WO2006087235A1 - Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006087235A1 WO2006087235A1 PCT/EP2006/001562 EP2006001562W WO2006087235A1 WO 2006087235 A1 WO2006087235 A1 WO 2006087235A1 EP 2006001562 W EP2006001562 W EP 2006001562W WO 2006087235 A1 WO2006087235 A1 WO 2006087235A1
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- chain
- alkyl
- branched
- straight
- radicals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P41/00—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of keto compounds, in particular of 4-halo-3-oxobutyric acid esters to the corresponding R-alcohols or S-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
- C arbony reductases are known as catalysts for the reduction of carbonyl compounds or for the oxidation of secondary alcohols. These enzymes require a coenzyme, e.g. NAD (P) H.
- NAD NAD
- the reduction of ketones with the lactobacillus kefir-derived carbonyl reductase and the coenzyme NADPH is e.g. from US 5,342,767.
- Optically active hydroxy compounds are valuable chiral building blocks with wide application for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds, aromatic substances, pheromones, agrochemicals and enzyme inhibitors.
- S-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters are important intermediates for the synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, D-carnitine, and others.
- Enantioselective enzymes are known, for example, capable of reducing 4-halo-3-oxobutyric acid esters to the corresponding S-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
- examples are:
- Ketopantothen->ester reductase from Candida macedoniensis (Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
- NAD (P) H is formate dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glycerol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, which are preferably expressed together with the enzyme for the reduction of 4-halo-3-oxobutyric acid esters.
- the invention aims to overcome these disadvantages and relates to a process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of keto compounds of general formula I.
- alkenyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains up to four double bonds
- alkynyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains up to four triple bonds
- R 2 is one of the radicals
- alkenyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains up to three double bonds
- alkynyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains two triple bonds
- alkyl is straight or branched chain and is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted by -OH , Halogen, -NO 2 and / or -NH 2 is substituted, wherein the above mentioned under 8) to 11) radicals are unsubstituted or independently of one another by one, two or three times by -OH, halogen, -NO 2 and or -NH 2 are substituted, characterized in that
- R 1 and R 2 have the abovementioned meaning.
- aryl is understood to mean aromatic carbon radicals having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the ring.
- - (C 6 -C 14 ) -aryl radicals are, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, for example 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, biphenylyl, for example 2- Biphenylyl, 3-biphenylyl and 4-biphenylyl, anthryl or fluorenyl, biphenylyl radicals, naphthyl radicals and, in particular, phenyl radicals are preferred aryl radicals
- halogen is understood to mean an element from the series fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
- (C 1 -C 20 ) -alkyl "is understood as meaning a hydrocarbon radical whose carbon chain is straight-chain or branched and contains 1 to 20 carbon atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, Nonenyl or decanyl.
- - C 0 - alkyl is meant a covalent bond.
- - (C 3 -C 7) -cycloalkyl is meant cyclic hydrocarbon radicals, such as cyclopropyl, cylobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
- - (C 5 -C 14) heterocycle means a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-membered to 14-membered heterocyclic ring which is partially saturated or fully saturated. Examples of heteroatoms are N, O and S.
- Examples of the terms "- (C 5 -C 14 ) -heterocycle” are radicals which are derived from pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole , Tetrazole, l, 2,3,5-oxathiadiazole-2-oxides, triazolones, oxadiazolones, isoxazolones, oxadiazolidinediones, triazoles, which are represented by F, -CN, -CF 3 or - C (O) -O- (C 1 -) C 4 ) -alkyl, 3-hydroxypyrro-2,4-diones,
- the present invention is based on the finding that when R-specific alcohol dehydrogenases or oxidoreductases are used, they are also present at concentrations of 2-propanol and / or 2-butanol of well over 15% by volume and in particular more than 25% by volume. % can be used.
- R-specific oxidoreductase or alcohol dehydrogenase are understood as meaning those unsubstituted carbonyl compounds, such as, for example, 2-butanone, 2-octanone or acetophenone, preferably to the corresponding R-hydroxy compounds, such as, for example, R-2-butanol, R-2 Octanol or R-2-phenylethanol.
- the R-specific oxidoreductase used according to the invention is preferably of microbial origin and originates in particular from bacteria of the group Lactobacillales, in particular the genus Lactobacillus, eg Lactobacillus kefir (US 5,200,335), Lactobacillus brevis (DE 19610984 A1) (Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2000 Dec ; 56 Pt 12: 1696-8), Lactobacillus minor (DE 10119274) or Leuconostoc carnosum, or from yeasts, in particular of the genera Pichia, Candida, Pachysolen, Debaromyces or Issachenkia, particularly preferably from Pichia finlandica (EP 1 179 595 A1).
- Lactobacillales in particular the genus Lactobacillus, eg Lactobacillus kefir (US 5,200,335), Lactobacillus brevis (DE 19610984 A1) (Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallog
- NAD NAD H
- NADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- An embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that the liquid, single-phase mixture contains at least 25% by volume of 2-propanol and / or 2-butanol when using an oxidoreductase of bacterial origin.
- a further embodiment of the method according to the invention consists in that the liquid, single-phase mixture contains between 25 and 90% by volume, in particular between 35 and 70% by volume, of 2-propanol and / or 2-butanol.
- the compound of general formula (I) is preferably between 5 and 50% w / v, more preferably between 15 and 50% w / v.
- the liquid, single-phase mixture preferably contains at least 15% by volume of 2-propanol.
- preferred compound of the general formula (I) is ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl 3-oxovalerate, 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethylpyruvate, 2,3-dichloroacetophenone, 1- [3,5 Bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] ethane-1-one, acetophenone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, 2,5-hexanedione, 1,4-dichloro-2-butanone, acetoxyacetone, phenacyl chloride, ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate, 1 , 1-dichloroacetone, 1,1,3-trichloroacetone or 1-chloroacetone used.
- the enzyme can either be completely purified, partially purified or used in cells.
- the cells used can be native, permeabilized or lysed.
- the enzyme unit 1 U corresponds to the amount of enzyme which is required to implement 1 .mu.mol the compound of formula I per minute (min).
- a buffer can be added to the water, for example potassium phosphate, tris / HCl or triethanolamine buffer having a pH of from 5 to 10, preferably a pH of from 6 to 9.
- the buffer may additionally contain ions for the stabilization of the enzyme, for example magnesium ions.
- still another stabilizer of the alcohol dehydro genäse can be used, such as glycerol, sorbitol, 1,4-DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- DTT 1,4-DL-dithiothreitol
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- the concentration of the cofactor NAD (P) H relative to the aqueous phase is from 0.001 mM to 1 mM, in particular from 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM.
- the temperature is for example from about 10 ° C to 60 ° C, preferably from 20 ° C to 35 ° C.
- a process variant for increasing the conversion of the keto compound is that the oxidized cosubstrate is removed in the process from the reaction mixture either stepwise or continuously.
- reaction batch can be supplied stepwise or continuously with fresh cosubstrate, enzyme or cofactor.
- the process according to the invention is carried out, for example, in a reaction vessel made of glass or metal.
- the components are transferred individually into the reaction vessel and stirred under an atmosphere of, for example, nitrogen or air.
- the reaction time is from 1 hour to 96 hours, in particular from 2 hours to 24 hours.
- the reduction of the compounds of formula 1 is advantageously carried out so that the components below are transferred into a reaction vessel and incubated with good mixing at room temperature.
- the product may be isolated and purified by extraction from the aqueous reaction solution, by distillation from the reaction solution or by combination of extraction and distillation.
- the resulting acetone was distilled off once from the mixture, and then the same amount of 2-propanol and enzyme were added to the reaction mixture again, as at the beginning of the reaction.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007555545A JP2008529542A (ja) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | ケト化合物のエナンチオ選択的酵素還元のプロセス |
US11/816,708 US8158406B2 (en) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Method for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of keto compounds using R-specific oxidoreductase |
PL06723073T PL1851322T3 (pl) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Sposób enancjoselektywnej redukcji enzymatycznej związków ketonowych |
CA2597648A CA2597648C (en) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of keto compounds |
AT06723073T ATE446374T1 (de) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
CN2006800056284A CN101128594B (zh) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | 酮化合物的对映体选择性酶还原方法 |
DE502006005179T DE502006005179D1 (de) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
DK06723073.0T DK1851322T3 (da) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Fremgangsmåde til enantioselektiv enzymatisk reduktion af ketoforbindelser |
EP06723073A EP1851322B1 (de) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ATA285/2005 | 2005-02-21 | ||
AT0028505A AT501496B1 (de) | 2005-02-21 | 2005-02-21 | Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006087235A1 true WO2006087235A1 (de) | 2006-08-24 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2006/001562 WO2006087235A1 (de) | 2005-02-21 | 2006-02-21 | Verfahren zur enantioselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8158406B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1851322B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2008529542A (de) |
KR (1) | KR101275061B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN101128594B (de) |
AT (2) | AT501496B1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2597648C (de) |
DE (1) | DE502006005179D1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK1851322T3 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2335229T3 (de) |
PL (1) | PL1851322T3 (de) |
PT (1) | PT1851322E (de) |
WO (1) | WO2006087235A1 (de) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1754791A1 (de) * | 2005-08-16 | 2007-02-21 | Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie GmbH | Verfahren zur enzymatischen Herstellung von Chiralen, 1-acylierten 1,2 Diolen |
WO2008068030A2 (de) * | 2006-12-07 | 2008-06-12 | Iep Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von secolderivaten durch enantioselektive enzymatische reduktion von secodionderivaten unter verwendung einer oxidoreduktase/dehydrogenase in gegenwart von nadh oder nadph |
US20100028959A1 (en) * | 2006-10-12 | 2010-02-04 | Kaneka Corporation | Method for production of l-amino acid |
EP2226386A1 (de) | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-08 | IEP GmbH | Verfahren zur stereoselektiven enzymatischen Reduktion von Ketoverbindungen |
JP2010539910A (ja) * | 2007-09-27 | 2010-12-24 | イーエーペー・ゲゼルシャフト・ミト・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | 中間体のエナンチオ選択的酵素的還元方法 |
US7879585B2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2011-02-01 | Codexis, Inc. | Ketoreductase enzymes and uses thereof |
CN113528588A (zh) * | 2021-06-15 | 2021-10-22 | 海南卓科制药有限公司 | 一种左卡尼汀的制备方法 |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT501928B1 (de) * | 2004-10-27 | 2010-09-15 | Iep Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von chiralen alkoholen |
KR101586503B1 (ko) | 2007-09-13 | 2016-01-18 | 코덱시스, 인코포레이티드 | 아세토페논의 환원을 위한 케토리덕타제 폴리펩티드 |
RU2508290C2 (ru) * | 2009-06-22 | 2014-02-27 | ЭсКей БАЙОФАРМАСЬЮТИКАЛЗ КО., ЛТД. | Способ получения (r)-1-арил-2-тетразолилэтилового эфира карбаминовой кислоты |
US8404461B2 (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2013-03-26 | SK Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. | Method for preparation of carbamic acid (R)-1-aryl-2-tetrazolyl-ethyl ester |
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EP0796914A2 (de) * | 1996-03-21 | 1997-09-24 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Alkohol-Dehydrogenase und deren Verwendung zur enzymatischen Herstellung chiraler Hydroxy-verbindungen |
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WO2003078615A1 (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2003-09-25 | Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. | Alcohol dehydrogenases with high solvent and temperature stability |
WO2004111083A2 (de) * | 2003-06-18 | 2004-12-23 | Iep Gmbh | Oxidoreduktase aus pichia capsulata |
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-
2005
- 2005-02-21 AT AT0028505A patent/AT501496B1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2006
- 2006-02-21 CN CN2006800056284A patent/CN101128594B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-21 AT AT06723073T patent/ATE446374T1/de active
- 2006-02-21 DK DK06723073.0T patent/DK1851322T3/da active
- 2006-02-21 ES ES06723073T patent/ES2335229T3/es active Active
- 2006-02-21 CA CA2597648A patent/CA2597648C/en active Active
- 2006-02-21 US US11/816,708 patent/US8158406B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-21 KR KR1020077021580A patent/KR101275061B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2006-02-21 PT PT06723073T patent/PT1851322E/pt unknown
- 2006-02-21 EP EP06723073A patent/EP1851322B1/de not_active Revoked
- 2006-02-21 PL PL06723073T patent/PL1851322T3/pl unknown
- 2006-02-21 DE DE502006005179T patent/DE502006005179D1/de active Active
- 2006-02-21 JP JP2007555545A patent/JP2008529542A/ja active Pending
- 2006-02-21 WO PCT/EP2006/001562 patent/WO2006087235A1/de active Application Filing
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EP1179595A1 (de) * | 2000-02-16 | 2002-02-13 | Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. | (R)-2-Octanol Dehydrogenase, Verfahren zur Herstellung des Enzyms, DNA, welche für dieses Enzym kodiert und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkohol durch Anwendung desselben |
WO2002086126A2 (de) * | 2001-04-20 | 2002-10-31 | Juelich Enzyme Products Gmbh | Enzymatisches verfahren zur enantioselektiven reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
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Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1754791A1 (de) * | 2005-08-16 | 2007-02-21 | Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie GmbH | Verfahren zur enzymatischen Herstellung von Chiralen, 1-acylierten 1,2 Diolen |
US8617864B2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2013-12-31 | Codexis, Inc. | Polynucleotides encoding ketoreductases for producing stereoisomerically pure statins and synthetic intermediates therefor |
US8273547B2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2012-09-25 | Codexis, Inc. | Engineered ketoreductases and methods for producing stereoisomerically pure statins |
US7879585B2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2011-02-01 | Codexis, Inc. | Ketoreductase enzymes and uses thereof |
US9273332B2 (en) * | 2006-10-12 | 2016-03-01 | Kaneka Corporation | Method for production of L-amino acid |
US20100028959A1 (en) * | 2006-10-12 | 2010-02-04 | Kaneka Corporation | Method for production of l-amino acid |
JP2010511394A (ja) * | 2006-12-07 | 2010-04-15 | イーエーペー・ゲゼルシャフト・ミト・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | セコジオン誘導体のエナンチオ選択的な酵素的還元の方法 |
KR101445191B1 (ko) | 2006-12-07 | 2014-10-16 | 이에페 게엠베하 | Nadh 또는 nadph의 존재 하에 산화환원효소/탈수소화효소를 이용한 세코디온 유도체의 거울상이성질체 선택적인 효소적 환원 방법에 의한 세콜 유도체의 제조 방법 |
EP2410047A1 (de) * | 2006-12-07 | 2012-01-25 | IEP GmbH | Oxidoreduktase und deren Verwendung zur Reduktion von Secodionderivaten |
KR101474816B1 (ko) | 2006-12-07 | 2014-12-19 | 이에페 게엠베하 | Nadh 또는 nadph의 존재 하에 산화환원효소/탈수소화효소를 이용한 세코디온 유도체의 거울상이성질체 선택적인 효소적 환원 방법에 의한 세콜 유도체의 제조 방법 |
WO2008068030A3 (de) * | 2006-12-07 | 2008-12-18 | Iep Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von secolderivaten durch enantioselektive enzymatische reduktion von secodionderivaten unter verwendung einer oxidoreduktase/dehydrogenase in gegenwart von nadh oder nadph |
US8323936B2 (en) | 2006-12-07 | 2012-12-04 | Iep Gmbh | Process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of secodione derivatives |
AU2007327842B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2013-02-28 | Iep Gmbh | Method for the production of secol derivatives by enantioselective enzymatic reduction of secodione derivatives by means of oxidoreductase/dehydrogenase in the presence of NADH or NADPH |
WO2008068030A2 (de) * | 2006-12-07 | 2008-06-12 | Iep Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von secolderivaten durch enantioselektive enzymatische reduktion von secodionderivaten unter verwendung einer oxidoreduktase/dehydrogenase in gegenwart von nadh oder nadph |
CN101595224B (zh) * | 2006-12-07 | 2014-04-02 | Iep有限责任公司 | 在nadh或nadph存在的条件下使用氧化还原酶/脱氢酶通过对映体选择性酶促还原开环二酮衍生物来制备开环醇衍生物的方法 |
JP2010539910A (ja) * | 2007-09-27 | 2010-12-24 | イーエーペー・ゲゼルシャフト・ミト・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | 中間体のエナンチオ選択的酵素的還元方法 |
EP2226386A1 (de) | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-08 | IEP GmbH | Verfahren zur stereoselektiven enzymatischen Reduktion von Ketoverbindungen |
CN102341501A (zh) * | 2009-03-05 | 2012-02-01 | Iep有限责任公司 | 酮化合物的立体选择性的酶促还原的方法 |
US9045780B2 (en) | 2009-03-05 | 2015-06-02 | Iep Gmbh | Process for the stereoselective enzymatic reduction of keto compounds |
CN102341501B (zh) * | 2009-03-05 | 2015-07-08 | Iep有限责任公司 | 酮化合物的立体选择性的酶促还原的方法 |
WO2010100195A1 (de) | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-10 | Iep Gmbh | Verfahren zur stereoselektiven enzymatischen reduktion von ketoverbindungen |
CN113528588A (zh) * | 2021-06-15 | 2021-10-22 | 海南卓科制药有限公司 | 一种左卡尼汀的制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2597648A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 |
KR101275061B1 (ko) | 2013-06-14 |
PL1851322T3 (pl) | 2010-03-31 |
AT501496B1 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
US8158406B2 (en) | 2012-04-17 |
DK1851322T3 (da) | 2010-02-08 |
ES2335229T3 (es) | 2010-03-23 |
AT501496A1 (de) | 2006-09-15 |
CN101128594B (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
DE502006005179D1 (de) | 2009-12-03 |
EP1851322A1 (de) | 2007-11-07 |
US20080153140A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
JP2008529542A (ja) | 2008-08-07 |
PT1851322E (pt) | 2010-01-20 |
CN101128594A (zh) | 2008-02-20 |
ATE446374T1 (de) | 2009-11-15 |
CA2597648C (en) | 2014-09-09 |
EP1851322B1 (de) | 2009-10-21 |
KR20070115984A (ko) | 2007-12-06 |
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