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CN113478214A - Small-size bolt pre-tightening process and device based on axial pre-load - Google Patents

Small-size bolt pre-tightening process and device based on axial pre-load Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113478214A
CN113478214A CN202110789820.3A CN202110789820A CN113478214A CN 113478214 A CN113478214 A CN 113478214A CN 202110789820 A CN202110789820 A CN 202110789820A CN 113478214 A CN113478214 A CN 113478214A
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China
Prior art keywords
bolt
loading
axial
small
preload
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
孙清超
刘召辉
杨阳
袁博
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P19/00—Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes
    • B23P19/04—Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects, or metal and non-metal parts, whether or not involving some deformation; Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes for assembling or disassembling parts
    • B23P19/06—Screw or nut setting or loosening machines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/0028—Force sensors associated with force applying means
    • G01L5/0038—Force sensors associated with force applying means applying a pushing force
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/0028—Force sensors associated with force applying means
    • G01L5/0042—Force sensors associated with force applying means applying a torque
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/24—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed
    • G01L5/243—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed using washers

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a small-size bolt pre-tightening process and device based on axial pre-loading, and belongs to the field of workpiece assembly. The small-size bolt pre-tightening device loads the bolt in real time and detects the pre-tightening force and the thread torque of the bolt, and meanwhile, the friction loss of the end face of the bolt is reduced. The invention provides a method for loading a small-size bolt by adopting an axial preloading mode by utilizing the principles of small pretightening force, large dispersity and deformation generated by bolt screwing. In addition, a corresponding device is designed, the small-size bolt pre-tightening device mainly comprises a pressurizing pump, a pressure sensor, a torque sensor and a supporting plate moving along with the pressurizing pump, the device measures pressurizing pressure, bolt pre-tightening force and thread torque at the same time, and the assembling quality of the small-size bolt is further improved.

Description

Small-size bolt pre-tightening process and device based on axial pre-load
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of workpiece assembly, in particular to a small-size bolt pre-tightening process and device based on axial pre-loading.
Background
In the assembling process of medical instruments and aerospace gyroscopes, a plurality of parts are connected by bolts, and small-size bolts are often adopted due to small volume and high precision of used equipment. In the actual assembly process, due to the lack of study on the influence rule of bolt fastening and assembly body geometric deviation, the assembly process is usually implemented by means of manual experience. In the assembling process, the installation sequence of the bolts influences the pretightening force of the bolt group, the pretightening force of the bolt which is screwed later can be changed by the bolt which is screwed later, and the assembling quality repeatability of the same part is poor under the same assembling process. The dynamic performance of the mechanical joint surface can directly influence the dynamic performance of the whole equipment, and the number, distribution, pretightening force and other factors of the bolts can directly influence the assembly quality of the vehicle parts.
The torque of the bolt is dispersed into three parts in the tightening process, namely end face friction torque, thread torque and pretightening force. The most commonly used bolt pretensions are the torque method and the torque-angle method. The torque method is a method defined according to a certain relation between the torque and the axial force, but the axial force of the bolt has a large error due to the change of the torque coefficient. The bolt torque control method mainly comprises three stages: the first stage is the fitting stage, which is mainly to place the bolt in the correct mounting position and pre-tighten until the bolt is completely fitted to the surface of the mounting workpiece. The process of pretightening force from zero to any is performed in the stage, so that the stress is very uneven and is difficult to control; the second stage is a linear stage, and the pretightening force generated by the bolt in the stage is basically in linear correlation with the torque applied to the bolt; the third stage is a yield stage, and the torque and angle method is characterized in that after a certain torque is applied, the pretightening force of the bolt is controlled by adopting an angle, so that the applicability to small-size bolts is poor. The bolt tightening process has many influencing factors including tightening speed, tightening times, tightening sequence and the like, and the assembling effect is difficult to ensure.
The axial preload is a new mode aiming at the small bolt loading pretightening force, and the contact surface of the bolt head and the connected piece is considered to be deformed in the bolt tightening process, so that a certain axial preload is applied to the periphery of the bolt head before tightening, the specific pretightening force can be directly generated for the small bolt, the end surface friction loss is reduced, and a new mode is provided for the small bolt tightening.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the existing defects and improvement requirements of the bolt tightening mode, the invention provides a small-size bolt pre-tightening process and device based on axial pre-loading.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a small-size bolt pre-tightening device based on axial preload comprises an axial preload loading component, a bolt pre-tightening force detection component and a bolt thread torque detection component;
the axial preload loading component comprises a split hydraulic pump 1, a loading head 2, a pressure sensor a3, a movable support plate 13 and an axial preload loading column 4; the separated hydraulic pump 1 is fixed on a loading platform 12, a plurality of supporting columns are arranged on the loading platform 12, and one end of the separated hydraulic pump 1 is fixed on the supporting columns through bolts; the loading head 2 is connected between the separated hydraulic pump 1 and the pressure sensor a3, and the pressure sensor a3 is connected with a pressure display to display a pressure value in real time; the middle of the movable supporting plate 13 is provided with a spherical loading column, and the end part of the movable supporting plate is connected to the supporting column through a bearing 16 and driven by the bearing 16 to move up and down; the axial preloading loading column 4 is of a T-shaped structure, and the loading column on the movable supporting plate 13 is matched with the spherical surface of the axial preloading loading column 4 to play a centering role in the loading process; the movable support plate 13 is forced to move upwards, and the loading column thereof applies pressure to the periphery of the bolt 8 through the axial preloading loading column 4; the pressure sensor a3 is mounted on the lower surface of the movable support plate 13;
the bolt pretightening force detection component comprises a pressure sensor b6, a T-shaped clamp 5, a replaceable gasket 17, a bolt 8, a nut 9, a connected piece 7 and a supporting plate 14; the T-shaped clamp 5, the pressure sensor b6, the supporting plate 14 and the connected piece 7 are fixedly connected through a bolt 8 in sequence; wherein, the T-shaped clamp 5 is arranged at the bottom of the groove shaped like a Chinese character 'ji'; the pressure sensor b6 is annular, and a groove shaped like a Chinese character 'ji' of the T-shaped clamp 5 is matched with an inner ring of the pressure sensor b 6; the pressure sensor b6 is connected with a pressure display to display the pressure value in real time;
the bolt thread torque detection part comprises a torque sensor 10, a groove-shaped clamp 11 and an upper plate 15; the groove-shaped clamp 11, the torque sensor 10 and the upper plate 15 are fixedly connected in sequence, and the upper plate 15 is fixed on the support column; the connected piece 7 is fixed on the groove-shaped clamp 11.
When the periphery of the bolt 8 is pressed, the pressure sensor b6 detects the pressed size; and when unloading, displaying the pretightening force of the bolt.
The top surface of the loading head 2 is a spherical surface, and is matched with the upper surface of the separated hydraulic pump 1 to play a centering role in the loading process.
And the bottom plate of the loading platform 2, the upper plate 15 and the supporting columns are fixedly connected through bolts.
A replaceable gasket 17 is placed between the bolt 8 and the T-clamp 5.
The small-size bolt pre-tightening process based on axial preload is characterized in that the axial preload-based small-size bolt pre-tightening model is established according to the following processes:
in the process of connecting the bolt 8, an axial force F is firstly applied to the connected piece 7NThe connected piece generates compression deformation:
Figure BDA0003160434250000031
in the formula,. DELTA.l1In order to be compressed and deformed by axial preload of the connected member 7, FNFor axial preload force, /)1For original thickness of the jointed part, EA1Is the rigidity of the connected piece;
the connected piece 7 is pressed to generate strain energy:
Figure BDA0003160434250000032
in the formula, V∈1Is compressive strain energy;
after the axial preload is applied, the pretightening force of the bolt is applied, and the axial deformation generated due to the small pretightening force of the bolt is regarded as zero; after unloading, part of the strain energy of the connecting piece 7 is converted into the strain energy of the bolt, so that the bolt 8 generates pretightening force, and the strain energy of the connecting piece 7 at the moment consists of two parts:
Vε1＝Vε2+Vε3
Figure BDA0003160434250000041
Figure BDA0003160434250000042
Figure BDA0003160434250000043
Figure BDA0003160434250000044
in the formula, Vε2For strain energy, V, of the part 7 to be connected after unloadingε3Is the strain energy of bolt 8, FaFor pre-tightening the bolts 8,. l1For original thickness of the connected piece 7, EA1For rigidity of the connected member 7, /)2For the original length of the bolt 8, EA2Is the bolt 8 stiffness;
from this, the relationship between the axial preload and the bolt 8 preload is:
Figure BDA0003160434250000045
in the formula, FaPretension of the bolt 8, FNFor axial preload force, /)1For original thickness of the connected piece 7, EA1For rigidity of the connected member 7, /)2For the original length of the bolt 8, EA2The rigidity of the bolt 8.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
aiming at the characteristics of large torque, large pretightening force dispersity and small required pretightening force of a small-size bolt due to friction loss, a bolt pretightening force loading mode based on axial preload is provided, the loading force is uniformly and centrally transmitted to a loading surface through spherical support of a loading part, a replaceable gasket and a replaceable axial preload loading column are designed aiming at replaceability, and meanwhile, three quantities of the loading force, the bolt pretightening force and the thread torque can be detected, so that the efficiency is further improved, meanwhile, the end face friction loss in the bolt tightening process is reduced by the axial preload loading mode, and the efficiency of bolt pretightening torque is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an axial preload and preload force sensing apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the axial preload and preload force sensing apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a loading head;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a movable support plate;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a split hydraulic pump;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an axial preload load column;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a pressure sensor;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a channel clamp;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a torque sensor;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a T-clamp;
fig. 11 is a schematic axial preload.
In the figure: 1 split hydraulic pump, 2 loading heads, 3 pressure sensor a, 4 axial preload loading columns, 5T-shaped clamps, 6 pressure sensor b, 7 connected pieces, 8 bolts, 9 nuts, 10 torque sensors, 11 groove-shaped clamps, 12 bottom plates, 13 movable supporting plates, 14 supporting plates, 15 upper plates, 16 bearings and 17 replaceable gaskets.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further specifically described below by specific examples, which are only for illustrating the present invention and do not limit the protection scope of the present invention.
1. Establishing a bolt pretightening force loading model based on axial preload:
in the process of bolt connection, an axial force F is firstly applied to the connected piece 7NThe connected member 7 is subjected to compression deformation:
Figure BDA0003160434250000051
in the formula,. DELTA.l1In order to be compressed and deformed by axial preload of the connected member 7, FNFor axial preload force, /)1For original thickness of the connected piece 7, EA1Is the rigidity of the connected member 7.
The connected piece 7 is pressed to generate strain energy:
Figure BDA0003160434250000061
in the formula, V∈1Is a compressive strain energy.
After the axial preload is applied, small bolt pretightening force is applied, the axial deformation generated by the pretightening force is regarded as zero, after the bolt pretightening force is unloaded, one part of the strain energy of the connecting piece 7 is converted into the strain energy of the bolt 8, so that the bolt 8 generates the pretightening force, and at the moment, the strain energy of the connected piece 7 consists of two parts:
Vε1＝Vε2+Vε3
Figure BDA0003160434250000062
Figure BDA0003160434250000063
Figure BDA0003160434250000064
Figure BDA0003160434250000065
Vε2for strain energy, V, of the part 7 to be connected after unloadingε3Is the strain energy of bolt 8, FaFor pre-tightening the bolts 8,. l1For original thickness of the connected piece 7, EA1For rigidity of the connected member 7, /)2For the original length of the bolt 8, EA2Is the bolt 8 stiffness;
it can be concluded from this that the relationship between axial preload and bolt pretension:
Figure BDA0003160434250000066
2. axial preloading-based small-size bolt pre-tightening device:
the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in FIG. 1, the invention relates to a small-size bolt pre-tightening device based on axial pre-load.
Referring to fig. 1, the axial preload device includes a separate hydraulic pump 1, a loading head 2, a pressure sensor 3, a movable support plate 13, and an axial preload column 4. The separated hydraulic pump 1 is fixed on the loading platform, is connected with a hydraulic rod when in use, pressurizes the hydraulic pump through the hydraulic rod, is connected with the pressure sensor 3 through threads by the loading head 2, and adjusts the height through the threads; meanwhile, the loading head 2 is a spherical surface and is matched with the separated hydraulic pump 1 to play a centering role in the loading process. The pressure sensor 3 is connected with a pressure display to display a pressure value in real time, the movable supporting plate 13 is connected with the supporting column through the bearing 16 and moves up and down, the movable supporting plate 13 is provided with a loading column with a spherical surface, the loading column is matched with the axial preloading loading column 4 in a spherical surface mode and plays a centering role in the loading process, and the other end of the axial preloading loading column 4 loads the periphery of the bolt 8.
In the loading process, the separated hydraulic pump 1 transmits pressure to the loading head 2, the loading head 2 and the pressure sensor a3 are matched to display a pressure value, the pressure sensor a3 is installed on the movable support plate 13, the movable support plate 13 moves upwards under the stress of the force and transmits the pressure to the axial preloading loading column 4 through the loading column, and the axial preloading loading column 4 further applies pressure to the periphery of the bolt head 8;
the bolt pretightening force detection device comprises a pressure sensor b6, a T-shaped clamp 5, a replaceable gasket 17, a bolt 8, a nut 9, a connected piece 7 and a supporting plate 14. The pressure sensor 6 is fixed on the movable supporting plate 13 through a bolt and connected with the pressure display to display a pressure value in real time, the T-shaped clamp 5 is fixedly connected with the pressure sensor 6 through a bolt, the T-shaped clamp 5 is one of the bolt-connected parts, the replaceable gasket 17 is placed between the bolt 8 and the T-shaped clamp 5, and the connected part 7 is connected with the T-shaped clamp 5 through a bolt and a nut.
When the periphery of the bolt head 8 is pressed, the pressure sensor 6 detects the pressed size; when unloading, displaying the pre-tightening force of the bolt;
the threaded torque measuring device comprises a torque sensor 10, a groove-shaped clamp 11 and an upper plate 15. The bottom surface of the torque sensor 10 is fixed to the upper plate 15 by bolts, the groove type jig 11 is fixed to the torque sensor 10 by bolts, and the connected member 7 is fixed to the groove type jig 11 by pins.
The loading platform upper plate 15, the bottom plate 12 and the supporting columns are fixedly connected through bolts.
In the using process, firstly, the thread of the loading head 2 is adjusted to enable one end of the axial preloading column 4 to be in contact with the replaceable gasket 17, the pressure sensor a3, the pressure sensor b6 and the torque sensor 10 are adjusted to be in a zero state, loading is started through the separated hydraulic pump 1, after a certain pressure value is loaded, the end faces of the bolt head and the nut are screwed to be in a fit state with the connected piece 7 through the nut 9, after unloading, the pre-tightening force of the loaded bolt is detected through the pressure sensor b6, and the torque sensor 10 detects the formed thread torque.
While the embodiments of the present invention have been described, the present invention is not limited to the above description and examples, and those skilled in the art can make various changes, modifications, additions and substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1.一种基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧装置，其特征在于，该小尺寸螺栓预紧装置包括轴向预载加载部件、螺栓预紧力检测部件和螺栓螺纹扭矩检测部件；1. A small-size bolt preloading device based on axial preload, characterized in that the small-size bolt preloading device comprises an axial preload loading component, a bolt preload force detection component and a bolt thread torque detection component; 轴向预载加载部件包括分离式液压泵(1)、加载头(2)、压力传感器a(3)、移动支撑板(13)和轴向预载加载柱(4)；分离式液压泵(1)固定于加载台(12)上，加载台(12)上布置多根支撑柱，分离式液压泵(1)一端螺栓固定于支撑柱上；加载头(2)连接于分离式液压泵(1)与压力传感器a(3)间，压力传感器a(3)与压力显示器连接，实时显示压力值；移动支撑板(13)的中间带有球面的加载柱，其端部通过轴承(16)连接在支撑柱上，并在轴承(16)的带动下上下移动；轴向预载加载柱(4)为T型结构，移动支撑板(13)上的加载柱与轴向预载加载柱(4)球面配合，在加载过程中起定心作用；移动支撑板(13)受力向上移动，其加载柱通过轴向预载加载柱(4)向螺栓(8)周围施加压力；压力传感器a(3)安装在移动支撑板(13)的下表面；The axial preload loading component includes a separate hydraulic pump (1), a loading head (2), a pressure sensor a (3), a moving support plate (13) and an axial preload loading column (4); a separate hydraulic pump ( 1) Fixed on the loading table (12), a plurality of support columns are arranged on the loading table (12), and one end of the separate hydraulic pump (1) is bolted to the support column; the loading head (2) is connected to the separate hydraulic pump ( 1) Between the pressure sensor a (3), the pressure sensor a (3) is connected to the pressure display, and the pressure value is displayed in real time; the loading column with a spherical surface in the middle of the moving support plate (13), the end of which passes through the bearing (16) It is connected to the support column and moves up and down under the drive of the bearing (16); the axial preload loading column (4) is a T-shaped structure, and the loading column on the moving support plate (13) and the axial preload loading column ( 4) The spherical surface cooperates and plays a centering role during the loading process; the moving support plate (13) is forced to move upward, and its loading column applies pressure to the surrounding of the bolt (8) through the axial preloading loading column (4); pressure sensor a (3) Installed on the lower surface of the moving support plate (13); 螺栓预紧力检测部件包括压力传感器b(6)、T型夹具(5)、可更换垫片(17)、螺栓(8)、螺母(9)、被连接件(7)和支撑板(14)；T型夹具(5)、压力传感器b(6)、支撑板(14)和被连接件(7)依次通过螺栓(8)固定连接；其中，T型夹具(5)装于“几”字凹槽底部；压力传感器b(6)呈环状，T型夹具(5)的“几”字凹槽与压力传感器b(6)的内环配合；压力传感器b(6)与压力显示器连接，实时显示压力值；The bolt pre-tightening force detection component includes a pressure sensor b (6), a T-type clamp (5), a replaceable gasket (17), a bolt (8), a nut (9), a connected piece (7) and a support plate (14) ); the T-type clamp (5), the pressure sensor b (6), the support plate (14) and the connected part (7) are fixedly connected by bolts (8) in turn; wherein, the T-type clamp (5) is installed in the The bottom of the word groove; the pressure sensor b(6) is annular, and the "ji" word groove of the T-shaped fixture (5) is matched with the inner ring of the pressure sensor b(6); the pressure sensor b(6) is connected to the pressure display , display the pressure value in real time; 螺栓螺纹扭矩检测部件包括扭矩传感器(10)、槽型夹具(11)和上板(15)；槽型夹具(11)、扭矩传感器(10)和上板(15)依次固定连接，上板(15)固定在支撑柱上；被连接件(7)固定在槽型夹具(11)上。The bolt thread torque detection component includes a torque sensor (10), a grooved clamp (11) and an upper plate (15); the grooved clamp (11), the torque sensor (10) and the upper plate (15) are fixedly connected in sequence, and the upper plate ( 15) is fixed on the support column; the connected piece (7) is fixed on the grooved clamp (11). 2.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧装置，其特征在于，加载头(2)顶面为球面，与分离式液压泵(1)上表面配合，在加载过程中起定心作用。2. A small-size bolt preloading device based on axial preloading according to claim 1, characterized in that the top surface of the loading head (2) is a spherical surface, which cooperates with the upper surface of the separate hydraulic pump (1), Plays a centering role during loading. 3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧装置，其特征在于，所述加载台(2)底板、上板(15)和支撑柱通过螺栓固定连接。3. A small-size bolt preloading device based on axial preloading according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the bottom plate, the upper plate (15) and the support column of the loading table (2) are fixed by bolts connect. 4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧装置，其特征在于，螺栓(8)与T型夹具(5)之间放置可更换垫片(17)。4. A small-sized bolt preloading device based on axial preloading according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a replaceable gasket (17) is placed between the bolt (8) and the T-type clamp (5). ). 5.根据权利要求3所述的一种基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧装置，其特征在于，螺栓(8)与T型夹具(5)之间放置可更换垫片(17)。5. A small-size bolt preloading device based on axial preloading according to claim 3, characterized in that a replaceable gasket (17) is placed between the bolt (8) and the T-shaped clamp (5). 6.一种基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧工艺，其特征在于，基于轴向预载的小尺寸螺栓预紧力模型建立依据以下过程：6. A small-size bolt pre-tightening process based on axial preload, characterized in that the establishment of a small-size bolt pre-tightening force model based on axial preload is based on the following process: 螺栓(8)连接过程中，先对被连接件(7)施加轴向力FN，被连接件产生压缩变形：During the connection process of the bolt (8), the axial force F N is first applied to the connected part (7), and the connected part is compressed and deformed:
Figure FDA0003160434240000021
Figure FDA0003160434240000021
 式中，Δl1为被连接件(7)受轴向预载产生压缩变形，FN为轴向预载力，l1为被连接件原始厚度，EA1为被连接件刚度；In the formula, Δl 1 is the compression deformation caused by the axial preload of the connected part (7), F N is the axial preload force, l 1 is the original thickness of the connected part, and EA 1 is the rigidity of the connected part; 被连接件(7)受压产生应变能：The connected parts (7) are compressed to generate strain energy:
Figure FDA0003160434240000022
Figure FDA0003160434240000022
 式中，V∈1为压缩应变能；where V ∈ 1 is the compressive strain energy; 施加轴向预载后，再施加螺栓预紧力，螺栓预紧力小因此产生的轴向变形视为零；卸载后被连接件(7)的应变能一部分转换为螺栓的应变能，使螺栓(8)产生预紧力，此时被连接件(7)应变能由两部分组成：After the axial preload is applied, the bolt preload is applied again, and the axial deformation caused by the small bolt preload is regarded as zero; after unloading, part of the strain energy of the connected part (7) is converted into the strain energy of the bolt, so that the bolt (8) The pre-tightening force is generated, and the strain energy of the connected part (7) is composed of two parts: Vε1＝Vε2+Vε3 V ε1 =V ε2 +V ε3
Figure FDA0003160434240000031
Figure FDA0003160434240000031
Figure FDA0003160434240000032
Figure FDA0003160434240000032
Figure FDA0003160434240000033
Figure FDA0003160434240000033
Figure FDA0003160434240000034
Figure FDA0003160434240000034
 式中，Vε2为卸载后的被连接件(7)应变能，Vε3为螺栓(8)应变能，Fa为螺栓(8)预紧力，l1为被连接件(7)原始厚度，EA1为被连接件(7)刚度，l2为螺栓(8)原始长度，EA2为螺栓(8)刚度；In the formula, V ε2 is the strain energy of the connected piece (7) after unloading, V ε3 is the strain energy of the bolt (8), F a is the pre-tightening force of the bolt (8), and l 1 is the original thickness of the connected piece (7) , EA 1 is the stiffness of the connected piece (7), l 2 is the original length of the bolt (8), and EA 2 is the stiffness of the bolt (8); 由此推出，轴向预载与螺栓(8)预紧力的关系：From this, it can be deduced that the relationship between the axial preload and the bolt (8) preload is:
Figure FDA0003160434240000035
Figure FDA0003160434240000035
 式中，Fa为螺栓(8)预紧力，FN为轴向预载力，l1为被连接件(7)原始厚度，EA1为被连接件(7)刚度，l2为螺栓(8)原始长度，EA2为螺栓(8)刚度。In the formula, F a is the preload force of the bolt (8), F N is the axial preload force, l1 is the original thickness of the connected piece ( 7 ), EA1 is the stiffness of the connected piece (7), and l2 is the bolt (8) Original length, EA 2 is bolt (8) stiffness.
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