Raf signaling pathway.
77. The method of claim 76, further comprises contacting said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with at least one additional active agent.
78. The method of claim 77, wherein the contact of said NF2-deficient tumor cells or NFl- deficient tumor cells with at least one additional active agent and the contact of said NF2- deficient tumor cells or NFl -deficient tumor cells with at least one compound of formula I occur simultaneously or sequentially.
79. A compound having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000143_0001
lly acceptable salt, solvent, or ester thereof.
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