JP4411205B2 - 内蔵型電源及び双方向性テレメトリ・システムを有する微小刺激装置 - Google Patents
内蔵型電源及び双方向性テレメトリ・システムを有する微小刺激装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4411205B2 JP4411205B2 JP2004518017A JP2004518017A JP4411205B2 JP 4411205 B2 JP4411205 B2 JP 4411205B2 JP 2004518017 A JP2004518017 A JP 2004518017A JP 2004518017 A JP2004518017 A JP 2004518017A JP 4411205 B2 JP4411205 B2 JP 4411205B2
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- telemetry
- bpb
- battery
- communication protocol
- implantable
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Description
本発明のバッテリ駆動型微小刺激装置は、独立して動作することができるか、又は他の埋め込まれた装置或いは外部装置と協働して動作することができる、いわゆるBION(登録商標)装置のような種類のものが好ましい。
「体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置」の米国特許第5,193,539号には、当該技術分野において公知の別の微小刺激装置が記載されている。同特許には微小刺激装置が記載されており、そこでは、コイルが変圧器の二次巻線としての機能に適する被変調交流磁場を通して、微小刺激装置を作動させるための電力及び情報が受信される。誘導コイルは、体外からエネルギーを受け取り、コンデンサを用いて電気エネルギーを蓄え、その電気エネルギーは、電子制御回路の制御で微小刺激装置の露出された電極に放出される。
さらに別の例である米国特許第6,185,452号においては、神経又は筋肉の刺激及び/又はパラメータのモニタリング及び/又はデータ通信のための、患者の皮膚下への埋め込み構成の装置が開示されている。こうした装置は、内部の電子回路に電力を供給するための電源を含む。こうした電力供給は、外部から日々充電することができるバッテリによる。同様のバッテリ仕様が、米国特許第6,315,721号に見出される。
当該技術分野において上記の例によって示されるような様々な種類の微小刺激装置が公知であるにもかかわらず、著しい改善は、依然として可能であり、かつ望ましく、それは、(a)微小刺激装置の様々な必要性に適応し、(b)埋め込まれた部位の様々な位置に適応し、(c)充電又は交換の合間に微小刺激装置がより長く作動させるようにし、及び/又は(d)埋め込まれた微小刺激装置のより良好かつ容易な制御及び/又はモニタリングを可能にするような、一旦埋め込まれ、内蔵型の一次又は充電式バッテリと結合された微小刺激装置と通信可能にする双方向性テレメトリ・システムを有する微小刺激装置に特に関するものである。
本発明の別の態様によると、最小の外科的処置及び関連手術道具による体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置が、提供される。
ここに記載の実施形態は、上記品目の一部又は全てを含み得ることに注意すべきである。本開示をさらに検討すると、更なる実施形態が明らかとなろう。
対応する参照番号は、図面の幾つかの図の全体にわたり対応する部品を示す。
以下の説明は、現在考えられる本発明を実施するための最良の形態である。この記載は、制限する意味で捉えられるべきではなく、本発明の一般原則を記載するためにのみなされる。本発明の範囲は、特許請求の範囲の記載に基づき判断されるべきである。
BPB装置は、内部電源を含むパルス発生器である。内部電源が一次バッテリか、充電式バッテリか、又は以下に記載されるような代替電源を含むかどうかにかかわらず、内部電源を含む装置は、本発明のためのBPB装置と呼ばれることになる。
1つの好ましい実施形態において、電源は充電式バッテリを含む。バッテリは、必要があれば、典型的には誘導リンクを通じて外部バッテリ充電システムから再充電される。
別の好ましい実施形態において、電源は一次バッテリを含む。一次バッテリ又は一次バッテリ電池は、具体的には、充電式バッテリに比べ5から10倍の高エネルギー密度を有するという強みを提示する。さらに、一次バッテリは、具体的には、充電式バッテリに比べ自己漏電が大幅に低いということを示す。
BPB装置で用いることができるさらに別の代替エネルギー源は、機械製共振器である。機械製共振器及び普通の人の動きから発生する電力は、当該技術分野において、例えば、腕時計などで長く実践されてきており、こうした共振器のMEMS改良型は、何年にもわたり広く行きわたってきた。しかしながら、出願人の知るところでは、MEMSの機械製共振器を用いることは、本発明のBPB装置のような体内埋め込み式装置に適用されたことは、全くない。
BPB装置による使用のためのさらなる代替エネルギー源は、赤外線コレクタすなわち赤外線(太陽)電源である。皮膚及び生体組織は、赤色及び赤外線光に対して相対的に透過性であるので、例えば、埋め込まれたシリコン光起電力電池を用いることによって、太陽のような外部赤外線源から十分なエネルギーを集め、BPB装置に電力を供給することが可能である。
さらに別の代替エネルギー源は、曲げ駆動型エネルギー源である。BPB装置は、長く細いロッドの一般形状を有する。したがって、装置の中心に可撓性部分を置くことによって、こうした部分が曲げ力を受けることになる。こうした曲げ力は、可撓性部分に結合された適当な圧電素子に適用された際に、電圧(電力)を発生させるのに用いられることができる圧電バイモルフを発生させることになる。こうした技術は風から電力を発生させるのに用いられてきた。
別の代替エネルギー源は、バイオエネルギー電源である。バイオエネルギー電源においては、化学反応器が成分と相互作用し、機械力又は電力を生成する。
本発明のBPB装置で用いることができるさらなる代替エネルギー源は、浸透圧ポンプである。浸透圧ポンプは、水又は他の流体の浸入によって機械的エネルギーを発生させるのに用いることができる。この機械的エネルギーは、次に、電気エネルギーなどの他のエネルギー形態を発生させるのに用いることができる。例えば、浸透圧は、コンデンサのプレートを分離するのに用いることができる。浸透圧のためにコンデンサのプレートが所与量の帯電によって分離するので、そのコンデンサに蓄えられるエネルギーが増強される。
BPB装置の回路、電源容量、サイクル寿命、密封性及び寿命は、例えば、少なくとも5年間という長期間にわたる定型的設定での埋め込み片の動作を、提供する。バッテリ(すなわち電源)制御回路は、再充電が必要な場合にバッテリ又は他の電源を過充電から保護し、かつエネルギー消耗の際の安全仕様でBPB装置を作動させ、安全でない故障又は作動仕様のためのゼロの許容差によって潜在的に危険にさらすあらゆる故障仕様を回避する。BPB装置は、互換性プログラミング装置からのみ、プログラミングを受け入れる。
図1に見るように、BPB装置10は、容器12と、バッテリ16と、BPBコイル18及び刺激コンデンサCSTIM15を含むBPB電子組立部品14と、中立/参照電極24と、活性/刺激電極22とを含む。図21に示すブロック図もまた、BPB装置10の体内埋め込み式の主要部品及びそれらの相互作用を表す。
かくして、OOK−PWNリンク38は、第1手段がFSKリンク48を含む場合に、BPB装置10と通信するための第2手段を提供するということが分る。この方法で2つの別個の通信チャネルを有することは、Bionシステムにさらなる安全性の特徴を付加する。BPB装置で用いることができる1つの好ましいテレメトリ・システムは、以下で、より完全に記載される。
図1は、記載された体内埋め込み式部品10´と、外部部品20と、外科用部品30の各々を簡略化するのに役立つブロック図として、BPBシステム100を表す。内部部品10´と、外部部品20と、外科用部品30のあらゆる要素に関連する可能性のある機能に対する一層の理解が、以下の詳細な説明において、提供される。
BPB装置10の各々は、一意に装置を識別するのに用いられる識別番号を有する。識別番号は、各ユニットがその固有識別番号を含む特定メッセージに基づき動作できるようにする。BPB装置10の各々はまた、固有アドレスが外部装置によって認識されず、固有アドレスが破壊された場合に用いられるか、又は命令が複数のBPBユニットに送信されるときに用いられる普遍的識別番号に応答する。
図1に示すOOK(オン‐オフ‐キー)テレメトリ・リンク38は、命令及びデータが充電システム39によってBPB装置10に送信されるようにする。OOKテレメトリ・リンク38の範囲は、いずれの方向においても15cmを下回らず、かつ一つの最適方向において15cmを下回らないことが理想的である。OOKテレメトリ・リンク38は、例えばBPB装置10が休止状態又は格納状態(以下で詳細に述べられるBPB装置の状態)にあるときのように、BPB装置10がテレメトリ信号を積極的に聞かないときでさえ、充電システム39がBPB装置10と通信できるようにする。OOK−PWMテレメトリ・リンク38はまた、緊急事態、例えば緊急停止において通信インターフェースを提供する。
FSKテレメトリ・システムは、1つの好ましい実施形態において、127KHz∀8KHzの周波数帯で作動する。BPB装置10が有効(すなわち、非誤差状態)メッセージを受信したときには、確認応答が送信される。
図22に示されないが、それには、通信信号をチェアパッド32から、すなわちチェアパッドに接続される(図1参照)基地局50からBPB装置10に送信するようにする別個のOOK−PWM通信リンクが、存在する。
かくして、図23の下図で左から右へ進行すると、送信された信号は、バイナリ「0」を示すPW1幅の周波数F1´を有し、次いで別のバイナリ「0」を示すPW1幅のオフ(周波数がゼロ)の送信された信号であり、次いでバイナリ「1」を示すPW2パルス幅の周波数F1´の送信された信号であり、次いでバイナリ「0」を示すPW1幅の周波数ゼロ(信号オフ)の送信された信号であり、次いでバイナリ「0」を示す幅PW1の周波数F1´の送信された信号であり、次いでバイナリ「1」を示す幅PW2の周波数ゼロ(信号オフ)の送信された信号であることが、見て取れる。このように、図23の下図に示す例示的な信号で送信されるバイナリ・データ・ストリームは、「001001」からなる。
図24に表す遠隔制御部の受信機回路は、典型的FM受信機であり、カーラジオに含まれるFM受信機とそれほど異なるものではない。有利なことには、こうした受信機は、簡単に入手できる部品から製作するために安価であり、製造し、試験するのも容易であり、かつ信頼性のある確実なアーキテクチャを用いている。
BPB装置内で用いられるOOK−PWM受信回路は、BFSK回路が使用するのと同じアンテナコイル18を用いることができる。事実、例えば、いずれもが本出願と同一譲受人に譲渡される出願である2001年3月5日に出願の米国特許出願第09/799,467号及び2002年4月26日に出願の米国特許出願第10/133,766号に記載された原理を用いて、コイル18及びその関連部品の多くは、多機能を与える。基地局50及び充電パッド32内で用いられるOOK−PWM送信機回路は、従来型設計であってもよい。
BPB装置10は、電子組立部品14内に位置するプログラム可能なメモリに格納されたプログラムによって、それが電極22と24とを通じて患者に加えられる刺激パルスを発生させるようにするプロセッサ及び他の電子回路を含む。プロセッサ及び他の電子回路はまた、ここで記載されるテレメトリ機能を提供する。
電子組立部品14は、刺激用、(必要なときの)バッテリ充電用、テレメトリ用、生産試験用、及び動作制御用の回路を含む。刺激回路はさらに、高電圧生成用、刺激位相電流制御用、回復位相電流制御用、充電バランス制御用、及び過電圧保護回路用の部品に細分化することができる。テレメトリ回路はさらに、OOK受信機と、FSK受信機と、FSK送信機とに細分化することができる。動作制御回路はさらに、刺激タイミング用、高電圧生成閉ループ制御用、テレメトリ・パケット処理用、及びバッテリ管理用の部品に細分化することができる。これらの機能に加え、参照電圧及び参照電流生成用、システムクロック生成用、及びパワーオンリセット(POR)生成用の回路がある。(図1に示す)コイル18は、(使用時の)バッテリ充電用、テレメトリ用、及び高電圧生成用の受電力のために利用される。
BPB装置が充電式バッテリを利用するときであって、かつ電圧がバッテリ再充電電圧上限内部レジスタ(BRUVLIR)によって規定された電圧を下回るときに、BPB装置10は、C/2の最大電流を有する定電流充電を用いて、バッテリ16を充電する。BPB電圧がBRUVLIRによって規定された電圧に達したときに、充電の定電流位相が終わり、かつ充電の定電圧位相が始まる。
電子組立部品14内の保護回路は、バッテリの過電圧に対するフェールセーフとして用いられる。バッテリ保護回路は、バッテリの電圧を継続的にモニタし、その電圧が4.1Vを超えた場合にバッテリを電気的に切断する。BPB装置10は、過電圧状態から回復することができず、したがって、4.1Vを超える電圧として規定される過電圧状態が発生するはずであるという説明を要求する。
休止状態104にある間に、2.2Vと2.8Vとの間のバッテリ16のパワーオンリセット(VPOR)閾値の非プログラム式電圧値以下にVbattが下がるときに、バッテリ16はまた、消耗状態106に入ることができる。消耗状態106において、刺激及びFSKテレメトリは中止され、臨床医によるプログラミングと再充電後に再開することができるだけである。BPB装置10は、RF充電の場が利用されるときにバッテリを再充電するために要求されるものを除き、全ての回路を使役不能にする。消耗状態106にある間は、BPB回路は、外部充電の場からバッテリ16を再充電することができる。消耗状態106にある間の充電は遅い速度で実行され(細流充電)、バッテリが低電圧状態から回復させるようにする。BPB装置10は、VbattがVPORを超えたときにパワーオンリセットを実行し、BPB装置10は次に、休止状態104に戻る。
BPB装置10は、誘導テレメトリ・リンク38を通る電力とテレメトリ・メッセージとを受信するために利用される誘導コイル18を含む。コイル18はまた、電圧変換を含む補助機能を実行するのに利用してもよい。電子組立部品14に含まれるBPBコイル18は、典型的円筒形状を有しており、2つの部分からなる典型的ダンベル型フェライトコアの周りへの導電性ワイヤの多重巻きで、構成される。BPBコイル18と内部電子部品と2つの部分からなるフェライトコアとの組立体は、間もなく、より詳細に記載される。
遠隔制御部40の例示的なフロントパネル114が図7に示されており、それは第1制御キーを識別する。LCDディスプレイ116は、例えば、刺激が使役可能にされたかどうか又は使役不能にされたかどうか又はバッテリのエネルギーレベル或いは状態(通常、休止状態、消耗、又は格納)にあるかどうかなどの値及びメッセージの全てを表示する。フロントパネル114には、以下の制御キーすなわちオン/オフ・キー118、上向き矢印キー120、下向き矢印キー122、情報キー123、及び状態キー124が見られる。制御キーの全ては、簡単に操作され、かつ引っ込ませることができるので、それらは(例えば、遠隔制御部40が財布内にあるときなどに)誤って起動しない。
一旦、BPB装置の患者が識別されると、臨床医は次に、パラメータ試験ユーティリティを通じて刺激パラメータを調整することができる。刺激パラメータの正常な設定を、データベース内の患者の記録に保存することができる。履歴又は電流設定を見るためのユーティリティを用いて、既に保存されたパラメータ設定を見直し、再適用することができる。BPB装置10の電流バッテリのレベルのみならず再充電時間の記録を見ることができる。
BPB組立工程は、ここでは、3段階に分類される一連の組立作業からなる。第1段階は、(図14Aに示す)組立部品200Aを組み立てる作業と、組立部品200A及び他の部品から(図15Aに示す)組立部品200Bを創製するさらなる作業とを含み、第2段階は、組立部品200B及び他の部品から(図19に示す)組立部品200Cを創製することを含み、かつ第3段階は、組立部品200Cが(図20Aに示す)例示的な密封円筒形ハウジング内にカプセル化される工程を含む。製造/組立工程用に用いられる材料は単に例示であり、他の適当な材料が用いられてもよい。
導電性のエポキシが各IC206の上面207の部分に塗布され、図13に示すように、例えばセラミックコンデンサ208A1と208A2、及びダイオード210Aと210Bを、それらの再配電される相互接続パッドのそれぞれに取り付ける。非導電性エポキシがIC206の表面207の一部に塗布され、図12に示すように上側フェライト半体212Aを取り付ける。電気ワイヤ214が接合され、パネル202n上のトレースをダイオード210Aと210Bとに接続し、かつパネル202n上のトレースをIC206に接続する。接合されたワイヤ214の拡大詳細図を図13に示す。品質検査は、製造工程における他の段階と同様に、この段階後に行うことができる。
「サンドイッチ状」のフェライト配列の底部半体部品は、(図14Bに示すように)基板パネル202nの底面205の隣に組み立てられる。非導電性エポキシは、底部のフェライト半体212Bを取り付けるのに用いられた底面205の一部に、塗布される。導電性エポキシは次に、セラミックコンデンサ208B1と208B2とを取り付けるのに用いられた基板パネル202nの底面205の一部に、塗布される。
組み立てられたユニット200Aは、各基板パネル202nの端部の輪郭を取るように製作された事前切り込みの僅かな一部を切断することによって、パネル組立体202から分離される。図14Aは、エポキシジョイント217に封入されたワイヤボンド及びダイオードを示す単体組立部品202Aの上面等角図を表す。図14Bは、組立部品202Aの底面等角図を示す。図14Cは、フェライトの「サンドイッチ状」配置の一端から突出する2つのパッド203Aと203Bとを示す組立部品200Aの平面図を示す。パッド203Aと203Bとは、組み立てられた電気接続を試験するために用いることができる。パッド203Aと203Bとはまた、例えばチタニウム製刺激コンデンサ15を接続するのに用いられる。図14Dは、2つのパッド203Aと203Bのみならずパッド201Aと201Bと201Cと201Dとが電気試験調査用にも用いられる組立部品200Aの底面図を示す。また2つの金属パッド203Cと203Dとは、連続番号を携帯する。組立部品200Aの底部は、製造中の方向及び操作の助けになるように、セラミックコンデンサ208B1上に配置されたマーク221によって、識別される。
組立部品200B及び刺激コンデンサ15は、図18に示すようにキャリアの下部プレート230Bに配置され、次に上部プレート230Aは、ボルト234A及び234Bによって下部プレート230Bにボルト締めされる。上部プレート230Aの溝開口部232Bを貫通して、導電性のエポキシ229は、(図14C及び14Dに最もよく見られる)パッド203A及び/又は203Bに接合するコンデンサ15の一端に取り付けられた金被覆のニッケルリボンを接合するために、適用される。この時点で、キャリア230にある間に、(製造工程全体を通して)組立体が試験され、焼付温度の繰り返しによる処理もされる。
溝324の鋭い端部は、表面322全体に、より均一の電流配電を促し、長期にわたる電極腐食の機会を減少させる。電極22に影響することになる腐食作用は、生物付着としても公知であり、それは、一度体液に浸漬された電極22の表面上での段階的細菌蓄積である。電流が体液に注入されたときには、電気化学反応が生じ、大量の電流密度を生成し、それが細菌蓄積の一因になり得る。らせん状溝324又は類似溝は、鋭い溝端部に沿い電流密度を減少させるのを助ける。台形又は類似形状で製作された道具は、溝324をらせん状又は他の形状に切削するために、用いられる。溝324の他の切削方法、例えばイオンビームエッチングなどが用いられてもよい。
図20Aは、表された外部被覆を持つ組み立てられたBPB装置10の平面図を示す。C型のパリレン又は他の適当な絶縁被覆は、例えば標準マスキング及び蒸着処理によって網掛け領域244に、付加される。ジルコニアセラミック容器は、領域248において露出されたままであり、イリジウム電極24は、チタニウム容器213の端部242に、示される。この段階が、BPB装置10の組立工程を完成する。最終組立がされたBPB装置10の断面は、図20Bに示される。
他の埋め込み手順は、刺激される特定領域に関して存在する。体内埋め込み式装置BPB装置10はまた、例えば1つ又はそれ以上の筋肉の長期にわたる不活動、硬直、又は不動化に関連した様々な疾患を予防し、及び/又は治療することに関して、及び/又は勃起性又は他の性的な機能不全の効果的治療のために海綿体神経に刺激を与えることによって、及び/又は他の疾患、例えば損傷又は脳卒中による神経疾患を治療することによって、麻痺した筋肉及び手足を含む様々な目的のための治療として、他の神経部位に埋め込むこともできる。
Claims (15)
- 密閉ハウジングと、
前記密閉ハウジング内に収納された電子組立部品と、
前記密閉ハウジング外部の、前記電子組立部品に電気的に結合される、少なくとも一つの電極と、
前記電子組立部品に結合されるアンテナと、
少なくとも一つの外部装置からの、データ保有信号の受信を可能とするための、前記アンテナに結合されるテレメトリ回路であって、
第1通信プロトコルに従い、第1テレメトリ・リンクによってデータを受信するための第1テレメトリ受信機と、
前記第1通信プロトコルとは異なる第2通信プロトコルに従い、第2テレメトリ・リンクによってデータを受信するための第2テレメトリ受信機と、
を含むテレメトリ回路と、
を含む、体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。 - 第1テレメトリ・プロトコルが、送信された第1周波数F1の信号によってバイナリ「1」が表され、送信された第2周波数F2の信号によってバイナリ「0」が表されるバイナリ周波数偏移キー(BFSK)のテレメトリ・プロトコルを含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 第2テレメトリ・プロトコルが、第1パルス幅PW1によってバイナリ「0」が表され、第2パルス幅PW2によってバイナリ「1」が表されるようになっており、1つのデータビットと隣接データビットとの間の遷移が、周波数F1’を有するデータ信号の存在によって特徴付けられるON状態から該データ信号の不存在によって特徴付けられるOFF状態への、又はOFF状態からON状態への送信される前記データ信号の変化によって示される、オン‐オフ‐キー(OOK)パルス幅変調(PWM)テレメトリ・プロトコルを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 前記アンテナが、前記密閉ハウジング内に収容されたアンテナコイルを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 前記テレメタリ回路は、前記少なくとも一つの外部装置へとデータ信号を送信し、及び該外部装置からデータを受信することを可能とするための双方向性回路であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 前記第1テレメトリ・リンクは無線周波数(RF)テレメトリ・リンクであり、前記第2テレメトリ・リンクは誘導テレメトリ・リンクであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 前記第1通信プロトコルはバイナリ周波数偏移キー(BFSK)通信プロトコルを含み、前記第2通信プロトコルはオン‐オフ‐キーパルス幅変調(OOK−PWM)通信プロトコルを含むことを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 前記少なくとも一つの電極は、前記密閉ハウジング外側表面上に物理的に配置されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 前記第1テレメトリ受信機は、外部プログラマからデータを受信するための受信機であり、前記第2テレメトリ受信機は、外部電源からデータを受信するための受信機である、請求項1に記載の体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置。
- 第1外部装置と、
第2外部装置と、
プログラムされたパラメータに従って刺激パルスを生成するためのアンテナを含む体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置と、
を含み、
前記第1外部装置は、第1通信プロトコルに従って前記体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置内の前記アンテナと通信し、
前記第2外部装置は、前記第1プロトコルとは異なる、少なくとも1つの第2通信プロトコルに従って前記体内埋め込み式微小刺激装置内の前記アンテナと通信する、
神経刺激システム。 - 前記第1及び第2外部装置はお互いに通信可能であることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の神経刺激システム。
- 前記第1通信プロトコルはバイナリ周波数偏移キー(BFSK)通信プロトコルを含み、前記第2通信プロトコルはオン‐オフ‐キーパルス幅変調(OOK−PWM)通信プロトコルを含むことを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の神経刺激システム。
- 前記第1外部装置は外部プログラマを含み、前記第2外部装置は外部電源を含むことを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の神経刺激システム。
- 前記外部電源は基地局を含む、請求項13に記載の神経刺激システム。
- 前記外部電源はチェアパッドを含む、請求項13に記載の神経刺激システム。
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PCT/US2003/020398 WO2004002572A1 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2003-06-27 | Microstimulator having self-contained power source and bi-directional telemetry system |
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