WO2007046459A1 - 多層プリント配線基板及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
多層プリント配線基板及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007046459A1 WO2007046459A1 PCT/JP2006/320820 JP2006320820W WO2007046459A1 WO 2007046459 A1 WO2007046459 A1 WO 2007046459A1 JP 2006320820 W JP2006320820 W JP 2006320820W WO 2007046459 A1 WO2007046459 A1 WO 2007046459A1
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- layer
- printed wiring
- wiring board
- multilayer printed
- board according
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
- H05K3/4611—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by laminating two or more circuit boards
- H05K3/4614—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by laminating two or more circuit boards the electrical connections between the circuit boards being made during lamination
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
- H05K3/4611—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by laminating two or more circuit boards
- H05K3/4614—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by laminating two or more circuit boards the electrical connections between the circuit boards being made during lamination
- H05K3/462—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by laminating two or more circuit boards the electrical connections between the circuit boards being made during lamination characterized by laminating only or mainly similar double-sided circuit boards
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
- H05K3/4644—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by building the multilayer layer by layer, i.e. build-up multilayer circuits
- H05K3/4652—Adding a circuit layer by laminating a metal foil or a preformed metal foil pattern
- H05K3/4658—Adding a circuit layer by laminating a metal foil or a preformed metal foil pattern characterized by laminating a prefabricated metal foil pattern, e.g. by transfer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
- H05K2201/10227—Other objects, e.g. metallic pieces
- H05K2201/10378—Interposers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
- H05K2203/06—Lamination
- H05K2203/061—Lamination of previously made multilayered subassemblies
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/40—Forming printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
- H05K3/4038—Through-connections; Vertical interconnect access [VIA] connections
- H05K3/4053—Through-connections; Vertical interconnect access [VIA] connections by thick-film techniques
- H05K3/4069—Through-connections; Vertical interconnect access [VIA] connections by thick-film techniques for via connections in organic insulating substrates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
- H05K3/4602—Manufacturing multilayer circuits characterized by a special circuit board as base or central core whereon additional circuit layers are built or additional circuit boards are laminated
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/46—Manufacturing multilayer circuits
- H05K3/4644—Manufacturing multilayer circuits by building the multilayer layer by layer, i.e. build-up multilayer circuits
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a multilayer printed wiring board used for a mobile phone, an ultra-small portable terminal, etc., a multilayer printed wiring board used for an interposer used when mounting a semiconductor chip on a bare chip, and a manufacturing method thereof. It is about.
- an IVH inner via hole
- a conventional multilayer substrate is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-353619.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a conventional multilayer substrate, which is an example of a multilayer wiring substrate in which films are stacked using an adhesive.
- a predetermined pattern made of the wiring 12 is formed on the film 10.
- the plurality of films 10 are bonded together with the wiring 12 by an adhesive 14.
- IVH8 in the necessary part, wirings 12 formed in different layers are connected to each other.
- the adhesive 14 is three layers and the film 10 is A total of 7 layers of 4 layers are required, making thinning difficult and powerful.
- two sheets of film 10 having wiring 12 formed on both surfaces are prepared and bonded with an adhesive 14 to form a multilayer substrate having four wiring pattern layers.
- the films 10 having the wirings 12 formed on both surfaces are pasted together with 14 ⁇ adhesive.
- the adhesive 14 softens and flows. Therefore, there is a possibility of short-circuiting the wirings 12 facing each other.
- the present invention solves the above-described conventional problems, and provides a multilayer substrate using a prepreg (sheet material) instead of an adhesive for laminating films.
- the present invention integrates a double-sided printed wiring board using a resin film having a wiring pattern formed on the front and back surfaces, with a pre-preparer in the middle, and integrates them. .
- a woven fabric impregnated with greaves is used as a pre-predder, and the films having wiring formed on both sides are bonded to each other.
- the short circuit between the wirings can be prevented by the woven fabric.
- IVH can be formed simultaneously with the adhesion of the double-sided printed wiring board.
- the multilayer printed wiring board having IVH can be manufactured extremely thin by laminating using a pre-preda instead of the adhesive. it can.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a multilayer substrate according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2A is a first cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the four-layer substrate in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 2B is a second cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the four-layer substrate in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 2C is a third cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the four-layer substrate in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 2D is a fourth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the four-layer substrate in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 2E is a fifth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the four-layer substrate in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the multilayer substrate in the third embodiment.
- FIG. 4A is a first cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 4B is a second cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 4C is a third sectional view for explaining the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 4D is a fourth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 4E is a fifth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in Embodiment 4.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the multilayer substrate according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 6A is a first cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in accordance with Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 6B is a second cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in accordance with Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 6C is a third cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in accordance with Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 6D is a fourth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in accordance with Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 6E is a fifth cross-sectional view for explaining the manufacturing method for the multilayer substrate in accordance with Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 6F is a sixth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 7A is a first cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate of Embodiment 7.
- FIG. 7B is a second diagram for describing the method of manufacturing the multilayer substrate of Embodiment 7.
- FIG. 7C is a third cross-sectional view for explaining the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in accordance with Embodiment 7.
- FIG. 7D is a fourth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate of Embodiment 7.
- FIG. 8A is a first cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate of Embodiment 9. 8B] FIG.
- FIG. 8B is a second cross-sectional view for explaining the manufacturing method for the multilayer substrate of the ninth embodiment.
- FIG. 8C is a third sectional view for explaining the manufacturing method for the multilayer substrate of the ninth embodiment.
- FIG. 8D is a fourth cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate according to the ninth embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a conventional multilayer substrate.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a multilayer substrate in accordance with the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- this multilayer substrate includes films 102a and 102b, first wirings 104a and 104b, second wirings 106a and 106b, insulating layer 108, IVH110, interlayer connection 112, double-sided substrate 11 4a, 114b, and paste connection layer 116 are included as main components.
- the first wiring 104a is formed on one surface of the film 102a, and the second wiring 106a is formed on the other surface, thereby constituting a double-sided substrate 114a.
- the first wiring 104b and the second wiring 106b are formed on each surface of the film 102b, and the respective wirings are connected by the interlayer connection portion 112.
- the paste connection layer 116 is composed of the insulating layer 108 and the IVH 110! /.
- the double-sided board 114a and the double-sided board 114b are integrated with a paste connection layer 116.
- the second wiring 106a of the double-sided board 114a and the second wiring 106b of the double-sided board 114b are electrically connected by the IVH 110. Also, regarding the thickness of these wiring portions, the second wiring 106a formed on the double-sided board 114a and the second wiring 106b formed on the double-sided board 114b are buried in the paste connection layer 116, so that The thickness can be absorbed by the paste connection layer 116.
- the first insulating layer (which corresponds to the surface layer) counted from the surface layer is the film 102a and the surface force is also counted as the second layer.
- the second insulating layer corresponds to the insulating layer 108
- the third insulating layer from the surface layer corresponds to the film 102b.
- the first layer wiring (or surface layer wiring) of the first layer is counted as the first wiring 104a
- the second layer wiring of the second layer is counted from the surface 106a, counting from the surface layer.
- the third-layer wiring of the third layer corresponds to the second wiring 106b
- the fourth-layer wiring of the fourth layer corresponding to the surface layer force corresponds to the first wiring 104b.
- Figure 1 is a four-layer structure (meaning that there is a wiring force layer), and because it is a vertical object, there is no substantial difference between counting from top to bottom or counting down from the bottom. However, in the embodiment of the present invention, in principle, the above is counted from top to bottom.
- the electrical connection penetrating through the insulating layer 108 which is the second insulating layer formed as the second layer counted from the surface layer corresponds to IVH110.
- the second wiring 106a which is the second layer wiring formed on the second layer counting from the surface layer
- the second wiring 106b which is the third layer wiring formed on the third layer counting from the surface layer, However, it is buried in the insulating layer 108.
- IVH 110 is electrically conductive paste (in FIG. 2B described later, conductive paste) in a through-hole (described later in FIG. 2A) formed in insulating layer 108. Electric paste 126 will be described).
- the IVH 110 is formed between the double-sided substrates 114a and 114b, and connects the second wirings 106a and 106b.
- the IVH 110 can be formed at an arbitrary position of the paste connection layer 116. In this way, in FIG. 1, the thickness of the plurality of double-sided substrates 114a and 114b using the film 102 is absorbed, and at the same time, the connection between the layers is performed by the IVH 110.
- a pre-preder can be selected as a member constituting the paste connection layer 116.
- This prepredder is made of semi-cured resin.
- a curable conductive paste can be used as a member constituting IVH110.
- a pre-preda and a curable conductive paste by using a pre-preda and a curable conductive paste, a multilayer substrate without using an adhesive can be formed, and thus the total thickness of the multilayer substrate can be greatly reduced.
- a short circuit due to contact between the wirings can be prevented by the woven fabric included in the pre-preda.
- the dimensions of the multilayer substrate are preferably about 300 mm X 500 mm ⁇ 200 mm! /. 100mm
- the substrate size is larger than 500mm x 700mm, it may affect the handling and dimensional changes in the process.
- the electrical connection that penetrates the second insulating layer (corresponding to the insulating layer 108 in FIG. 1) formed as the second layer counted from the surface layer is conductive paste (IVH 110 in FIG. 1). Equivalent).
- the second layer wiring (corresponding to the second wiring 106a in Fig. 1) formed in the second layer counting the surface layer force, and the third layer wiring formed in the third layer counted from the surface layer A force (corresponding to the second wiring 106b in FIG. 1) is buried by the paste connection layer 116 and electrically connected.
- a four-layer substrate meaning that the wiring is four layers
- a thin layer of the four-layer substrate becomes possible.
- the second embodiment is an example of a method for manufacturing a four-layer substrate, and corresponds to an example of the method for manufacturing a four-layer substrate described in the first embodiment, for example.
- 2A to 2E are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing the four-layer board in the second embodiment.
- a through hole 124 is formed in the pre-preder 122.
- a mold, a drill, a laser, or the like can be used to form the through hole 124.
- commercially available products such as glass epoxy or aramid epoxy described later can be used.
- the inside of the through hole 124 is filled with a conductive paste 126.
- a conductive paste 126 For example, by using the pre-predder 122 and a protective film (not shown) formed on the mask as a mask, the conductive paste 126 can be rubbed or filled with a squeegee or the like (self-alignment). In other words, the conductive paste 126 can be filled only into the through holes 124 formed in the pre-predder 122. Then, after filling the conductive paste 126, the protective film is peeled off to obtain the state of FIG. 2B.
- FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of the double-sided substrate 114a.
- the first wiring 104a is formed on one side of the film 102a
- the second wiring 106a is formed on the other side.
- An interlayer connection 112 formed so as to penetrate the film 102a connects the first wiring 104a and the second wiring 106a with each other.
- the film 102a As a material of the film 102a, it is desirable to use a highly heat-resistant resin film such as a polyimide film or a polyamide film, and an aramid film is particularly preferable. By using a high heat-resistant resin film, the thermal effect in the soldering process can be suppressed.
- the thickness of the film 102a is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, particularly 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less (preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 25 m or less). By using such an extremely thin heat-resistant film, the total thickness of the completed multilayer substrate can be reduced. This way It is possible to select a substrate material in which a conductor layer is formed on both sides of a heat resistant film without using an adhesive. By using a copper-clad film on which a heat-resistant film and a conductor layer are formed without using such an adhesive, the heat resistance and reliability of the multilayer substrate can be improved.
- FIG. 2D shows a state in which the pre-preder 122 filled with the conductive paste 126 of FIG. 2B and the double-sided substrate 114a of FIG. 2C are aligned with each other.
- double-sided boards 114a and 114b are set on both sides of a pre-preder 122 filled with a conductive paste 126 in a predetermined position.
- the second wirings 106a and 106b on the pre-preda 122 side and the conductive paste 126 are aligned.
- heat pressing is performed with a vacuum press (the vacuum press is not shown). After the vacuum press is completed, the pressed sample is taken out.
- Figure 2E corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the sample after the vacuum press.
- the sample is heat-cured with a predetermined temperature profile at the same time as being pressure-bonded by a vacuum press.
- the pre-predder 122 is softened and hardened, and then changed into the insulating layer 108.
- the pre-predder 122 is softened, the second wirings 106a and 106b formed on the double-sided boards 114a and 114b are buried and the wiring thickness is absorbed.
- the pre-predator 122 is cured in a state where the wiring thickness is absorbed, and becomes the insulating layer 108, thereby firmly fixing the double-sided substrates 114a and 114b.
- the conductive base 126 embedded in the pre-predder 122 is also cured at the same time and changed to IVH110. In this way, a four-layer board having IVH 110 is formed. Then, the thickness of the second wirings 106a and 106b is reduced, and the unevenness due to the wiring is flattened.
- the prepreg (prepreg: pre-impregnated sheet material) is a fiber material or a woven fabric impregnated with active resin. Since this is not yet completely cured, it can be molded simultaneously with energy. By using the pre-preda in this way, it is possible to prevent a short circuit due to contact between wirings during molding, further suppress deformation and dimensional variations during press molding, and increase the strength of the completed multilayer substrate. It is desirable to use thermosetting resin as the resin to be impregnated. As the thermosetting resin, an epoxy resin or an imide resin can be used. As the fiber material or woven fabric, in addition to glass fibers, members such as polyamide and aramid containing aromatics can be used.
- the curing temperature of the pre-preda is preferably in the range of 85 ° C to 220 ° C. If the temperature is 230 ° C or higher, the resin curing will vary and the dimensional accuracy may be affected. If the temperature is lower than 85 ° C, the time for curing the resin increases, which may affect the cured state. When the thickness of the film 102 is as thin as 50 m or less, it is desirable to cure the pre-predator 122 in a temperature range of 180 ° C. or higher and 220 ° C. or lower.
- the second self-insulating lines 106a and 106d formed on the side of the pre-predder 122 are buried in the prep-predder 122.
- the pressure range is preferably 2 MPa (megapascal, unit of pressure) or more and 6 MPa or less.
- the pressure application time is preferably 1 minute or more and less than 3 hours. If the pressure is applied for less than 1 minute, variations due to pressing may occur. Also, if the press time exceeds 3 hours, productivity will be affected. Therefore, the pressure is preferably 2MPa or more and 6MPa or less, especially 4MPa or more and 6Mpa or less. In the case of a general multilayer substrate, it is often laminated at 2 to 3 MPa, but in the case of this embodiment, the film is thin and easily affected by thickness variations, and the conductive paste 126 is used. Therefore, it is desirable to increase the lamination pressure to about 5 MPa, for example, 4 MPa to 6 MPa.
- a glass epoxy based commercial product was selected as the cloth-like pre-preda, and specifically, a glass fiber was used as the woven fabric, which was impregnated with an epoxy-based resin.
- a protective film (not shown) was formed on the pre-preda, and a through hole 124 was formed at a predetermined position as it was.
- a predetermined amount of conductive paste 126 was added onto the protective film, and the conductive paste 126 was imprinted with a squeegee (rubber spatula) to fill the through-holes 124 formed in the pre-preder 122. Thereafter, the protective film was peeled off to obtain the state shown in FIG. 2B.
- a double-sided copper-clad film was prepared. Specifically, a polyimide film (thickness 10 ⁇ m) having a conductor layer formed on both sides without using an adhesive was used. Next, the conductor layer of the double-sided copper-clad film was covered with a predetermined pattern to obtain a double-sided substrate 114a in FIG. 2C.
- the double-sided substrates 114a and 114b were positioned on both sides of the pre-preder 122 filled with the conductive paste 126 by a predetermined jig (not shown). After that, it was pressed together at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time with a vacuum press and integrated. At this time, it is desirable to heat and pressurize as necessary. Simultaneously with this integration, the second wirings 106a and 106b formed on the side of the pre-preparer 122 of the double-sided substrates 114a and 114b are electrically connected by the conductive paste 126.
- an ultrathin multilayer substrate as shown in FIG. 2E was produced.
- the thickness of the pre-predder 122 further, for example, by reducing the thickness to 40 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, or even 10 ⁇ m, the total thickness is 100 m or less, or 60 m or less, and further 30 m or less
- the ultra-thin multilayer substrate can be manufactured.
- the surface layer force of the four-layer printed wiring board has the paste connection layer 116 in which the electrical connection in the portion penetrating the second insulating layer is the conductive paste 126.
- the second layer wiring provided in the second layer counting the force and the third layer wiring provided in the third layer counted from the surface layer are embedded in the paste connection layer.
- Printed wiring boards can be manufactured.
- the second insulating layer counted from the surface layer of the four-layer printed wiring board, corresponds to the insulating layer 108 in FIG.
- the first insulating layer which is the first layer of the four-layer printed wiring board, is also equivalent to the film 102a in FIG.
- the wiring provided in the second layer from the surface layer corresponds to the second wiring 106a formed under the double-sided substrate 114a in FIG.
- the wiring provided in the third layer from the surface layer is formed on the second wiring 106b formed on the double-sided substrate 114b and buried on the paste connection layer 116 (or insulating layer 108) side. Equivalent to.
- the second layer wiring counted from the surface layer and the third layer wiring counted from the surface layer (corresponding to the second wirings 106a and 106b in FIG. 1). ) Can be buried in the paste connection layer 116 in the same manner, so that even when the substrate thickness is reduced, the wiring thickness can be absorbed. Therefore, mounting of chip components and semiconductor chips, etc., and surface smoothness are required. Mounting performance can be improved, including bare chip mounting using bumps and other components, as well as an interposer for CPU mounting.
- the paste connection layer 116 is made of the pre-predder 122 and the conductive paste 126 filled in the through-holes 124 formed in the pre-predder 122, so that the position where the IVH 110 is formed is changed. Since it can be designed freely, it is possible to reduce the size and performance of the circuit board.
- the multilayer substrate according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- the difference between the first embodiment and the third embodiment is the number of films used for multilayering (two in the first embodiment, three in the third embodiment).
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the multilayer substrate in the third embodiment.
- a double-sided substrate 114a, 114b, 114c using a film is shown bonded to each other using two paste connection layers 116a, 116b.
- the second wiring 106a formed on the lower surface of the double-sided substrate 114a and the second wiring 106b formed on the upper surface of the double-sided substrate 114b are electrically connected by the IVH 110.
- the second wiring 106d formed on the upper surface of the double-sided substrate 114c and the second wiring 106c formed on the lower surface of the double-sided substrate 114b are electrically connected by the IVH 110.
- Three double-sided boards 114a, 114b, 114c (calculating the number of wiring layers, wiring two layers
- the paste connection layers 116a and 116b are composed of the insulating layer 108 and the IVH 110.
- IVH110 means an inner via hole (via hole for interlayer connection), and in this embodiment, IVH110 can be formed at an arbitrary position.
- the pre-predder 122 can be used as an insulating member constituting the paste connection layer 116.
- curable conductive paste 126 as the conductive member constituting IVH 110.
- an electrical connection that penetrates at least the second insulating layer (upper insulating layer 108 in Fig. 3) of the printed wiring board having five or more insulating layers is a conductive paste. It has a paste connection layer 116 of 126, and at least the second layer from the surface layer (second wiring 106a in FIG. 3) and the third layer from the surface layer (second wiring 106b in FIG. 3) By embedding it in the conductive paste connection layer 116, a multilayer printed wiring with 5 or more insulating layers is provided.
- the line substrate can be formed in a thin layer.
- the paste connection layer in which the electrical connection of the insulating layer from the surface layer to the second insulating layer is a conductive paste refers to the paste connection layers 116a and 116b in FIG.
- the first insulating layer counted from the surface layer corresponds to the film 102a in FIG.
- the second-layer wiring provided in the second layer counted from the surface layer is the second wiring formed in the double-sided substrates 114a and 114c and embedded in the paste connection layers 116a and 116b, respectively, when counted from the top and bottom in FIG. Corresponds to the wiring 106a and 106d.
- the third-layer wiring provided on the third layer from the surface layer is formed on the double-sided board 11 4b when counted from top to bottom in Figure 3 (in the case of wiring, only the wiring is counted). This corresponds to the second wiring 106b buried in the paste connection layer 116a. Further, when counted from the bottom to the top, it corresponds to the second wiring 106c formed on the surface of the double-sided substrate 114b.
- Embodiment 4 is an example of a manufacturing method in which a plurality of films are used to form a multilayer, and for example, an example of a manufacturing method of a multilayer substrate in Embodiment 3 is shown.
- a through hole 124 is formed in the pre-preder 122.
- the through hole 124 can be formed while the protective film is stuck on the surface of the prepreg 122.
- the through holes 124 can be formed using a mold, a drill, a laser, or the like.
- a pre-preda for example, a cloth-like commercial product can be used.
- a conductive paste 126 is filled into the through holes 124. This filling can use screen printing.
- FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of the double-sided substrate 114a.
- the conductive film is made conductive with a squeegee or the like using the protective film as a mask.
- the conductive paste 126 can be filled only in the through-holes 124 formed in the pre-preder 122 in a self-alignment manner (self-alignment).
- FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of the double-sided substrate 114a.
- a first wiring 104a and a second wiring 106a are formed on the surface of the film 102a and are electrically connected through the interlayer connection portion 112.
- a film member having a high strength and a low coefficient of thermal expansion such as a polyimide film or a polyamide film.
- a resin film 102a having a low thermal expansion coefficient especially close to silicon and having a thermal expansion coefficient
- the thickness of the film 102 is 100 ⁇ m or less, particularly 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 30 / zm or less, and more preferably 25 m or less.
- the total thickness of the completed multilayer substrate can be reduced.
- the heat resistance of the multilayer substrate can be increased, so it is easy to support mounting using lead-free solder.
- FIG. 4D is a cross-sectional view showing a state where the pre-preparers 122a and 122b filled with the conductive paste 126 of FIG. 4B and the plurality of double-sided substrates 114a, 114b and 114c are aligned with each other.
- FIG. 4E is a cross-sectional view showing a state after the pre-preparers 122a and 122b filled with the conductive paste 126 of FIG. 4B and the double-sided substrates 114a, 114b, and 114c are joined together.
- the samples in the state shown in FIG. 4D are brought into close contact with each other using a hot platen press or the like, and heated with a predetermined temperature profile, so that the pre-predas 122a and 122b are softened and then cured.
- the insulating layer 108 is changed.
- the conductive paste 126 embedded in the prepreaders 122a and 122b is simultaneously heated and cured to form IVH 110.
- the pre-preda 122 a commercially available aramid epoxy-based product was used. Then, as shown in FIG. 4A, through holes 124 were formed at predetermined positions together with the protective film on the pre-preder 122. Next, a predetermined amount of conductive paste 126 is added onto the protective film, and the conductive paste 126 is filled into the through-holes 124 formed in the pre-preder 122 with a squeegee (rubber spatula). Then, the state shown in FIG. 4B was obtained by peeling off the protective film. [0057] Next, a double-sided copper-clad film was prepared.
- a 10 m thick aramid film with a conductor layer formed on both sides without using an adhesive was used.
- the copper foil portion of the double-sided copper-clad film was covered with a predetermined pattern to obtain a double-sided substrate 114a in FIG. 4C.
- FIG. 4D [As shown here] Prepredas 122a and 122b filled with conductive '14 paste 126 and double-sided substrates 114a, 114b and 114c were alternately stacked and aligned. Then, it was pressed and integrated while heating at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time with a press. At this time, vacuum pressing may be performed as necessary. In addition, by setting the pressing conditions such that the pre-predder 122 is softened and then hardened, the plurality of double-sided substrates 114 can be integrated using the pre-predder 122 set in the center. Also, under this pressing condition, the second wirings 106a to 106d formed on the pre-preparer side of the double-sided substrate 114 are electrically connected under the conductive paste 126 force.
- an ultrathin multilayer substrate as shown in FIG. 4E was produced.
- the thickness of the pre-predators 122a and 122b for example, 40 ⁇ m, or 20 ⁇ m, and more desirably 10 ⁇ m
- the total thickness is 100 m or less, or 60 m or less, and even 30 m.
- the following ultra-thin multilayer substrates can be manufactured.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the multilayer substrate according to the fifth embodiment.
- the central portion is a two-layer substrate
- the central portion is a multilayer substrate having three or more layers.
- various forms of multilayer substrates can be formed in various forms other than a double-sided substrate using a film or the like.
- a multilayer substrate 118 includes a plurality of layers of wirings 104b that are interlayer-insulated by an interlayer insulating layer 120, and an interlayer insulating layer 120 isotropic force.
- a second wiring 106b is formed on the surface of the interlayer insulating layer 120.
- 106c is formed.
- the second wirings 106b and 106c formed on the surface of the multilayer substrate 118 are both embedded in the paste connection layers 116a and 116b.
- first wirings 104a and 104c and the second wirings 106a and 106d are formed on the surfaces of the films 102a and 102b, and are electrically connected to each other by the interlayer connection portion 112, so The plates 114a and 114b are composed of force!
- the second wiring 106a formed on the paste connection layer 116a side of the double-sided substrate 114a and the second wiring 106b formed on the paste connection layer 116a side of the multilayer substrate 118 Both are buried in the paste connection layer 116a and electrically connected by IVH110.
- the second wiring 106d on the double-sided substrate 114b and the second wiring 106c on the surface of the multilayer substrate 118 are connected by the IVH 110 penetrating the paste connection layer 116b.
- the double-sided boards 114a and 114b are formed on both sides of the multilayer board 118 at the center, and the wiring thickness is absorbed and integrated by using the paste connection layer 116 to connect the layers. It can be performed. In addition, since the adhesive is not used in the fifth embodiment, the thickness can be reduced.
- FIGS. 6A to 6F are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a multilayer substrate in Embodiment 6.
- This method for manufacturing a multilayer substrate corresponds to, for example, the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate in FIG. 5 described in Embodiment 5. To do.
- a through hole 124 is formed in the pre-preder 122.
- the through hole 124 can be formed using a die, a drill, a laser, or the like. Commercial products can be used for the pre-preda.
- a conductive paste 126 is filled in the through holes 124.
- FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of the double-sided substrate 114a.
- a double-sided substrate 114a is formed of a film 102a, and a first wiring 104a and a second wiring 106a formed on the surface of the film 102a connected by an interlayer connection portion 112.
- FIG. 6D is a cross section of the multilayer substrate 118.
- the multilayer substrate 118 includes an interlayer insulating layer 120, an interlayer connection 112, and a first wiring 104b. Then, the first wirings 104b formed in different layers are connected to each other through the interlayer connection portion 112 formed in the interlayer insulating layer 120.
- FIG. 6E shows a state where the pre-preder filled with the conductive paste 126 of FIG. 6B and the multilayer substrate 118 of FIG. 6D are aligned with each other. And these are integrated using a vacuum press apparatus (not shown).
- FIG. 6F is a cross-sectional view showing the state after the member of FIG. 6E is assembled.
- the pre-preda a commercially available glass epoxy with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was used. Then, as shown in FIG. 6A, through holes 124 were formed at predetermined positions together with the protective film on the pre-preda. Note that the protective film is not shown in FIG. 6A.
- a predetermined amount of conductive paste 126 is added on the protective film, and the conductive paste 126 is passed through the hole of the protective film with a squeegee (gombella) to the through-hole 124 formed in the pre-preder 122. Filled. Thereafter, the protective film was peeled off to obtain the state shown in FIG. 6B. Figure 6B shows! /, And the protective film is shown!
- a double-sided copper-clad film was prepared. Specifically, a 10 m thick polyimide film with a conductor layer formed on both sides without using an adhesive was used. Next, the copper foil portion of the double-sided copper-clad film was processed into a predetermined pattern to obtain a double-sided substrate 114a in FIG. 6C. From FIG. 6C, it can be seen that the double-sided substrate 114a has the first wiring 104a and the second wiring 106a formed on both sides of the film 102a.
- a multilayer substrate 118 as shown in FIG. 6D was prepared.
- the first wiring 104 b is insulated via the interlayer insulating layer 120 and is interlayer-connected by the interlayer connection portion 112.
- second wirings 106b and 106c are formed on the surface of the multilayer substrate 118.
- the multilayer substrate 118 and the double-sided substrates 114a and 114b were set on both sides of the pre-preder 122 filled with the conductive paste 126. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 6F, these were pressed at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time to be integrated together. At this time, a vacuum press may be used if necessary. Also, under this pressing condition, the conductive paste 126 is electrically connected to the second wirings 106a and 106d formed on the pre-preparer side of the double-sided substrates 114a and 114b. Thus, an ultrathin multilayer substrate as shown in FIG. 6F was produced.
- the thickness of the film, the prepreg 122, and the multilayer substrate 118 thin, for example, 40 or 20 m, and more desirably 10 m, it is possible to manufacture an extremely thin printed wiring board although it is a multilayer.
- the prepreg (prepreg: pre-impregnated sheet material) is a fiber material or a woven fabric impregnated with active resin. Since this is not yet completely cured, it can be molded simultaneously with energy. By using the pre-preda in this way, it is possible to prevent a short circuit due to contact between wirings during molding, further suppress deformation and dimensional variations during press molding, and increase the strength of the completed multilayer substrate. It is desirable to use thermosetting resin as the resin to be impregnated. As the thermosetting resin, an epoxy resin or an imide resin can be used. As the fiber material or woven fabric, in addition to glass fibers, members such as polyamide and aramid containing aromatics can be used.
- the curing temperature of the pre-preda is preferably in the range of 85 ° C to 220 ° C. If the temperature is 230 ° C or higher, the resin curing will vary and the dimensional accuracy may be affected. If the temperature is lower than 85 ° C, the time for curing the resin increases, which may affect the cured state. When the thickness of the film 102 is as thin as 50 m or less, it is desirable to cure the pre-predator 122 in a temperature range of 180 ° C. or higher and 220 ° C. or lower.
- the second self-insulating lines 106a and 106d formed on the side of the pre-predder 122 are buried in the prep-predder 122.
- the pressure range is preferably 2 MPa (megapascal, unit of pressure) or more and 6 MPa or less.
- the pressure application time is preferably 1 minute or more and less than 3 hours. If the pressure is applied for less than 1 minute, variations due to pressing may occur. Also, if the press time exceeds 3 hours, productivity will be affected. Therefore, the pressure is preferably 2MPa or more and 6MPa or less, especially 4MPa or more and 6Mpa or less. In the case of a general multilayer substrate, it is often laminated at 2 to 3 MPa, but in the case of this embodiment, the film is thin and easily affected by thickness variations, and the conductive paste 126 is used. Because of the lamination pressure is 5Mpa It is desirable to increase the degree, for example, 4 MPa or more and 6 MPa or less.
- the double-sided substrates were positioned and set on both sides of the pre-predder 122 filled with the conductive paste 126, and then heat-pressed and integrated using a press device.
- the press conditions are optimized press programs. Specifically, after the temperature rises in steps from room temperature to around 200 ° C, the temperature automatically drops to room temperature, and the pressure changes with time. By using the ones that have been made, it becomes possible to make stable products. Thus, a multilayer substrate as shown in FIG. 6F was produced.
- Embodiment 7 will be described with reference to FIGS.
- a case will be described in which a multi-layer substrate whose surface layer is a film is used to form an interlayer connection and a surface layer wiring by using a plating technique.
- FIGS. 7A to 7D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate according to the seventh embodiment.
- the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate is, for example, an example of the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate described in the sixth embodiment. Therefore, the present invention can also be applied to the multilayer substrate described in the first and third embodiments.
- the seventh embodiment is characterized in that the surface layer wiring of the multilayer substrate and the interlayer connection portion connected to the wiring are integrated using a plating technique, and a finer pattern with higher performance can be obtained. Can be formed.
- FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a multilayer substrate whose surface layers are the resin films 102a and 102b.
- a multilayer substrate 118 including an interlayer insulating layer 120, a first wiring 104b, and an interlayer connection 112 is formed at the center.
- the second wirings 106b and 106c on the side of the multilayer substrate 118 facing the insulating layer 108 are formed on the side facing the insulating layer 108 of the films 102a and 102b through IVH1 10 as necessary.
- the wiring 106d is electrically connected through the IVH110.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view after holes are formed in the films 102a and 102b formed on both surfaces of the multilayer substrate shown in FIG. 7A.
- the surface films 102a and 102b have the blind vias 128, and the blind vias 128 or the bottom of the blind vias 128 are formed on the insulating layer 108 side of the films 102a and 102b.
- the second wiring 106a and 106d are exposed.
- FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which the metal film 130 is formed so as to fill the blind via 128 on the films 102a and 102b.
- the metal film 130 is formed on the surfaces of the films 102a and 102b, so that the blind via 128 can be covered with the metal film 130 at the same time.
- a method for forming such a metal film 130 a plating method, a thin film method, or the like can be used.
- the metal film 130 may be formed on both sides of the substrate as shown in FIG. 7C, but may be formed only on one side as required. 7C, the metal film 130 formed so as to cover the blind via 128 is also electrically connected to the second wirings 106a and 106d formed on the insulating layer 108 side of the film 102.
- FIG. 7D shows a cross-sectional view after the metal film 130 is formed into a predetermined pattern by etching or the like. As shown in FIG. 7D, when the metal film 130 is patterned into a predetermined shape, the metal film 130 in the portion covering the blind via 128 also becomes the first wiring 104a by leaving the via fill or via filling material as it is. . The first wiring 104a is also electrically connected to the second wiring 106a through the blind via 128.
- the first layer wiring (corresponding to the wiring 104a in FIG. 7D) and the second layer wiring (corresponding to the wiring 106a in FIG. 7D) also counting the surface layer force is counted.
- advanced thin film can be made, and wiring with less thickness variation can be achieved.
- the surface layer force is counted and the electrical connection of the first insulating layer, that is, the films 102a and 102b Since the first wirings 104a and 104c and the second wirings 106a and 106d can be electrically connected through the blind via 128 formed in the wiring layer, the layer connection with high reliability and low wiring resistance can be achieved. It becomes possible.
- the eighth embodiment a multilayer substrate manufacturing method using a thin film method or a combination of a thin film method and a plating method instead of the plating method will be described.
- the difference between the eighth embodiment and the seventh embodiment is only the difference between the thin film method (Embodiment 8) and the clinging method (Embodiment 7).
- the blind via 128 shown in FIG. 7B is formed by using a laser device such as YAG or CO.
- an underlayer of NiCr or the like (sometimes referred to as a seed layer) is formed to about 10 to 50 A, and copper is electrically attached thereon. You may do it.
- copper may be electrolessly deposited on the films 102a and 102b without the seed layer.
- copper may be directly deposited (deposited) on the film 102 by using a thin film method (electron beam, sputtering, etc.). In these cases, if the thickness is 10 A or more, or more desirably, a degree of electrical conductivity that can be used for electrical plating is obtained, copper can be electroplated thereon using the electrical conductivity.
- a thickness necessary for wiring for example, about 5 to 30 m, or about 3 to 15 m when thinning is required.
- At least one of the first-layer wiring and the second-layer wiring counted by the surface layer force is counted as the first insulating layer counted from the surface layer through the sputtered film.
- Embodiment 9 will be described with reference to FIGS. 8A to 8D are cross-sectional views for explaining the ninth embodiment, and the feature of the ninth embodiment resides in the base electrode layer 132.
- FIG. Embodiment 8 shown in FIGS. 7A to 7D
- Embodiment 9 shown in FIGS. 8A to 8D
- FIGS. 8A to 8D are the presence or absence of the base electrode layer 1 32 on the film surface.
- the base layer 132 is formed on at least the exposed surfaces of the films 102a and 102b and copper is used for the base electrode layer 132
- the base layer (or anchor layer) is used. It is formed by a thin film method or a plating method.
- the base electrode layer 132 is used in this way, the adhesion to the films 102a and 102b such as the wirings 104a and 104c can be further enhanced.
- a thin film such as NiCr or Cr can be used as a base layer of the base electrode layer 132. That is, the base electrode layer may be a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- a thin film such as NiCr or Cr can be formed at about 10-50A, and copper can be formed on top of this as a wiring material. If the thickness of NiCr, Cr, etc. is 10A or more and about 1 ⁇ m, make use of its conductivity to make copper a predetermined thickness, for example, about 5-30 / ⁇ ⁇ , or if thinning is required 3 ⁇ 15 m can be formed.
- the base electrode layer 132 By using the base electrode layer 132 in this manner, the adhesion force to the films 102a and 102b such as the wirings 104a and 104c can be enhanced.
- the blind via 128 can be formed on the films 102a and 102b together with the base electrode layer 132 using a laser or the like. Thereafter, the first wirings 104a and 104c and the interlayer connection 112 can be formed with a predetermined thickness in the same manner as in FIGS. 7A to 7D.
- the first wirings 104a and 104c can be electrically connected to the second wirings 106a and 106d through the blind vias 128 formed in the films 102a and 102b. Enables low-resistance layer connection.
- Embodiment 10 a method for manufacturing a multilayer substrate using a resin film in which an inorganic filler is added to an insulating layer will be described.
- the difference between Embodiment 2 (using a glass epoxy prepreg) and Embodiment 6 (using a prepreg containing an aramid) and Embodiment 10 (containing an inorganic filler) is the contents of the prepreg, ie, additives. It is in.
- Embodiment 10 has many parts in common with Embodiment 2 and Embodiment 9, so Figure 2 and Figure This will be described with reference to FIG.
- ceramic insulating powder such as alumina or silica is desirable.
- an inorganic filler in advance to the prepreader, it is possible to prevent the prepreader from flowing too much during hot pressing. If the pre-preder flows too much, the conductive paste 126 filled in the through holes 124 may flow or shift, and it is desirable to prevent this.
- 10 to 85 wt% of these inorganic fillers in order to suppress softening and fluidization of the prepreg during hot pressing with a certain amount, 10 to 85 wt% of these inorganic fillers, more desirably 20 to 80 wt%, when higher accuracy is required. It is desirable to add 40 to 60 wt%.
- the amount of the inorganic filler added is too small, it is easy to bury the second wirings 106a, 106b, 106c, and 106d, which may adversely affect the force paste connection layer 116. Also, if the amount of inorganic filler added is too large, the paste connection layer 1 16 will not flow or shift during hot pressing, and it will be difficult to flow in the desired direction. For example, the unevenness of the second wiring may not be absorbed.
- the average particle size of the inorganic filler to be added is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less. If it is less than 0.5 m, the BET (specific surface area) may be too large and difficult to handle. If it exceeds 5 ⁇ m, it may affect the thinning of the multilayer board.
- the insulating member constituting the paste connection layer is not necessarily limited to the pre-preda.
- a thermosetting resin film may be used, but a thermoplastic resin having high functionality such as LCP (liquid crystal polymer resin) can also be used.
- LCP liquid crystal polymer resin
- the multilayer substrate of the present invention and the method for manufacturing the multilayer substrate can be combined with a film or a multilayer substrate to produce an unprecedented ultra-thin multilayer substrate, thereby reducing the size of various electronic devices and portable devices. It can also be used for thinning applications. Therefore, its industrial applicability is extremely high.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Production Of Multi-Layered Print Wiring Board (AREA)
- Printing Elements For Providing Electric Connections Between Printed Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2007513127A JPWO2007046459A1 (ja) | 2005-10-20 | 2006-10-19 | 多層プリント配線基板及びその製造方法 |
EP06812008A EP1814373A4 (en) | 2005-10-20 | 2006-10-19 | MULTILAYER PCB AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR |
US11/666,607 US20080121416A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 | 2006-10-19 | Multilayer Printed Wiring Board And Manufacturing Method For Same |
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JP2005305489 | 2005-10-20 | ||
JP2005-305489 | 2005-10-20 |
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PCT/JP2006/320820 WO2007046459A1 (ja) | 2005-10-20 | 2006-10-19 | 多層プリント配線基板及びその製造方法 |
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US (1) | US20080121416A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1814373A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2007046459A1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20070084635A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101112140A (ja) |
TW (1) | TW200740334A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007046459A1 (ja) |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011018862A1 (en) | 2009-08-12 | 2011-02-17 | Tatsuta Electric Wire & Cable Co., Ltd. | Multilayer flexible printed circuit board, and method for fabricating the same |
US9625603B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2017-04-18 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Downhole communication applications |
US9778389B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2017-10-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Communication applications |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20070084635A (ko) | 2007-08-24 |
EP1814373A1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
CN101112140A (zh) | 2008-01-23 |
EP1814373A4 (en) | 2007-11-07 |
JPWO2007046459A1 (ja) | 2009-04-23 |
US20080121416A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
TW200740334A (en) | 2007-10-16 |
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