GB2037993A - Dynamic gas pressure measuring device - Google Patents
Dynamic gas pressure measuring device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2037993A GB2037993A GB7849557A GB7849557A GB2037993A GB 2037993 A GB2037993 A GB 2037993A GB 7849557 A GB7849557 A GB 7849557A GB 7849557 A GB7849557 A GB 7849557A GB 2037993 A GB2037993 A GB 2037993A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- duct
- hole
- pressure
- transducer
- wall
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L9/00—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
- G01L9/0041—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms
- G01L9/0051—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms using variations in ohmic resistance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
- G01L19/0007—Fluidic connecting means
- G01L19/0023—Fluidic connecting means for flowthrough systems having a flexible pressure transmitting element
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
- G01L19/06—Means for preventing overload or deleterious influence of the measured medium on the measuring device or vice versa
- G01L19/0609—Pressure pulsation damping arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
- G01L19/06—Means for preventing overload or deleterious influence of the measured medium on the measuring device or vice versa
- G01L19/0681—Protection against excessive heat
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L23/00—Devices or apparatus for measuring or indicating or recording rapid changes, such as oscillations, in the pressure of steam, gas, or liquid; Indicators for determining work or energy of steam, internal-combustion, or other fluid-pressure engines from the condition of the working fluid
- G01L23/08—Devices or apparatus for measuring or indicating or recording rapid changes, such as oscillations, in the pressure of steam, gas, or liquid; Indicators for determining work or energy of steam, internal-combustion, or other fluid-pressure engines from the condition of the working fluid operated electrically
- G01L23/18—Devices or apparatus for measuring or indicating or recording rapid changes, such as oscillations, in the pressure of steam, gas, or liquid; Indicators for determining work or energy of steam, internal-combustion, or other fluid-pressure engines from the condition of the working fluid operated electrically by resistance strain gauges
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
Abstract
Dynamic pressure fluctuations are sensed remotely by means of a transducer 7 communicating through a small hole in a wall of a duct 1 formed by a length of tube closed at one end 2 and open at its other end 3 to a space in which pressure is to be measured (for example, a high temperature region in a gas turbine engine). To ensure a resonance-free aperiodic frequency response characteristic, enabling dynamic pressure variations to be detected up to frequencies of several kHz, the hole is arranged closer to the open end than the closed end and an attenuation insert in the form of a rod or tube may be located adjacent the closed end. The transducer which may include an electrical strain gauge is protected from high temperature or other hostile conditions at the sensing point. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Dynamic gas pressure measuring device
This invention relates to pressure measuring devices, particularly devices for measuring dynamo pressure in a gas remotely from a pressure sensing point.
A problem which arises in many industrial applications is that of measuring dynamic pressures, that is, pressure fluctuations, in regions of high gas temperature and/or high static pressure, such as occur, for example, in gas turbine engines.
An object of the present invention is to provide a pressure measuring device capable of measuring dynamic pressure changes in a gas remotely from a pressure sensing point, over a range of frequency variation, and with minimal risk of damage to the sensor as a result of high temperatures or other hostile conditions at the sensing point.
According to the invention there is provided a pressure measuring device for measuring dynamic pressure fluctuations in a gas remotely from a pressure sensing point, comprising a system formed by a duct closed at one end and communicating at its other end with the pressure sensing point, and a pressure transducer communicating with a hole in the wall of the duct intermediate the two ends of the duct for measuring the dynamic pressure in the duct, the system configuration, including the length of the duct on each side of the transducer, being such that the frequency response characteristic of the system is free of resonances over a useful range ol frequencies of pressure fluctuation.
Since the duct in which the pressure measurements are made is closed at one end there is no steady flow of gas along the duct, and accordingly the transducer is protected from high gas temperatures at the sensing point.
Preferably the length of the duct between the hdle in the wall of the duct and the closed end of the duct is greater than the length of the duct between the said hole and the sensing point. It can be arranged that if the duct has a sufficient length in relation to its internal diameter dynamic pressure fluctuations along the duct are attenuated to substantially zero amplitude at the sealed end of the duct, so that the duct is for practical purposes equivalent to a tube of infinite length downstream of the position at which the transducer is mounted. This ensures a smooth frequency response free of resonances over an acceptable range of frequencies of pressure fluctuation.
The pressure transducer preferably includes a diaphragm mounted adjacent the hole in the duct wall and defining a fluid-tightly sealed chamber in communication with the said hole, and means responsive to deformation of the diaphragm as a result of the dynamic pressure to be measured to provide an electrical output representative of said dynamic pressure.
It is important that the hole in the duct wall at which the transducer is mounted should present a negligible discontinuity to the pressure fluctuations in the duct. Thus the cross-sectional area of the hole in the duct wall should be
substantially smaller than the internal cross
sectional area of the duct. In one embodiment of the invention the duct has a flattened crosssection in the portion in which the transducer is
mounted, the transducer itself being located flush with one of the flat inner wall surfaces of the duct.
The duct may in practice comprise a sufficient
length of metal or plastics tubing having a sealed termination at the closed end. For some practical applications it may be impractical to have an adequately long length of uniform cross-section tubing downstream of the region at which the transducer is mounted, in which case pressure wave attenuation means may be disposed in the duct between the hole in the duct wail and the closed end. Such attenuation means should, of course, be essentially non-reflective. In one embodiment of the invention the attenuation means may comprise a length of rod or tube inserted into the duct between the closed end and the hole in the duct wali. Alternatively, the attenuation means may be formed by a region in which the internal air space within the duct tapers in cross sectional area towards the closed end of the duct.The tapered cross-sectional ,area may be defined by an insert within the duct tapering in cross-section from the closed end of the duct to a point disposed between the closed end and the hole in the duct wall.
The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying, purely diagrammatic drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a pressure measuring device according to one embodiment of the invention;
Figure 2 illustrntes graphically a typical set of dynamic pressure attenuation curves for pressure fluctuations along the length of the duct of the device shown in Figure 1;
Figure 3 illustrates graphically a set of frequency response curves for dynamic pressure variations at different static pressures as measured by the transducer of the device shown in Figure 1;
Figure 4 is a diagrammatic axial section, on an enlarged scale, of the transducer and part of the duct of the device shown in Figure 1;; Figure 5 is a diagrammatic plan view ofthe transducer and portion of the duct shown in Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a cross-section taken on line VI--VI in Figure 4, and
Figures 7, 8 and 9 are diagrammatic axial sections of downstream end portions of the duct of the device shown in Figure 1, illustrating different forms of attenuation means adjacent the closed end of the duct.
The device shown in Figure 1 is adapted for the measurement of dynamic pressure fluctuations in a gas at high temperature and static pressure, for example at a point in the turbine of a gas turbine engine. The device comprises a long pressure duct formed from a length of metal tubing 1 closed at one end by a sealed termination 2 and open at its other end 3, at which the tubing 1 is in communication with a pressure sensing point at which the pressure to be measured is sampled.
The wall of the tubing 1 forming the sampling duct has a smooth internal bore and is perforated intermediately to ends of the duct by a small hole 4 (Figures 4 to 6) having a diameter which is significantly less than the internal diameter of the sampling duct itself, so as to constitute a negligible discontinuity as far as dynamic pressure fluctuations in the duct are concerned. Typically, for a duct formed by 3 mm outside diameter tubing the hole 4 would have a diameter of 0.5 mm or less. The hole 4 is located nearer the open sampling end 3 of the tubing 1 than the closed end 2. In a typical practical embodiment the length of the sampling duct upstream of the hole 4, that is, between the hole 4 and the open end of the duct, would be 0.5 metres, while the length of the tubing 1 between the hole 4 and the closed end 2 would be 18 metres for uniform crosssection tubings.
The portion of the tubing 1 in which the hole 4 is formed is located in a base portion 5 (Figure 6) of a "transition block" 6 (Figure 1) in which a pressure transducer 7 is mounted. The base portion 5 has a through-bore in which the tubing 1 is a gas tight fit, the hole 4 in the wall of the tubing opening into a face 5A of the base portion 5 against which a corresponding face 8A of a transducer block 8 is sealed, for example by means of an O-ring located in an annular groove 9 and surrounding the hole 4 concentrically in the assembled position of the block 8 on the base portion 5.
The transducer 7 has a diaphragm 10, shown in broken outline in Figure 4, which is supported peripherally against an annular lip 11 defining a small chamber 1 1A which communicates with the hole 4 in the wall of the tubing 1 when the transducer block 8 is assembled on the base portion 5 so that the diaphragm 10 is exposed to the pressure fluctuations transmitted to it through the hole 4 from the interior of the tubing 1.
Pressure fluctuations in the tubing 1 are sampled at the hole 4 and are transmitted to the diaphragm 1 0. The pressure fluctuations are converted into electrical signals by means of suitable transducer elements (not shown) for example strain gauges provided on the face of the diaphragm 10 opposite that which is exposed to the hole 4. The electrical signals from the transducer elements associated with the diaphragm 10 are taken from the transducer 7 through leads 12, and a reference pressure is applied to the opposite face of the diaphragm 10 from that which is exposed to the hole 4 through a reference pressure inlet 1 4.
The dynamic pressure fluctuations along the length of the sampling duct formed by the tubing 1 decay approximately exponentially along the length of the sampling duct, as illustrated graphically in Figure 2, in which the position of the hole 4 at which the pressure in the duct is sampled is indicated by a line S. The attenuation of the higher frequency pressure fluctuations is greater than that of the lower frequency fluctuations, but in practice this does not impair the effectiveness of the device, since the transducer 7 can have an inherently high signal/noise ratio.
The frequency response of the transducer located at the sampling hole 4 for different frequencies of pressure fluctuation is illustrated diagramatically in Figure 3 for different static pressures. It will be seen that the frequency response is substantially aperiodic and free of resonances over a useful range of frequency variation.
In order to reduce the total length of the sampling duct downstream of the transducer 7, that is, between the sampling hole 4 and the closed end 2, various types of attenuator device may be located within the downstream section of the tubing 1. Three examples of such attenuator are illustrated diagrammatically in Figures 7, 8 and 9. In Figure 7, a rod 1 5 is inserted coaxially into the downstream end of the tubing 1 ,from the closed end 2 of the latter, while Figure 8 illustrates a similar arrangement using a coaxial length of tubing 1 6 of smaller outside diameter than the internal diameter of the tubing 1 itself.An alternative form of attenuator, illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 9, consists of a tapered insert 1 7 forming the closed end of the tubing 1 and tapering to a point between the closed end and the sampling hole 4, so as to form an air passage within the tubing 1 of gradually tapering cross-section area and increasing surface area. An equivalent arrangement to this, which could also be used, would utilise an insert of cylindrical shape inserted into a frusto-conical end portion of the tubing 1 tapering in diameter towards the closed end where the tubing 1 would be sealed to the surface of the insert.
In a typical practical embodiment of the device according to the invention, pressure fluctuations at frequencies up to several kilohertz were measurable by means of a transducer 7 cooperating with a sampling hole 4 located as described above, the pressure fluctuations being at mean pressure levels between atmospheric and 300 p.s.i.g.
Claims (9)
1. A pressure-measuring device for measuring dynamic pressure fluctuations in a gas remotely from a pressure sensing point, comprising a system formed by a duct closed at one end and communicating at its other end with the pressure sensing point, and a pressure transducer communicating with a whole in the wall of the duct intermediate the two ends of the duct for measuring the dynamic pressure in the duct, and system configuration, including the length of the duct on each side of the transducer, being such that the frequency response characteristic of the system is free of resonances over a useful range of frequencies of pressure fluctuation.
2. A device according to Claim 1, in which the length of the duct between the hole in the wall of the duct and the closed end of the duct is greater than the length of the duct between the said hole and the sensing point.
3. A device according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, in which the pressure transducer includes a diaphragm mounted adjacent the hole in the duct wall and defining a fluid-tightly sealed chamber in communication with the said hole, and means responsive to deformation of the diaphragm as a result of the dynamic pressure to be measured to provide an electrical output representative of said dynamic pressure.
4. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the cross-sectional area of the hole in the duct wall is substantially smaller than the internal cross-sectional area of the duct.
5. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the duct has a flattened cross-section in the portion in which the transducer is mounted, the transducer being located flush with one of the flat inner wall surfaces of the duct.
6. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, including pressure wave attenuation means disposed in the duct between the hole in the duct wall and the closed end.
7. A device according to Claim 6, in which the attenuation means comprise a length of rod or tube inserted into the duct between the closed end and the hole in the duct wall.
8. A device according to Claim 6, in which the attenuation means are formed by a region in which the internal air space within the duct, tapers in cross-sectional area towards the closed end of the duct.
9. A device according to Claim 9, in which the tapered cross-sectional area is defined by an insert within the duct tapering in width-from the closed end of the duct to a point disposed between the closed end and the hole in the duct wall.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7849557A GB2037993A (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1978-12-21 | Dynamic gas pressure measuring device |
| DE19792949670 DE2949670A1 (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1979-12-11 | DEVICE FOR MEASURING DYNAMIC PRESSURES |
| IT28227/79A IT1126616B (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1979-12-19 | DYNAMIC PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE FOR A GAS |
| JP16548079A JPS55116237A (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1979-12-19 | Pressure measuring device |
| FR7931231A FR2444935A1 (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1979-12-20 | DYNAMIC GAS PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7849557A GB2037993A (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1978-12-21 | Dynamic gas pressure measuring device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2037993A true GB2037993A (en) | 1980-07-16 |
Family
ID=10501872
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7849557A Withdrawn GB2037993A (en) | 1978-12-21 | 1978-12-21 | Dynamic gas pressure measuring device |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS55116237A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2949670A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2444935A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2037993A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1126616B (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0897106A1 (en) * | 1997-08-14 | 1999-02-17 | Asea Brown Boveri AG | Pressure measuring device, especially at the combustion chamber of a gas turbine |
| EP1211498A1 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-05 | ALSTOM Power N.V. | Probe for measuring pressure vibrations |
| EP1288642A2 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-05 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Measuring pressure in a combustor ( gas turbine ) : Damping tube without moisture condensation and bundled tubes |
| EP1510803A1 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2005-03-02 | United Technologies Corporation | Non-resonating close coupled probe |
| WO2007101426A1 (en) * | 2006-03-07 | 2007-09-13 | Astrium Gmbh | High temperature pressure sensor element, particularly for measuring pressures inside jet engines, method for the production thereof and component for jet engines |
| EP2199680A1 (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-23 | Rolls-Royce plc | Combuster rumble |
| WO2011112616A3 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2011-11-10 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Pressure transducer employing a micro-filter and emulating an infinite tube pressure transducer |
| US8616064B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2013-12-31 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Combination static and dynamic pressure transducer employing a micro-filter |
| GB2534166A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2016-07-20 | Rolls Royce Plc | Pressure sensor system |
| US9683909B2 (en) | 2014-03-24 | 2017-06-20 | Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg | Pressure-measuring device for measuring dynamic pressure and gas-turbine combustion chamber having pressure measuring device |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6978680B2 (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2005-12-27 | General Electric Company | Dynamic pressure probe holder and method of obtaining a dynamic pressure signal |
| US20170148152A1 (en) * | 2015-11-25 | 2017-05-25 | General Electric Company | Systems and Methods for Monitoring Component Strain |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3441695A (en) * | 1966-11-14 | 1969-04-29 | Gen Motors Corp | Rate of fluid pressure change sensor for effecting a signal |
-
1978
- 1978-12-21 GB GB7849557A patent/GB2037993A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1979
- 1979-12-11 DE DE19792949670 patent/DE2949670A1/en active Pending
- 1979-12-19 JP JP16548079A patent/JPS55116237A/en active Pending
- 1979-12-19 IT IT28227/79A patent/IT1126616B/en active
- 1979-12-20 FR FR7931231A patent/FR2444935A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6053048A (en) * | 1997-08-14 | 2000-04-25 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Pressure-measuring device |
| EP0897106A1 (en) * | 1997-08-14 | 1999-02-17 | Asea Brown Boveri AG | Pressure measuring device, especially at the combustion chamber of a gas turbine |
| EP1211498A1 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-05 | ALSTOM Power N.V. | Probe for measuring pressure vibrations |
| US6550336B2 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2003-04-22 | Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd | Probe for measuring pressure oscillations |
| US6880391B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2005-04-19 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Measuring instrument of the pressure in a combustor |
| EP1288642A2 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-05 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Measuring pressure in a combustor ( gas turbine ) : Damping tube without moisture condensation and bundled tubes |
| EP1288642A3 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-12 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Measuring pressure in a combustor ( gas turbine ) : Damping tube without moisture condensation and bundled tubes |
| US6925883B2 (en) | 2003-08-28 | 2005-08-09 | United Technologies Corporation | Non resonating close coupled probe |
| EP1510803A1 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2005-03-02 | United Technologies Corporation | Non-resonating close coupled probe |
| WO2007101426A1 (en) * | 2006-03-07 | 2007-09-13 | Astrium Gmbh | High temperature pressure sensor element, particularly for measuring pressures inside jet engines, method for the production thereof and component for jet engines |
| US8001844B2 (en) | 2006-03-07 | 2011-08-23 | Astrium Gmbh | High temperature pressure sensor element, particularly for measuring pressures inside jet engines, method for the production thereof and component for jet engines |
| US8240216B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2012-08-14 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Pressure transducer employing a micro-filter and emulating an infinite tube pressure transducer |
| US8616064B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2013-12-31 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Combination static and dynamic pressure transducer employing a micro-filter |
| US9080927B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2015-07-14 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Combination static and dynamic pressure transducer employing a micro-filter |
| US9791342B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2017-10-17 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Combination static and dynamic pressure transducer employing a micro-filter |
| EP2199680A1 (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-23 | Rolls-Royce plc | Combuster rumble |
| WO2011112616A3 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2011-11-10 | Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. | Pressure transducer employing a micro-filter and emulating an infinite tube pressure transducer |
| US9683909B2 (en) | 2014-03-24 | 2017-06-20 | Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg | Pressure-measuring device for measuring dynamic pressure and gas-turbine combustion chamber having pressure measuring device |
| GB2534166A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2016-07-20 | Rolls Royce Plc | Pressure sensor system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1126616B (en) | 1986-05-21 |
| JPS55116237A (en) | 1980-09-06 |
| FR2444935A1 (en) | 1980-07-18 |
| DE2949670A1 (en) | 1980-06-26 |
| IT7928227A0 (en) | 1979-12-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |