CN117846594B - Method for blasting tunneling roadway/tunnel by solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for blasting tunneling roadway/tunnel by solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium comprises the following steps: a plurality of drill holes are formed in a roadway/tunnel driving surface, and the drill holes are arranged in an annular area mode; after the drilling is finished, determining the drug loading amount of the drilling hole of the slitting hole and the drilling hole of the auxiliary hole, determining the number of the fragmentation blasting devices according to the drug loading amount, adjusting the required amount and the ratio of the solid medium and the liquid medium according to the requirement, and placing the devices after the determination; the peripheral hole drilling confirms the quantity of the energy gathering blasting devices according to the drug loading quantity, adjusts the proportion of solid and liquid mediums, and adjusts the orientation of energy gathering pipes in the energy gathering blasting devices after the filling is finished, so that the energy gathering holes are aligned to the contour surface of a roadway/tunnel; after the device is filled, leading out the lead from the blast hole; the invention can improve the molding effect of the tunneling profile surface on the basis of reducing the explosive consumption by more than 22% so that the tunneling profile surface is smoother, and the tunneling speed can be improved.

Description

A method for driving a lane/tunnel by blasting using solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for blasting a lane/tunnel, in particular to a method for blasting a lane/tunnel by using a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, and belongs to the technical field of coal mine lane/tunnel concentrated energy blasting.

Background technique

Lane/tunnel excavation is one of the most important links in a mine. Factors such as the speed and effect of excavation determine many aspects such as the speed of working face succession and ventilation effect. How to excavate safely and efficiently is an important issue in a mine.

Traditional excavation methods mainly include blasting and mechanical rock breaking. Blasting rock breaking refers to the use of blasting to break rocks and form lanes/tunnels. Traditional blasting has disadvantages such as a lot of dust and harmful gases. At the same time, because the contour surface is not smooth enough, the over-excavation and under-excavation are large, and repairs and secondary blasting are required, resulting in low work efficiency and a large amount of explosives, which in turn leads to slow excavation speed and poor results. In addition, the working face environment conditions are poor, which is very detrimental to the health of workers. Mechanical excavation uses machines such as tunneling machines to impact and cut rocks through the tunneling head to break them and form lanes/tunnels. Because the tunneling head rotates at high speed, a large amount of dust and small-particle gravel are often generated during the rock crushing process, which is not conducive to the health of workers and has low visibility. The high construction conditions and high costs of tunneling machines, low rock strength, and short continuous working time have further reduced the actual scope of application of tunneling machines.

Therefore, a tunneling method is needed that can increase the excavation speed, reduce the use of explosives and energy, make the excavation profile smooth, have low requirements on conditions, have little negative impact such as dust and noise, and be safe, efficient, and have a wide range of applications.

Summary of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for blasting a lane/tunnel using a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, which can greatly reduce the amount of explosives, improve the forming effect of the excavation profile surface, make it smoother, and at the same time increase the excavation speed, and has low requirements on working conditions and relatively small negative effects such as dust and noise.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, comprising the following steps:

① Drilling: Drill several holes on the tunnel/tunnel excavation surface, and arrange the holes in a circular area;

Arrange the slot eye drilling holes, and the slot eye drilling holes are located in the center of the lane/tunnel excavation face;

Arranging auxiliary eye drilling holes, wherein the auxiliary eye drilling holes are arranged in a circular manner around the outer side of the groove eye drilling hole, and the number of auxiliary eye drilling holes on the side close to the groove eye drilling hole is less than the number of auxiliary eye drilling holes on the side far from the groove eye drilling hole;

Lay out peripheral boreholes, and lay out peripheral boreholes around the outside of the auxiliary boreholes along the edge of the roadway/tunnel excavation face;

② After the drilling is completed, it is necessary to determine the amount of charge required for the slot hole drilling and auxiliary hole drilling, and determine the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting devices to be used according to the charge amount. Adjust the amount and ratio of solid and liquid media as needed. After determination, the device can be placed;

③ After the slot hole drilling and auxiliary hole drilling devices are set up, the peripheral hole drilling device is set up. The peripheral hole drilling needs to confirm the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy-gathering blasting devices according to the charge amount and adjust the ratio of solid and liquid media according to the needs. After the filling is completed, the direction of the energy-gathering tube in the energy-gathering blasting device is adjusted to align the energy-gathering hole with the contour surface of the lane/tunnel;

④ After the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device are fully loaded, the leads of the above devices are led out from the blasthole, and the blasthole is sealed with blasthole mud;

⑤ Before detonation, the gas concentration of the working face needs to be tested. If the gas concentration exceeds the standard, blasting is not allowed. After the gas inspection is completed and it is confirmed that all personnel on the blasting working face have evacuated to a safe range, the blasting device is detonated. During the blasting process, the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device adds solid medium and liquid medium, and the two together with the air in the borehole and the gap of the device act as coupling media to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, which has a higher transmission efficiency for the energy generated by the blasting and the vibration wave generated by the blasting, and has an impact on the surroundings. Compared with water pressure blasting, the power can be increased by more than ten times. During the explosion, the solid medium directly impacts the rock and destroys the rock, and can be used as a proppant in the crack to maintain the open state of the crack. The high-pressure gas generated by the explosion and the high-pressure liquid that absorbs a lot of energy impact the rock, generating a "gas wedge" formed by the high-pressure airflow and a "liquid wedge" formed by the high-pressure liquid, which together with the granular solid medium destroy the rock, generate more explosive cracks, and have a better crushing effect on the rock;

When the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium shaped energy blasting device is used for shaped energy blasting, since it needs to produce the effect of directional fracture of rock, the disordered energy is converted into order by means of the energy focusing effect of the energy focusing tube, and the energy is directed to the energy focusing direction and ejected along the energy focusing direction, so the energy is more concentrated and the utilization rate is higher. After energy focusing, since the energy focusing tube only breaks in the energy focusing direction but not breaks, the surrounding rock in other directions is further protected from impact and the force is uniform. The rock mass is intact and provides energy for the tensile failure of directional fractures. After energy focusing, the blasting device releases higher energy in the energy focusing direction, and the solid medium and the liquid medium are also converged by the energy focusing tube, which can cause deeper directional fractures.

After the blasting is completed, the blasting results are evaluated and the half-eye residual rate is statistically analyzed. The higher the half-eye residual rate, the better the lane/tunnel shaping effect and the higher the blasthole utilization rate.

The number of the slotted holes of the present invention is 5, and the specific arrangement is that the drilling hole 2, the drilling hole 3, the drilling hole 4, and the drilling hole 5 surround the drilling hole 1 at the inner center position by surrounding;

The number of auxiliary eye drilling holes is 28, the number of drilling holes close to the slot hole drilling side is 13, and the number of drilling holes away from the slot hole drilling side is 15;

Peripheral eye drilling: the number of peripheral eye drilling holes is 22, evenly arranged along the lane/tunnel excavation face.

The explosives in the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device of the present invention can be loaded in an adjustable quantity according to the length of the charging tube or the depth of the drilling hole during loading, and can be staggered with the solid-liquid medium holding bags as required, and usually a group of solid-liquid medium holding bags is loaded after every two to three pieces of explosives are loaded.

The solid-liquid medium containing bag of the present invention is divided into a solid-liquid mixing type and a solid-liquid separation type in terms of containing mode. The solid-liquid mixing type is to fully mix the solid medium and the liquid medium, which has a better effect, while the solid-liquid separation type is to pack the solid medium and the liquid medium separately in actual operation, which is simpler in actual operation; the liquid medium is water or salt water with inorganic salt added; the solid medium is a high-strength granular solid material. To ensure the best blasting power, the best ratio of the solid medium to the liquid medium is 1/6-1/4. The greater the strength of the solid medium, the greater the dynamic impact capacity during blasting and the stronger the ability to maintain cracks from closing. Considering the economic cost, this strength solid particle medium is selected, and the strength of the solid medium should be higher than 70MPa.

The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device of the present invention also includes a charging tube, a connecting clip, a detonator, a solid-liquid medium bag, a liquid medium and a solid medium. The explosive is arranged in the charging tube, and the detonator is fixed in the explosive, connected to the detonator through a lead, and led out from the charging tube. The fragmentation blasting function is achieved by arranging the explosive, the detonator, and the solid-liquid medium bag containing the solid medium and the liquid medium inside the charging tube, and the connecting clip is used to fix and connect them, and the order and time of detonation are controlled by means of the detonator and the lead, so as to realize the actual use of the device.

The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device of the present invention also includes an energy-gathering blasting tube, a connecting clip, a detonator, and a solid-liquid medium holding bag. The detonator is fixed in the explosive, connected to the detonator through a lead, and led out from the energy-gathering hole. The function of energy-gathering blasting is achieved by arranging the explosive, the detonator, and the solid-liquid medium holding bag containing solid medium and liquid medium inside the energy-gathering tube, and the connecting clip is used for fixing and connecting. The order and time of detonation are controlled by means of the detonator and the lead, so as to realize the actual use of the device.

The energy-gathering blasting tube includes an energy-gathering tube body and an energy-gathering structure. The cross-section of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body is circular, and the cross-section of the inner cavity of the energy-gathering tube body is elliptical. There are two energy-gathering structures, which are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the elliptical inner cavity, and both energy-gathering structures are located on the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity, so that the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity is the energy-gathering direction; the tube wall thickness of the energy-gathering tube body gradually increases from the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity to its short axis, and the thickness is the largest in the direction of the short axis of the elliptical inner cavity; the energy-gathering structure is composed of a plurality of energy-gathering holes, and the plurality of energy-gathering holes are arranged in a straight line with equal spacing, and the straight line is parallel to the axis of the energy-gathering tube body.

The energy-gathering holes of the present invention are energy-gathering holes of axisymmetric shape (such as circular holes, elliptical holes, diamond holes, regular hexagonal holes, etc.), and the longest symmetric axis direction of each energy-gathering hole is consistent with the direction of the engraved lines. The purpose of selecting the axisymmetric energy-gathering holes is to cooperate with the engraved lines and assist the energy-gathering tube to release energy linearly along the engraved lines. The ratio of the long axis to the short axis of the inner cavity is between 16:9 and 4:3; this can ensure the control of the tube wall thickness and make the energy better gathered in the energy-gathering direction during blasting; the longest symmetric axis length of each energy-gathering hole is 1/7 to 1/11 of the circular diameter of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body, and the distance between adjacent energy-gathering holes is 3-5 times the longest symmetric axis length of the energy-gathering hole. The circular diameter of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body is 6-8mm smaller than the diameter of the blasthole. Within this range, the energy is better gathered in the energy-gathering direction during blasting. The material of the energy-gathering tube has flame retardant and antistatic properties, thereby ensuring safety when in contact with explosives.

The connecting tenon of the present invention is an I-shaped structure, and the upper and lower edges of the parts used for connecting with the charge tube are arc-shaped.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention uses a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device to excavate lanes/tunnels, wherein the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device is mainly responsible for crushing the rock, and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device is responsible for forming the contour surface of the lane/tunnel wall. Therefore, the fragmentation device determines the crushing effect of the rock, and the energy-gathering device determines the degree of forming of the contour surface. The more broken the rock is, the fewer the number of drill holes and the amount of explosives required for blasting, the lower the cost of excavation, and the speed will be significantly improved; the smoother the contour surface, the better the forming effect, the less over-excavation and under-excavation, and the less parts that require secondary blasting and repair, which can further improve the excavation efficiency, increase the excavation speed, improve the excavation effect, reduce the subsequent ventilation resistance, and make the subsequent work easier;

The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device of the present invention is distinguished from the traditional direct blasting and water pressure blasting by the addition of a solid coupling agent. After the solid medium and the liquid medium are added, the two together with the air in the borehole and the gap of the device act as a coupling medium to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, which has a higher efficiency in transmitting the energy generated by the blasting and the vibration waves generated by the blasting, and has an impact on the surroundings. Compared with water pressure blasting, the power can be increased by more than ten times. During the explosion, the solid medium directly impacts the rock and destroys the rock, and can act as a proppant in the crack to maintain the open state of the crack. The high-pressure gas generated by the explosion and the high-pressure liquid that absorbs a large amount of energy also impact the rock, generating an "air wedge" formed by the high-pressure airflow and a "liquid wedge" formed by the high-pressure liquid, which together with the granular solid medium destroy the rock, generate more explosive cracks, and have a better rock crushing effect;

The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device of the present invention has the above advantages due to the addition of a solid coupling agent. Since it is necessary to produce a directional fracture effect on the rock, the energy is converted into order by means of the energy-gathering effect of the energy-gathering tube. The energy is directed to the energy-gathering direction and ejected along the energy-gathering direction. The energy is more concentrated and the utilization rate is higher. After energy gathering, since the energy-gathering tube only breaks in the energy-gathering direction but does not break, the surrounding rocks in other directions are further protected from impact and are evenly stressed. The rock mass is intact while providing energy for the tensile destruction of directional cracks. After energy gathering, the blasting device releases higher energy in the energy-gathering direction, and the solid medium and the liquid medium are also converged by the energy-gathering tube, which can cause deeper directional cracks.

The present invention can improve the rock crushing power and can greatly reduce the amount of explosives. According to actual statistics, the amount of explosives can be reduced by more than 22%. At the same time, the shaping effect of the excavation contour surface can be improved to make it smoother. Compared with the traditional excavation method, the shaping effect of the excavation contour surface is not good, and a large amount of material will be wasted to repair the contour surface. Therefore, the present invention can reduce the later repair materials for the contour surface. At the same time, the present invention can also improve the excavation speed, and has low requirements on working conditions, and the negative impacts such as dust and noise are relatively small.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG1 is a schematic diagram of a drilling distribution structure of the present invention;

FIG2 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid-liquid hybrid solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device according to the present invention;

FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid-liquid separation (solid medium is close to explosives) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device according to the present invention;

FIG4 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid-liquid separation (liquid medium is close to explosive) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device according to the present invention;

5 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid-liquid hybrid solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy blasting device according to the present invention;

FIG6 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid-liquid separation (solid medium is close to explosives) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy blasting device according to the present invention;

7 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid-liquid separation (liquid medium is close to explosive) solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy blasting device according to the present invention;

FIG8 is a diagram showing the effect of the slot hole drilling and auxiliary hole drilling filling of the present invention;

FIG9 is a diagram showing the effect of filling the peripheral eye drilling of the present invention;

FIG10 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a shaped charge blasting tube according to the present invention;

FIG11 is a left side view of FIG6;

FIG12 is a schematic diagram of a centerline energy-gathering structure of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a point-line combined energy-gathering structure of the present invention.

In the figure: S1, groove eye drilling, S2, auxiliary eye drilling, S3, peripheral eye drilling, 1, solid-liquid medium holding bag, 2, solid-liquid mixed medium, 3, solid medium, 4, liquid medium, 5, detonator, 6, gas medium-air, 7, explosive, 8, fuse, 9, shaped blasting tube, 9.1, shaped tube body, 9.2, shaped hole, 10, gun mud, 11, shaped groove.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, comprising the following steps:

① Drilling: Drilling a number of holes on the tunnel/tunnel excavation surface. The holes are distributed on the tunnel/tunnel excavation surface and are arranged in a circular area.

As shown in FIG1 , a slotted eye drilling hole S1 is arranged, and the slotted eye drilling hole S1 is located at the center of the lane/tunnel excavation face; the number of drilling holes of the slotted eye drilling hole S1 is 5, and the specific arrangement method is that drilling hole 2, drilling hole 3, drilling hole 4, and drilling hole 5 surround drilling hole 1 at the inner center position by surrounding;

Arrange auxiliary eye drilling holes S2, the auxiliary eye drilling holes S2 are arranged in a ring manner around the outer side of the groove eye drilling hole S1, and the number of auxiliary eye drilling holes S2 close to the groove eye drilling hole S1 is less than the number of auxiliary eye drilling holes S2 away from the groove eye drilling hole S1; the number of drilling holes of the auxiliary eye drilling holes S2 is 28, the number of drilling holes close to the groove eye drilling hole S1 is 13, and the number of drilling holes away from the groove eye drilling hole S1 is 15;

Arrange peripheral eye drilling S3, and arrange peripheral eye drilling S3 around the outer side of auxiliary eye drilling S2 along the edge of the tunnel/tunnel excavation surface; the number of peripheral eye drilling S3 drilling holes is 22, and they are evenly arranged along the tunnel/tunnel excavation surface. The spacing of peripheral eye drilling S3 of I-III grade surrounding rock is 750-900mm, and the spacing of peripheral eye drilling S3 of IV-V grade surrounding rock is 600-750mm. In the present invention, the slotting eye drilling S1 is first detonated to provide a free surface; the auxiliary eye drilling S2 is used to expand the slot cavity blasted by the slotting eye, creating favorable conditions for the blasting of the peripheral eye drilling S3, and the side eye drilling S3 forms the cross-sectional shape of the shaft and tunnel;

② After the drilling is completed, it is necessary to determine the charge amount required for the slot hole drilling S1 and the auxiliary hole drilling S2, and determine the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium fragmentation blasting devices to be used according to the charge amount, and adjust the required amount and proportion of the solid-liquid mixed medium 2 as needed. After the determination, the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium fragmentation blasting device can be placed. The specific placement means for the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium fragmentation blasting device is the existing technology, as long as it can meet the requirements of placing the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium fragmentation blasting device into the borehole;

The charge amount of the slot hole S1 of the present invention is: 1-1.2kg for the surrounding rock of level I-III, 0.8-1kg for the surrounding rock of level IV-V; the charge amount of the auxiliary hole S2 is: 0.8-1kg for the surrounding rock of level I-III, 0.6-0.8kg for the surrounding rock of level IV-V, the required amount and proportion of the solid-liquid medium: after every two to three explosives (0.4-0.6kg) are filled, one solid-liquid medium holding bag 1 is filled, wherein the proportion of the solid-liquid mixed medium 2 is 1/6-1/4;

③ After setting the charge amount of the slot hole S1 and the auxiliary hole S2, the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy-gathering blasting device used for the peripheral hole S3 is set. The energy-gathering blasting device is shown in Figures 5-7. The peripheral hole S3 needs to confirm the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy-gathering blasting devices according to the charge amount. Normally, one energy-gathering tube is placed for each peripheral hole S3, and the proportion of the solid-liquid mixed medium 2 is adjusted as needed. After filling, the direction of the energy-gathering tube in the energy-gathering blasting device is adjusted so that the energy-gathering hole 9.2 is aligned with the contour surface of the lane/tunnel; the charge amount of the peripheral hole S3: 0.6-0.8kg for the surrounding rock of grade I-III, 0.4-0.6kg for the surrounding rock of grade IV-V, the amount of solid-liquid medium: one solid-liquid medium bag 1 is filled after every two to three explosives (0.4-0.6kg) are filled, and the proportion of the solid-liquid mixed medium 2 is 1/6-1/4;

④ After the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device are fully loaded, the lead wire 8 of the above device is led out from the blast hole, and the blast hole is blocked with blast mud 10;

⑤ Before detonation, the gas concentration of the working face needs to be tested. If the gas concentration exceeds the standard, blasting is not allowed. After the gas inspection is completed and it is confirmed that all personnel on the blasting working face have evacuated to a safe range, the blasting device is detonated. During the blasting process, the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device adds solid medium 3 and liquid medium 4, and the two and the gas medium-air 6 in the borehole and the gap of the device are used as coupling media to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, which has a higher transmission efficiency for the energy generated by the blasting and the vibration wave generated by the blasting, and produces an impact on the surroundings. Compared with water pressure blasting, the power can be increased by more than ten times. When the solid medium explodes, 3. Directly impact and destroy rocks, and can act as a proppant in the cracks to keep the cracks open. The high-pressure gas generated by the explosion and the high-pressure liquid that absorbs a lot of energy impact the rocks, generating a "gas wedge" formed by high-pressure airflow and a "liquid wedge" formed by high-pressure liquid, which work together with the granular solid medium to destroy the rocks and generate more explosive cracks, which have a better rock crushing effect. Solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium blasting uses solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium for energy transfer. In particular, the addition of high-strength solid particles can significantly increase the blasting power. According to field tests, it can reduce the amount of explosives by more than 22% compared with traditional blasting. Solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium blasting utilizes the high-speed dynamic impact of high-strength solid particle medium, the liquid wedge effect of high-pressure fluid water jet formed by liquid medium 4, the detonation wave effect of explosives and the gas wedge effect of high-pressure airflow to jointly fracture the coal rock mass, and at the same time, utilizes solid particles to maintain the fracture state of the crack without closing; compared with traditional concentrated energy blasting that mainly relies on the detonation wave and high-energy gas rock breaking effect, this technology adds the "high-speed particle impact (generated by solid medium) + high-pressure water jet (generated by liquid medium)" rock breaking effect, and compared with traditional concentrated energy water pressure blasting, this technology adds the "high-speed particle impact (generated by solid medium)" rock breaking effect, in addition, solid particles can also maintain the fracture state of the crack.

When the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium shaped energy blasting device is used for shaped energy blasting, since it needs to produce a directional fracture effect on the rock, the disordered energy is converted into order by means of the shaped energy effect of the shaped energy tube, and the energy is directed to the shaped energy direction and ejected along the shaped energy direction, so the energy is more concentrated and the utilization rate is higher. After shaped energy, since the shaped energy tube only breaks in the shaped energy direction but not breaks, the surrounding rocks in other directions are further protected from impact and are evenly stressed. While the rock mass is intact, energy is provided for the tensile failure of the directional cracks. After shaped energy, the blasting device releases higher energy in the shaped energy direction, and the solid medium 3 and the liquid medium 4 are also converged by the shaped energy tube, which can cause deeper directional cracks.

After the blasting is completed, the blasting results are evaluated and the half-eye residual rate is statistically analyzed. The higher the half-eye residual rate, the better the lane/tunnel shaping effect, the higher the blasthole utilization rate, and the half-eye residual rate is the existing technology.

The explosives 7 in the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device can be loaded in an adjustable quantity according to the length of the charging tube or the depth of the drilling hole during loading, and can be staggered with the solid-liquid medium holding bags 1 as needed. Usually, a group of solid-liquid medium holding bags 1 is loaded after every two to three explosives are loaded.

The solid-liquid medium holding bag 1 of the present invention is divided into a solid-liquid mixed type and a solid-liquid separated type in terms of the holding method. The liquid medium and the solid medium in the solid-liquid medium holding bag 1 are mixed and assembled in the same bag body, as shown in Figure 2. This carrying method is a solid-liquid mixed type. The operation of this holding method is relatively simple, and the solid and liquid media can be more fully mixed with the impact generated by the explosion of the explosives; if the liquid medium and the solid medium in the solid-liquid medium holding bag 1 are respectively assembled in two isolation spaces in the same bag body, this carrying method is a solid-liquid separated type, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. The operation of this holding method is relatively complicated, but it can ensure that the distribution of the solid medium is more uniform, and the ratio of the solid medium to the liquid medium can be adjusted more flexibly.

The liquid medium of the present invention is water or salt water with inorganic salts added. There are many choices for the liquid medium in terms of material selection, from the simplest water or salt water with inorganic salts added, to other components that assist in rock fracture or components that assist in reducing harmful factors produced by explosions. For example, water with sodium silicate added can also be used, which can not only promote the complete reaction of nitrates produced by the explosion to generate harmless gases, but also play a certain corrosive role on rocks, thereby enhancing the destructive effect on rocks. The main purpose of adding liquid medium is to increase the transfer rate of blasting energy with the help of liquid. Liquid medium has the advantages of being less compressible, having a higher density, and having less energy loss when transmitting energy than gas medium. Liquid medium can also better absorb the heat generated after the explosion, thereby avoiding the generation of other hidden dangers caused by open flames due to excessive heat. In addition, liquid medium can also absorb dust and toxic and harmful gases produced by blasting, which can reduce vibration, improve the working environment, and improve work efficiency.

The solid medium of the present invention is a high-strength granular solid material. The main functions of the solid medium are as follows: in the blasting process, a large amount of energy is obtained by means of the explosion of explosives, and a high-speed impact is generated on the rock, and the rock is damaged and cracks are generated after the impact on the rock; after the rock is damaged, it is wedged into the blasting cracks and maintained as a proppant to open the blasting cracks, so that the blasting cracks will not close under the action of the surrounding rock pressure, and the directional cracks generated between different boreholes are better connected, and the contour surface finally formed is smoother and more complete.

The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device of the present invention also includes a charging tube, a connecting clip, a detonator 5, a solid-liquid medium bag 1, a liquid medium 4 and a solid medium 3. The explosive 7 is arranged in the charging tube, the detonator 5 is fixed in the explosive 7, one end of the lead 8 is connected to the detonator 5, and is led out from the charging tube to connect the detonator. The fragmentation blasting function is achieved by arranging the explosive 7, the detonator 5, and the solid-liquid medium bag 1 containing solid medium and liquid medium inside the charging tube, and the connecting clip is used to fix and connect them. The order and time of detonation are controlled by means of the detonator 5 and the lead 8, so as to realize the actual use of the device.

The solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device of the present invention also includes an energy-gathering blasting tube 3, a connecting clip, an explosive 7, a lead 8, a detonator 5, and a solid-liquid medium holding bag 1. The detonator 5 is fixed in the explosive 7, one end of the lead 8 is connected to the detonator 5, and the other end is led out from the energy-gathering hole 9.2 to connect to the detonator. The function of energy-gathering blasting is realized by arranging the explosive 7, the detonator 5, and the solid-liquid medium holding bag 1 containing solid medium and liquid medium inside the energy-gathering tube, and the connecting clip is used for fixing and connecting, and the order and time of detonation are controlled by means of the detonator 5 and the lead 8, so as to realize the actual use of the device.

As shown in Figures 10 and 11, the energy-gathering blasting tube 9 of the present invention includes an energy-gathering tube body 9.1 and an energy-gathering structure. The cross-section of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1 is circular, and the cross-section of the inner cavity of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1 is elliptical. There are two energy-gathering structures, which are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the elliptical inner cavity, and both energy-gathering structures are located on the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity, so that the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity is the energy-gathering direction; the wall thickness of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1 gradually increases from the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity to its short axis, and the thickness is the largest in the direction of the short axis of the elliptical inner cavity; the energy-gathering structure is composed of a plurality of energy-gathering holes 9.2, and the plurality of energy-gathering holes 9.2 are arranged in a straight line with equal spacing, and the straight line is parallel to the axis of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1.

This type of energy-gathering hole is a "point" type of energy-gathering. The energy generated during blasting is gathered in the form of "points" through these small holes to impact the rock mass. The energy-gathering groove 11 can also be opened on the pipe wall. The energy-gathering groove 11 is a "line" type of energy-gathering. The energy generated during blasting is gathered in the form of "straight lines" through the grooves on the pipe wall to impact the rock mass. In addition, "energy-gathering holes + pipe wall grooves" can be opened on the pipe wall to achieve "point-line" combined energy-gathering, which absorbs the advantages of high concentration of "point" type energy-gathering and convenient processing of "line" type. According to the actual test results, the "point" type of energy-gathering effect is the best, so the energy-gathering hole method is selected for orientation.

The material of the energy-gathering blasting tube of the present invention is flame-retardant and antistatic; the long axis direction of the inner cavity of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1 is the energy-gathering direction, and lines are engraved inside and outside the tube body, and the energy-gathering holes 9.2 are evenly arranged on the tube wall along the engraved lines; in order to improve the energy-gathering effect, the diameter of the energy-gathering holes 9.2 of the present invention is 1/7-1/11 of the diameter of the circular contour of the blasting tube body, and the distance between the energy-gathering holes 9.2 is 3-5 times the diameter of the energy-gathering holes 9.2; the total length of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1 is between 0.5m and 2m; both ends of the energy-gathering tube body 9.1 are provided with T-shaped grooves, which are adapted to be connected with the connecting tenons.

The connecting tenon of the present invention is an "I"-shaped structure, and the upper and lower edges of the parts used for connecting with the charge tube and the blasting tube are arc-shaped, ensuring that after connection, the outer contour of the charge tube or the blasting tube remains straight, and will not bulge out to cause interference when placed in a borehole; when connecting, it is aligned from the side of the T-slot and then slid in until it is fully embedded therein; after the tenon is connected to the T-slot, it is easier to adjust the position of the charge tube or the blasting tube, and the structure can be more stable and not easy to slide when placed, and it is easier to take out, for example, when taking out after a dud is found, the entire set of devices can be taken out without contacting the explosives, which is safer. When placed in a borehole facing downward, it can also prevent the lower blasting tube from detaching from the upper blasting tube due to gravity during the adjustment process.

Claims (9)

1. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: ① Drilling: Drill several holes on the tunnel/tunnel excavation surface, and arrange the holes in a circular area; Arrange the slot eye drilling holes, and the slot eye drilling holes are located in the center of the lane/tunnel excavation face; Arranging auxiliary eye drilling holes, wherein the auxiliary eye drilling holes are arranged in a circular manner around the outer side of the groove eye drilling hole, and the number of auxiliary eye drilling holes on the side close to the groove eye drilling hole is less than the number of auxiliary eye drilling holes on the side far from the groove eye drilling hole; Lay out peripheral boreholes, and lay out peripheral boreholes around the outside of the auxiliary boreholes along the edge of the roadway/tunnel excavation face; ② After the drilling is completed, it is necessary to determine the charge amount required for the slot hole drilling and auxiliary hole drilling, and determine the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting devices to be used according to the charge amount. Adjust the amount of solid-liquid medium required according to the needs, and place the device after determination; ③ After the slot hole drilling and auxiliary hole drilling devices are set up, the peripheral hole drilling device is set up. The peripheral hole drilling needs to confirm the number of solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium energy-gathering blasting devices according to the charge amount and adjust the ratio of solid-liquid medium according to the needs. After the filling is completed, the direction of the energy-gathering tube in the energy-gathering blasting device is adjusted to align the energy-gathering hole with the contour surface of the lane/tunnel; ④ After the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device are fully loaded, the leads of the above devices are led out from the blasthole, and the blasthole is sealed with blasthole mud; ⑤ Before detonation, the gas concentration of the working face needs to be tested. If the gas concentration exceeds the standard, blasting is not allowed. After the gas inspection is completed and it is confirmed that all personnel on the blasting working face have evacuated to a safe range, the blasting device is detonated. During the blasting process, the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device adds solid medium and liquid medium. The two and the air in the borehole and the gap of the device act as coupling media to form a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium, which has a higher transmission efficiency for the energy generated by the blasting and the vibration wave generated by the blasting, and has an impact on the surroundings. Compared with the water pressure blasting, the power is increased to more than ten times. During the explosion, the solid medium directly impacts the rock and destroys the rock, and can act as a proppant in the crack to maintain the open state of the crack. The high-pressure gas generated by the explosion and the high-pressure liquid that absorbs a lot of energy impact the rock, generating a "gas wedge" formed by the high-pressure airflow and a "liquid wedge" formed by the high-pressure liquid, which together with the granular solid medium destroy the rock, generate more explosive cracks, and have a better crushing effect on the rock; When the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium shaped energy blasting device is used for shaped energy blasting, since it needs to produce the effect of directional fracture of rock, the disordered energy is converted into ordered energy by means of the energy focusing effect of the energy focusing tube, and the energy is directed to the energy focusing direction and ejected along the energy focusing direction, so the energy is more concentrated and the utilization rate is higher. After energy focusing, since the energy focusing tube only breaks in the energy focusing direction but not breaks, the surrounding rock in other directions is further protected from impact and the force is uniform. While the rock mass is intact, energy is provided for the tensile failure of directional cracks. After energy focusing, the blasting device releases higher energy in the energy focusing direction, and the solid medium and the liquid medium are also converged by the energy focusing tube, which can cause deeper directional cracks. After the blasting is completed, the blasting results are evaluated and the half-eye residual rate is counted. The higher the half-eye residual rate, the better the lane/tunnel shaping effect and the higher the blasthole utilization rate; The energy-gathering tube comprises an energy-gathering tube body and an energy-gathering structure. The cross-section of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body is circular, and the cross-section of the inner cavity of the energy-gathering tube body is elliptical. There are two energy-gathering structures, which are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the elliptical inner cavity, and both energy-gathering structures are located on the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity, so that the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity is the energy-gathering direction; the tube wall thickness of the energy-gathering tube body gradually increases from the long axis of the elliptical inner cavity to its short axis, and the thickness is the largest in the direction of the short axis of the elliptical inner cavity; the energy-gathering structure is composed of a plurality of energy-gathering holes, and the plurality of energy-gathering holes are arranged in a straight line with equal spacing, and the straight line is parallel to the axis of the energy-gathering tube body. 2. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of holes drilled in the slotted hole drilling is 5, and the specific arrangement is that the borehole 2, the borehole 3, the borehole 4, and the borehole 5 surround the borehole 1 at the inner center position by surrounding the borehole 1; The number of holes drilled in the auxiliary eye is 28, the number of holes drilled near the slot hole is 13, and the number of holes drilled away from the slot hole is 15; Peripheral eye drilling, the number of peripheral eye drilling holes is 22, evenly arranged along the lane/tunnel excavation face. 3. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the explosives in the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device and the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device can be adjusted in quantity according to the length of the charging tube or the depth of the drilling hole during filling, and are staggered with the solid-liquid medium holding bags as needed, and a group of solid-liquid medium holding bags is filled after every two to three explosives are filled. 4. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 3, characterized in that the liquid medium is water or brine with added inorganic salts; the solid medium is a high-strength granular solid material, the optimal ratio of the solid medium to the liquid medium is 1/6-1/4, and the strength of the solid medium should be higher than 70Mpa. 5. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 3, characterized in that the solid-liquid medium containing bag is divided into a solid-liquid mixing type and a solid-liquid separation type in terms of the containing method. 6. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 3, characterized in that the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium fragmentation blasting device also includes a charging tube, a connecting clip, a detonator, a solid-liquid medium bag, a liquid medium and a solid medium, the explosive is arranged in the charging tube, the detonator is fixed in the explosive, connected to the detonator through a lead, and led out from the charging tube, the fragmentation blasting function is achieved by arranging the explosive, the detonator, and the solid-liquid medium bag containing solid medium and liquid medium inside the charging tube, and the connecting clip is used for fixing and connecting, and the order and time of detonation are controlled by means of the detonator and the lead, so as to realize the actual use of the device. 7. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 3, characterized in that the solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium energy-gathering blasting device also includes connecting clips, detonators, and solid-liquid medium holding bags. The detonators are fixed in the explosives, connected to the detonators through leads, and led out from the energy-gathering holes. The function of energy-gathering blasting is achieved by arranging the explosives, detonators, and solid-liquid medium holding bags containing solid and liquid media inside the energy-gathering tube, and the connecting clips are used for fixing and connecting. The order and time of detonation are controlled by means of detonators and leads, so as to realize the actual use of the device. 8. A method for blasting a lane/tunnel by solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupling medium according to claim 7, characterized in that the energy-gathering holes are axially symmetrical, and the direction of the longest symmetry axis of each energy-gathering hole is consistent with the direction of the engraved lines, and the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the inner cavity is between 16:9 and 4:3; the length of the longest symmetry axis of each energy-gathering hole is 1/7 to 1/11 of the circular diameter of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body, and the distance between adjacent energy-gathering holes is 3-5 times the length of the longest symmetry axis of the energy-gathering hole; the circular diameter of the outer surface of the energy-gathering tube body is 6-8 mm smaller than the diameter of the blasthole, and the material of the energy-gathering tube has flame retardant and antistatic properties. 9. A method for excavating a lane/tunnel by blasting a solid-liquid-gas three-phase coupled medium according to claim 7, characterized in that the connecting tenon is an "I"-shaped structure, and the upper and lower edges of the parts used for connecting with the charging tube are arc-shaped.