RU2513848C2 - Method to improve explosives and explosive /versions/ - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: blasting.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to explosives used in civil blasting works and in military ammunition, mostly cumulative. The method to improve explosives includes addition of boron or its compound to a nitrogen-containing explosive. Mixtures of octogene or ammonia nitrate are described, or ammonia dinitramide with boron or boron compounds, including tetraboran, diboran, berillium boron hydride, and a mixture of boron with berillium boron hydride. Substantially boron reacts exothermally with nitrogen with increased energy of explosion; compounds of boron, such as borans, also provide for large amount of hydrogen.

EFFECT: invention provides for higher speed of fragment flight, pressure at impact wave front and radius of fragment action and action of a field charge during explosion.

11 cl, 4 ex

Description

The invention relates to civilian and, especially, to military explosive charges. The invention is applicable in all types of civilian blasting and in all military munitions, especially cumulative.

Explosive charges containing boron or some boron compounds are known, see US Pat. No. US 3111439.

The velocity of the expansion of the fragments and the pressure at the front of the shock wave depend on the speed of sound in the compressed gas, which is formed in the volume occupied by the explosive (hereinafter BB). In the mixture of gases that forms after the explosion of most explosives, and at that temperature and pressure, the speed of sound usually does not exceed 1100 m / s. And it quickly drops as the adiabatic expansion of explosive gases. The speed of the fragments, of course, is even less.

Meanwhile, the speed of sound in hydrogen even at normal temperature and pressure of 1330 m / s. That is, if a hydrogen cylinder in the form of a shell at room temperature simply bursts from internal pressure, it will create a much stronger shock wave and give the fragments a much higher initial velocity than a high-explosive fragmentation charge with a conventional explosive of the same weight. And if you also slightly increase the temperature of hydrogen, then the pressure at the front of the shock wave and the velocity of the fragments will increase sharply. For example, hydrogen with a temperature of only 650 degrees C (this is below its ignition temperature) will have a sound speed of 2360 m / s, and will be able to accelerate the fragments to a speed of 2200 m / s. That is, a “cold explosion” will result, as a result of which, due to adiabatic expansion, the gas after the explosion can have approximately the ambient temperature.

In addition, most explosives contain bound nitrogen, which during the explosion is released in free form. It can be made to exothermically react with the goal of increasing the heat release of the explosion with finely dispersed (preferably nanosized) boron.

This is the basis of the idea of this invention. The objective and technical result of the invention is to increase the speed of expansion of fragments, the pressure at the front of the shock wave and the radius of the fragmentation and high explosive charge. Not only by increasing the energy of the reaction, but also due to the production of gases with low average molecular weight - hydrogen and water. Free nitrogen and, especially, “heavy” CO2 are undesirable.

That is, the essence of the invention is that boron or its compounds are added to nitrogen-containing explosives, preferably with hydrogen, and the reaction is organized so that hydrogen is predominantly released.

OPTION 1. Fine boron is added to any explosive. At a temperature of 800-1200 degrees C, a reaction of formation of boron nitride occurs:

That is, an added heat output of 23.37 kJ / g is obtained per unit of added boron. Such an additive will improve the heat release of any explosive. For example, it is known to increase the octogen explosion power by adding boron.

The reaction of formation of boron nitride is better in the presence of reducing agents - coal, soot, graphite, graphene, hydrogen. In the reaction \ 2 \ carbon is released, therefore, it does not need additional reducing agents, in other cases it is recommended to add finely divided coal, graphite, soot or graphene in an amount of 0.0001-1% (optimally 0.01-0.1%) . The presence of hydrogen in the reaction products reduces or even eliminates the need for carbon.

It is possible to add not boron, but its reactive compounds, for example tetraborane:

That is, such an explosive is a mixture of ground octogen with tetraborane in a ratio of 73.26: 26.74, all + -10%. It is possible to use solid boranes.

In terms of specific heat, this will be 9.44 mJ / kg. This is slightly less than that of a mixture of HMX with finely dispersed boron, but in the released gases 2/3 by volume is hydrogen, all of which are described above. Plus one more military plus - strong incendiary effect in the air.

OPTION 2. It is possible to use boron in compounds of the dynamon class. If boron is used in a mixture with ammonium nitrate (anhydrous), then it acts both as a fuel for oxygen released during decomposition of nitrate and as a reagent for the above reaction with nitrogen. A similar reaction with tetraboran is possible:

That is, the explosion heat dissipation of 10.0 mJ / kg is slightly less than that of nitrate with boron, but explosive gases contain 62% by volume of hydrogen. The ratio of the components of nitrate to tetraborane in it is 69.25: 30.75, all + -10%.

You can add more nitrate and boron to bind hydrogen and additional nitrogen, but the heat release of this reaction will decrease to 9.63 mJ / kg. And there will be no hydrogen in the released gases, which, as is already clear, is a drawback.

OPTION 3. Even greater explosion energetics and pure hydrogen can be obtained by using diborane instead of tetraborane, and beryllium or beryllium hydride for reaction with oxygen. True, there is one inconvenience - the charge with the diborane must be stored in a sufficiently strong sealed fragmentation-forming case.

That is, the heat emission of the explosion is large - 14.64 mJ / kg. (this explosive is proposed to be called "Starsil"). The ratio of components in Starsil: ammonium nitrate (anhydrous) is 59.40%, beryllium is 20.06%, and diborane is 20.54%, all + -15%.

If instead of beryllium we take beryllium hydride, then the heat will be 13.57 mJ / kg, but 8 hydrogen molecules will be released (let's call this explosive “Starsil-M”):

The ratio of ammonium nitrate, beryllium hydride, diborane - 56.85: 23.50: 19.65, all + -15%.

This reaction is practically adequate to the following reaction only with solid components, which is more convenient in the manufacture of explosives, (let's call Starsil-MT):

Ratio: ammonium nitrate, beryllium hydride, beryllium borohydride - 56.85: 15.67: 27.48, all + -15%.

Decaboran B10H14 can also be used as a solid boron compound (its reaction is similar to the \ 3 \ reaction, and therefore is not given).

A side reaction may occur of the formation of water from hydrogen, but at such temperatures, beryllium hydride or beryllium itself will react with water vapor and decompose the water back to hydrogen.

A side reaction of the formation of boron oxide may occur, but in the presence of the above-mentioned reducing agents, it will react with nitrogen to form boron nitride.

Starsil, Starsil-M, Starsil-MT can be used when increased requirements are imposed on the charge for saving weight - in anti-aircraft and anti-aircraft missiles, in aircraft shells, in grenades of an easel 30-mm grenade launcher, for diversionary purposes, etc.

OPTION 4. If you take pure boron and pure beryllium, then an even greater heat release of the explosion is possible, but with less hydrogen:

The specific heat is 15.03 mJ / kg, but the hydrogen evolution is only two molecules, that is, only 3.13% by weight. A large temperature effect of the reaction is expected. The ratio of components: nitrate, beryllium, boron - 62.2: 21.00: 16.80%, all + -15%.

This boron-containing explosive with an oxidizing agent - ammonium dinitramide (hereinafter - DND) will show even better results (we will call these explosives, respectively, with tetraboran - “Starvit-2”, with beryllium and diboran - “Starsil-2”, with beryllium borohydride “Starsil- 2M ") and with readable boron and beryllium - Starsil-2T.

We show some of these reactions.

Here the ratio of components: DND - 69.94 + -15%, tetraborane - 30.06 + -15%. (this is Starvit-2).

Here the ratio of components: DND - 62.84 + -15%, beryllium - 9.13 + -9%, diborane - 28.03 + -15% (this is Starsil-2).

Here the ratio of components: DND - 70.1 + -15%, beryllium borohydride - 5.47 + -15%, boron - 24.43 + -15%. (this explosive will be called Starsil-2-O.

Explosives with additives of beryllium borohydride are known. They emit carbon dioxide and water. But it is better not to allow complete oxidation of hydrogen, as in the following reaction:

Here the ratio of components: DND - 61.58 + 15%, beryllium borohydride - 38.42 + -15%. (this is Starsil-2M). In the released gases, 80% by volume of hydrogen.

Here the ratio of components: DND - 66.95 + -15%, beryllium - 9.72 + -9%, boron-23.33 + -15%. (this is Starsil-2T).

All explosives improved by the proposed method are environmentally friendly enough - boron nitride is not toxic. Starsil contains poisonous beryllium, but it explodes on the territory of the enemy, and anti-aircraft and aircraft missiles - at high altitude, so this is not significant.

Claims (11)

1. A method for improving explosives containing boron or boranes, or beryllium borohydride, characterized in that 0.0001-1% of finely dispersed coal, graphite, soot, graphene is added to the substance. 2. An explosive substance, characterized in that it is a mixture of ground octogen with tetraborane in a ratio of 73.26: 26.74 ± 10%, in the amount of 100%. 3. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of ground ammonium nitrate with tetraborane in the ratio of 69.25: 30.75, all ± 10%, in the amount of 100%. 4. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed ammonium nitrate 59.40%, beryllium - 20.06% and liquid diboran - 20.54%, all ± 15% and a total of 100%, or ammonium nitrate, hydride beryllium, beryllium borohydride - 56.85: 15.67: 27.48, all ± 15% and a total of 100%. 5. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed ammonium nitrate - 56.85% ± 15%, beryllium hydride - 23.50% ± 15% and liquid diborane - 19.65% ± 15%, in total 100 % 6. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed ammonium nitrate 62.20%, beryllium - 21.00% and boron - 16.80% ± 15%, in total 100%. 7. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed ammonium dinitramide (DND) - 69.94 ± 15%, tetraborane - 30.06 ± 15%, in total 100%. 8. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed DND - 62.84 ± 15%, beryllium - 9.13 ± 9%, diborane - 28.03 ± 15%, in total 100%. 9. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed DND - 70.1 ± 15%, beryllium borohydride - 5.47 ± 15%, boron - 24.43 ± 15%, in total 100%. 10. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed DND - 61.58 ± 15%, beryllium borohydride - 38.42 ± 15%, in total 100%. 11. Explosive, characterized in that it is a mixture of crushed DND - 66.95 ± 15%, beryllium - 9.72 ± 9%, boron - 23.33 ± 15%, in total 100%.