JP2024026062A - Outer packaging material for all-solid-state battery - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide an outer packaging material for a charging device that can improve gas barrier properties.SOLUTION: An outer packaging material 2 for a charging device according to the present invention that constitutes a casing 1 in which a charging device is housed includes a metal foil layer 20, a base material layer 21 laminated on the outer surface side of the metal foil layer 20, a sealant layer 22 laminated on the inner surface side of the metal foil layer 20, and a gas barrier layer 4 that is laminated on the inner surface side of the sealant layer 22 to prevent the intrusion of an outside air component.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

This invention relates to outer packaging materials for power storage devices that are used as outer packaging materials for power storage devices such as batteries and capacitors used in mobile electronic devices such as smartphones, and batteries and capacitors used for power storage in automobiles and generators, and the like. Regarding related technology.

Energy storage devices such as batteries and capacitors are used, for example, in mobile electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, video cameras, and notebook computers, as well as batteries for power supply in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles, as well as wind power generators, solar power generators, Used as a power storage device such as a nighttime electric power storage device.

Metal cans have generally been used as casings (outer packaging materials) for lithium-ion secondary batteries used as power storage devices and electric double layer capacitors (ultracapacitors, supercapacitors), but in recent years metal cans have become smaller and more shaped. In order to improve the degree of freedom, a technique has been proposed in which a laminate material (laminate) is used as an outer packaging material for a power storage device.

Conventionally, in lithium ion secondary batteries that use liquid electrolytes, which are commonly used, there is a risk that the separator may be destroyed due to liquid leakage or dentrite generation due to corrosion and deterioration of the outer packaging material, leading to short circuits and fires. Therefore, research and development of outer packaging materials is underway from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance and liquid leakage. For example, in the case of a liquid electrolyte battery, a material with high corrosion resistance is used on the inner surface of the outer packaging material that constitutes the casing in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the casing to the electrolyte.

On the other hand, solid electrolyte secondary batteries (all-solid-state batteries) are attracting a lot of attention from the viewpoint of safety because they do not leak, do not generate dentrite, and have few ignition factors. Furthermore, since the electrolyte in an all-solid-state battery is solid, the material used for the inner surface of the outer packaging material is not required to have very high corrosion resistance.

However, in an all-solid-state battery, since there is no liquid such as an electrolyte inside the casing, the electrode active material and the solid electrolyte themselves are not protected by the liquid. In other words, solid electrolytes and electrode active materials are easily affected by the harmful effects of outside air components such as oxygen and moisture (moisture) in the atmosphere, so it is necessary to reliably prevent the intrusion of oxygen and moisture. It is preferable to do so.

Patent No. 5463902

Under such circumstances, for example, Patent Document 1 proposes a technique for improving the gas barrier properties of outer packaging materials for batteries in order to prevent the intrusion of oxygen, moisture, and the like. However, in the technical field of outer packaging materials for power storage devices, especially in the technical field of outer packaging materials for all-solid-state batteries, there is a current demand for improved gas barrier properties as much as possible, and further improvement of gas barrier properties is required. is desperately needed.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an outer packaging material for a power storage device that can improve gas barrier properties and related technology.

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention includes the following means.

[1] An outer packaging material for an electricity storage device that constitutes a casing in which an electricity storage device is housed,
a metal foil layer;
a base material layer laminated on the outer surface side of the metal foil layer;
a sealant layer laminated on the inner surface side of the metal foil layer;
An outer packaging material for a power storage device, comprising a gas barrier layer laminated on the inner surface of the sealant layer and for preventing intrusion of outside air components.

[2] The outer packaging material for a power storage device according to item 1, wherein the gas barrier layer is made of an insulator.

[3] The outer packaging material for a power storage device according to item 1 or 2, wherein the gas barrier layer contains one or more inorganic oxides selected from aluminum, silicon, magnesium, and alloys thereof.

[4] The outer packaging material for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 3 above, wherein the gas barrier layer has a thickness of 0.001 μm to 2 μm.

[5] The outer packaging material for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 4 above, wherein the gas barrier layer is constituted by a vapor-deposited film.

[6] The outer packaging material for a power storage device according to any one of items 1 to 5 above, wherein fine irregularities are formed on the inner surface side of the peripheral edge of the sealant layer.

[7] A casing for a power storage device in which a power storage device is housed,
A casing for an electricity storage device, characterized in that it is constituted by the outer packaging material according to any one of items 1 to 6 above.

[8] The sealant layers at the peripheral edge of the outer packaging material are joined together via the gas barrier layer, and
The casing for an electricity storage device according to claim 7, wherein filler particles of an inorganic oxide contained in the gas barrier layer are contained in a joint portion at a peripheral edge of the outer packaging material.

[9] A casing made of the outer packaging material according to any one of items 1 to 6 above,
A battery device comprising: a battery housed in the casing.

[10] The battery device according to item 9, wherein the battery is constituted by an all-solid-state battery.

According to the outer packaging material for power storage devices of invention [1], since the gas barrier layer is formed on the inner surface of the sealant layer, when the sealant layer is bonded to the sealant layer of another outer packaging material by thermal adhesion etc. , a gas barrier layer is present at the junction. Therefore, it is possible to prevent outside air components from entering through the joint portion of the sealant layer, and it is possible to improve gas barrier properties.

According to the outer packaging material for a power storage device according to the invention [2], the gas barrier layer in contact with the power storage device is made of an insulator, so that short circuits of the power storage device can be reliably prevented.

According to the outer packaging material for a power storage device of invention [3], since the gas barrier layer contains an inorganic oxide, it is possible to prevent the intrusion of oxygen and moisture, which are particularly susceptible to adverse effects.

According to the outer packaging material for a power storage device of invention [4], since the thickness of the gas barrier layer is specified, when the sealant layer is bonded to the sealant layer of another outer packaging material by thermal adhesion or the like, the gas barrier layer It is possible to avoid the adverse effects caused by the presence of , and the thermal bonding process can be performed without any problems.

According to the outer packaging material for a power storage device according to the invention [5], since the gas barrier layer is formed of a vapor-deposited film, it is possible to reliably form a gas barrier layer with a desired thickness.

According to the outer packaging material for a power storage device of invention [6], since the fine irregularities are formed on the inner surface of the sealant layer, the sealant layer is bonded to the sealant layer of another outer packaging material by thermal bonding or the like. In some cases, the adhesive strength can be increased.

According to the invention [7], it is possible to provide a casing for a power storage device that provides the same effects as described above.

According to the casing for a power storage device of the invention [8], it is possible to more reliably prevent outside air components from entering through the joint between the outer packaging materials.

According to the inventions [9] and [10], it is possible to provide a battery device that achieves the same effects as described above.

FIG. 1 is a sectional view schematically showing an outer packaging material for a power storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a casing for an all-solid-state battery manufactured using the outer packaging material of the embodiment.

FIG. 1 is a sectional view schematically showing an outer packaging material 1 for a power storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the outer packaging material 2 used in this embodiment is composed of a laminate such as a laminate sheet, and as described later, it is used for the casing of a battery device (battery pack) using an all-solid-state battery. It consists of

This outer packaging material 2 includes a metal foil layer 20 , a base material layer 21 laminated and bonded to the outer surface of the metal foil layer 20 via an outer adhesive layer 31 , and an inner bonded layer to the inner surface of the metal foil layer 20 . It includes a sealant layer 22 that is laminated and adhered to each other via an agent layer 32, and a gas barrier layer 4 that is laminated and integrated on the inner surface side of the sealant layer 22. In other words, the outer packaging material 2 of this embodiment is constituted by a laminate including a base layer/outer adhesive layer/metal foil layer/inner adhesive layer/sealant layer/gas barrier layer.

In this specification and claims, the term "foil" is used to include films, and the term "film" is used to include sheets and thin plates.

In this embodiment, the base material layer 21 is made of a heat-resistant resin or the like with a thickness of 5 μm to 50 μm. As this base material layer 21, a stretched polyamide film, a stretched polyester film, or a stretched polyolefin film can be used. In particular, when considering heat resistance, a stretched aromatic polyamide film, a polyimide film, or a polyether ketone (PEEK) film can be used. can be suitably used.

The metal foil layer 20 has a thickness of 5 μm to 120 μm, and has a function of blocking oxygen and moisture from entering from the surface (outer surface) side. As this metal foil layer 20, aluminum foil, SUS foil (stainless steel foil), copper foil, nickel foil, etc. can be suitably used. In this embodiment, the terms "aluminum," "copper," and "nickel" are used to include alloys thereof.

Further, when the metal foil layer 20 is subjected to a plating treatment or the like, the risk of pinholes occurring is reduced, and the function of blocking the intrusion of oxygen and moisture can be further improved.

Furthermore, if the metal foil layer 20 is subjected to a chemical conversion treatment such as chromate treatment, its corrosion resistance will be further improved, so defects such as chipping can be more reliably prevented, and the adhesion with the resin will be improved. The durability can be further improved.

The chemical conversion treatment is carried out, for example, by applying an aqueous solution of any of the following 1) to 3) on the surface of the metal foil that has been subjected to the degreasing treatment, and then drying the solution.

1) An aqueous solution of a mixture containing phosphoric acid, chromic acid, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of metal salts of fluoride and non-metallic salts of fluoride. 2) Phosphoric acid, acrylic resin, An aqueous solution of a mixture containing at least one resin selected from the group consisting of chitosan derivative resins and phenolic resins and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of chromic acid and chromium (III) salts 3) Phosphoric acid , at least one resin selected from the group consisting of acrylic resin, chitosan derivative resin, and phenolic resin, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of chromic acid and chromium (III) salt, and fluoride. At least one compound selected from the group consisting of metal salts and non-metallic salts of fluoride; per side) is preferably 0.1 mg/m ² to 50 mg/m ² , particularly preferably 2 mg/m ² to 20 mg/m ² .

As the adhesive for the outer adhesive layer 31 for pasting the base material layer 21 on the metal foil layer 20, a two-component curable urethane adhesive, an olefin adhesive, an acrylic adhesive, an epoxy adhesive, etc. can be used. It can be suitably used. Furthermore, in consideration of heat resistance, it is preferable to use an inorganic adhesive or an epoxy adhesive. However, epoxy adhesives may have a high curing temperature range.

The sealant layer 22 has a thickness of 15 μm to 120 μm, and is made of a film such as a heat-adhesive (heat-fusible) resin. As the resin constituting the sealant layer 22, polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, olefin polymers, acid-modified products thereof, and ionomers can be used. In particular, when heat resistance is taken into consideration, polyethylene terephthalate is used. (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) can be suitably used.

As the adhesive for the inner adhesive layer 32 for attaching the sealant layer 22 to the metal foil layer 20, the same type of adhesive as the outer adhesive layer 31 can be used. That is, in this embodiment, since the all-solid-state battery is housed in the casing as described later, there is no liquid electrolyte and the inner adhesive layer 32 is not required to have electrolyte resistance. The same type of adhesive as layer 31 can be used.

As the gas barrier layer 4, a layer containing one or more inorganic oxides selected from aluminum, silicon, magnesium, and alloys thereof can be suitably used.

In this embodiment, when a solid electrolyte bare cell coated with an insulating resin is sealed in the casing, insulation is no longer an absolute requirement for the gas barrier layer 4, so aluminum is used as the gas barrier layer 4 as described above. etc. can be adopted without any problem.

In this embodiment, the gas barrier layer 4 is preferably formed of a vapor deposited film in which the above-mentioned inorganic oxide is vapor-deposited and coated on the film constituting the sealant layer 22 by dry coating. In other words, by dry coating, the gas barrier layer 4 can be formed over the entire region where it is to be formed, and it is possible to reliably prevent the occurrence of parts where the gas barrier layer 4 is missing in the region where it is to be formed, thereby ensuring sufficient gas barrier properties. can be improved. Furthermore, since the gas barrier layer 4 can be formed uniformly and thinly over the entire area, as will be described later, when heat-sealing the sealant layer 22, it is possible to avoid any adverse effects due to the presence of the gas barrier layer 4, and the thermal bonding process can be performed without any problems. can.

As the dry coating, a known method such as a CVD method or a PVD method (sputtering method, ion beam method, etc.) can be employed.

The thickness of the gas barrier layer 4 is preferably set to 0.001 μm to 2 μm.

In addition, in this embodiment, as the gas barrier layer 4, metal alkoxides may be used in addition to the above-mentioned inorganic oxides.

Furthermore, as the gas barrier layer 4, a resin-based material can also be used. For example, vinylidene chloride (PVDC), vinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), etc. can also be employed.

These resin films can form the gas barrier layer 4 by adhering them onto the sealant layer 22 with an adhesive or the like.

Further, the gas barrier layer 4 can also be laminated on the sealant layer 22 using wet coating, for example, gravure coating, reverse coating, die coating, or the like.

In this embodiment, the outer packaging material 2 has the above-mentioned configuration, and as shown in FIG. 2, a battery device is manufactured by covering the all-solid-state battery 10 with this outer packaging material 2. That is, the two outer packaging materials 2, 2 formed in a rectangular shape are stacked one on top of the other through the all-solid-state battery (cell) 10, and the sealant layers 22, 22 at the outer peripheral edges of both the outer packaging materials 2, 2 The all-solid-state battery 10 is integrated into the bag-like casing 1 made of the outer packaging materials 2 by being integrated in an airtight state (sealed state) by thermal adhesion (heat sealing) via the gas barrier layers 4, 4. A housed battery device is fabricated.

In this embodiment, before the outer packaging materials 2, 2 are thermally bonded to each other, the joint surface (inner surface) at the outer peripheral edge of the outer packaging material 2 is knurled, and the joint surface has minute irregularities. A section is formed. Therefore, the thermal adhesion between the outer peripheral edges of the outer packaging materials 2, 2 can be improved, the adhesive strength between the outer packaging materials 2, 2 can be sufficiently increased, and good sealing performance can be obtained.

Furthermore, in this embodiment, as described above, the all-solid-state battery 10 within the casing 1 is susceptible to adverse effects from outside air components such as oxygen and moisture, so the thermal adhesion treatment (heat sealing treatment) of the outer packaging materials 2, 2 is performed. This is done in an environment purged with helium or dry nitrogen. Therefore, the residual amount of oxygen and moisture in the casing 1 can be reduced as much as possible, and the adverse effects of oxygen and moisture on the all-solid-state battery 10 can be sufficiently avoided, and power can be supplied in a stable state, resulting in a good battery. performance can be obtained.

Particularly in this embodiment, the thermal bonding process of the outer packaging materials 2, 2 is performed under reduced pressure. Therefore, the amount of oxygen and moisture remaining in the casing 1 can be further reduced, and good battery performance can be reliably obtained.

In the battery device of this embodiment, the sealing part (thermal bonding part) 5 as a joining part between the outer packaging materials 2 and 2 in the casing 1 is made of a resin constituting the sealant layer 22 and an inorganic oxide constituting the gas barrier layer 4. The inorganic oxide is arranged in the seal portion 5 in a finely and densely dispersed state as a filler (gap filling material). Therefore, outside air components such as oxygen and moisture that try to enter the casing 1 from the seal 5 between the outer packaging materials 2 and 2 pass through the gaps between the inorganic oxides in the seal 5, and the intrusion occurs. The path becomes very long and complicated, and as a result, it is possible to reliably prevent outside air components such as oxygen and moisture from entering the casing 1 through the seal portion 5 between the outer packaging materials 2 and 2.

In the battery device of this embodiment, outside air components that try to enter the casing 1 through the outer surface of the outer packaging materials 2 and 2 are separated by the metal foil layer 20 and the gas barrier layer 4. Since it is blocked by a double layer, it is also possible to reliably prevent outside air components from entering through the outer surfaces of the outer packaging materials 2, 2.

In this way, according to the battery device of the present embodiment, it is possible to reliably prevent outside air components such as oxygen and moisture from entering the casing 1, so that a stable power supply can be maintained for a long period of time, resulting in high reliability. We can provide high quality battery devices.

Although the above embodiment has been described using an example in which an all-solid-state battery is housed in the casing, the present invention is not limited to this. However, batteries other than solid batteries may be accommodated.

Further, in the above embodiment, the explanation has been given by taking as an example a battery device (battery pack) in which a battery is housed as a power storage device in a casing, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The present invention can also be applied to a power storage device that accommodates a power storage device.

Further, in the above embodiment, the case where the casing is manufactured using two outer packaging materials has been described as an example, but the present invention is not limited to this. Alternatively, the casing may be manufactured by thermally adhering the outer peripheral edge portions of the overlapping outer packaging materials, excluding the folded portions, to integrate them. Needless to say, in the present invention, one casing may be manufactured using three or more outer wrapping materials.

Further, in the above embodiments, the case where the casing is manufactured using a film or sheet-like outer packaging material has been described as an example, but the present invention is not limited to this. The casing may be manufactured by molding and using the three-dimensionally shaped outer packaging material.

<Example 1>
When producing the outer packaging material 1, as the metal foil layer 20, a chemical conversion treatment consisting of polyacrylic acid, a trivalent chromium compound, water, and alcohol is applied to both sides of an aluminum foil made of A8021-O specified by JIS H4160 and having a thickness of 35 μm. A liquid was applied, dried at 180° C., and a chemical conversion treatment was prepared so that the amount of chromium deposited was 10 mg/m 2 per side.

A base material layer is applied to one surface (outer surface) of the metal foil layer member as the metal foil layer 20 via a two-component curing type polyester-polyurethane adhesive applied to a thickness of 2 μm as the outer adhesive layer 31. A biaxially stretched 6-nylon film with a thickness of 20 μm as No. 22 was adhered.

Next, an unstretched polypropylene (CPP) film with a thickness of 30 μm as the sealant layer 22 is placed on the other surface (inner surface), and a vapor-deposited film of silica (silicon oxide) (with a thickness of 0 .1 μm) to form a gas barrier layer 4.

Subsequently, one surface (outer surface) of the sealant layer 22 with the gas barrier layer 4 was applied to the other surface (inner surface) of the metal foil layer 20 with the base material layer 22 to a thickness of 2 μm as an inner adhesive layer 32. A laminate for an outer packaging material was produced by adhering via a two-component curing polyester-polyurethane adhesive coated with .

Next, the above-described laminate for outer packaging material was subjected to heat aging treatment at 40° C. for 10 days to produce outer packaging material 1 of Example 1.

<Example 2>
As the gas barrier layer 4 laminated on the inner surface of the sealant layer 22, a coating layer coated with vinylidene chloride resin having a thickness of 2 μm was laminated instead of the silica vapor-deposited film, but in the same manner as in Example 1 above. Outer packaging material 1 of Example 2 was produced.

<Comparative example>
An outer packaging material of a comparative example was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 above, except that the gas barrier layer was not provided.

<Evaluation of seal strength>
Two outer packaging material samples (a pair) with a width of 15 mm and a length of 150 mm were cut out from the outer packaging material of Example 1, and these pairs of outer packaging material samples were placed between the inner surfaces of each other (sealant layers) through a gas barrier layer. With the stacks in contact with each other, heat sealing temperature: 200°C, sealing pressure: 0.2 MPa (gauge display pressure), and sealing were performed using a heat sealing device (TP-701-A) manufactured by Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd. The casing sample of Example 1 was produced by heat sealing by single-sided heating under conditions of time: 2 seconds.

Next, in accordance with JIS Z0238-1998, the casing samples obtained as described above were tested using a Strograph (AGS-5kNX) manufactured by Shimadzu Access Co., Ltd. In the sealant layer portion, the peel strength when peeled at 90 degrees at a tensile strength of 100 mm/min was measured, and this was defined as the seal strength (N/15 mm width). The results are shown in Table 1.

Regarding the outer packaging materials of Example 2 and Comparative Example, casing samples were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and the seal strength (N/15 mm width) was measured in the same manner. The results are shown in Table 1.

As can be seen from Table 1, both the casing samples of Examples 1 and 2 and the comparative example had sufficient sealing strength and good sealing properties.

<Evaluation of gas barrier properties>
Using the outer packaging material of Example 1, a pair of outer packaging material samples similar to those described above were overlapped and three of the four surrounding sides were sealed by heat sealing to make a three-sided bag with one side left open. I prepared two.

Next, in an environment inside a glove box purged with dry nitrogen, an oxygen detector was placed in one of the three-sided bags, and one open side (one opening) was sealed by heat sealing under reduced pressure. In addition to preparing a sample for oxygen evaluation, cobalt chloride paper (moisture detection agent) was placed in the other three-sided bag and one opening was similarly sealed to prepare a sample for moisture evaluation. .

The oxygen detecting agent is of a type that changes color to pink when the oxygen concentration is low, and changes to blue when the oxygen concentration is high. Cobalt chloride paper (moisture detection agent) changes color from blue to pink when it comes into contact with moisture such as water or humidity.

1. Evaluation of oxygen intrusion The above oxygen evaluation sample was placed in a three-sided bag-shaped test container made by stacking two rectangular aluminum laminate sheets and sealed on three of the four surrounding sides. After replacing the inside of the container with oxygen gas, one mouth of the test container was sealed and hermetically sealed. In this state, the sample was left at room temperature for 30 days, and then the sample for oxygen evaluation was taken out and the degree of discoloration of the oxygen detection agent was visually observed to evaluate whether oxygen had entered the sample. . The results are shown in Table 2.

2. Evaluation of Moisture Intrusion The above sample for moisture evaluation was left standing in an environment of 40°C and 90RH (relative humidity) for 60 days. Thereafter, the degree of discoloration of the moisture evaluation agent was visually observed to evaluate whether moisture (humidity) had entered the sample. The results are shown in Table 2.

For the outer packaging material of Example 2 and the outer packaging material of Comparative Example, samples for oxygen evaluation and samples for moisture evaluation were respectively prepared in the same manner as above, and the intrusion of oxygen and moisture was similarly evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

As can be seen from Table 2, the samples of Examples 1 and 2 related to the present invention had sufficient gas barrier properties against oxygen and moisture, with no penetration of oxygen and moisture. It is thought that it can be suitably used as a casing (outer packaging material) for all-solid-state batteries that are susceptible to the adverse effects of

In addition, in the sample of the comparative example, although no moisture was observed to enter, a slight amount of oxygen was observed to enter, and it is considered that the barrier property against oxygen was inferior compared to Examples 1 and 2.

The outer packaging material for a power storage device of the present invention can be suitably used as a material for a casing of a battery device housing a battery such as an all-solid-state battery.

1: Casing 10: Battery (power storage device)
2: Outer packaging material 20: Metal foil layer 21: Base material layer 22: Sealant layer 4: Gas barrier layer 5: Seal portion (joint portion)

Claims (8)

An all-solid-state battery outer packaging material constituting a casing in which an all-solid-state battery is housed,
a metal foil layer;
a base material layer laminated on the outer surface side of the metal foil layer;
a sealant layer laminated on the inner surface side of the metal foil layer;
a gas barrier layer laminated on the sealant layer and for preventing intrusion of outside air components;
The outer packaging material for an all-solid-state battery, wherein the gas barrier layer is formed by adhering a resin film to the sealant layer. The outer packaging material for an all-solid-state battery according to claim 1, wherein the resin film is made of any one of vinylidene chloride, vinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer, and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. The outer packaging material for an all-solid-state battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the resin film is bonded to the sealant layer with an adhesive. The outer packaging material for an all-solid-state battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the resin film is adhered to the inner surface of the sealant layer. The outer packaging material for an all-solid-state battery according to claim 4, wherein the gas barrier layer is made of an insulator. The outer packaging material for an all-solid-state battery according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the thickness of the gas barrier layer is set to 0.001 μm to 2 μm. An all-solid-state battery casing in which an all-solid-state battery is housed,
A casing for an all-solid battery, comprising the outer packaging material according to any one of claims 1 to 6. A casing made of the outer packaging material according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
A battery device comprising: an all-solid-state battery housed in the casing.

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